CN113491254A - Method for protecting, developing and utilizing local chicken germplasm resources - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for protecting, developing and utilizing local chicken germplasm resources, which comprises the following steps: (1) performing system genetic evaluation planning on the germplasm resource characteristics of the chicken in a specific place; (2) performing homotypic classification on the core types of the local chicken germplasm resource groups, and respectively establishing a plurality of core type strain basic groups; (3) respectively locking 3-4 generations to obtain a plurality of pure lines with basically homozygous main selection character genes; (4) and (4) determining the combining ability of the multiple pure lines obtained by breeding in the step (3), screening out the best matching mode, and producing commercial generations. According to the method, through the steps of genetic evaluation, homotypic classification, multi-group protection, matched utilization and the like, rich genetic variation contained in local chicken germplasm resources is fully protected, developed and utilized, a local chicken complete set system with good production benefit is formed, the contradiction between the local chicken germplasm resource protection, development and utilization is harmoniously solved, and scientific and reasonable protection, development and utilization of the local chicken germplasm resources are realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of livestock and poultry genetic resource protection and development and utilization, and particularly relates to a method for protecting, developing and utilizing local chicken germplasm resources.
Background
The complex landform and the diverse ecology and culture of China breed abundant livestock genetic resources. 112 local chicken variety resources loaded in 2021 edition of national livestock and poultry genetic resource variety catalogue contain huge genetic diversity in aspects of body shape, meat and egg flavor, adaptability and the like, and are a source for innovation and development of new varieties. The breeding method has the advantages that 5 new varieties are examined and determined by the nation which uses local breeder chickens as materials, 80 matching lines are adopted, most of the varieties have excellent meat and egg quality, the environmental suitability is strong, the breeding benefit is good, the broiler product market in China is greatly enriched, the diversified consumption requirements are met, and the breeding method is an extremely precious germplasm resource.
Local chicken breed conservation and high-quality chicken breeding are tedious work with high investment and high requirements, and the contradiction that germplasm resource protection and development and utilization cannot be considered exists for a long time. The existing seed preservation and breeding theory is often disjointed from practice in local chicken seed preservation and breeding, emphasizes that resource protection often limits breeding utilization, emphasizes that breeding utilization often endangers the protection of germplasm resources; the large scale of the seed protection population can greatly increase the seed protection cost and waste a large amount of manpower and material resources; too small a population size of the breed conservation leads to a great loss of genetic diversity, so that genetic variation in the breed is smaller and smaller, and finally, the resource of the breed is seriously exhausted. Only preserving the seeds for seed preservation without development, weak market competitiveness, no benefit and difficult persistence; the method has the advantages that the method is heavy in development and light in protection, short-term benefits can be obtained by performing directional selection on some germplasm resources, inherent germplasm characteristics of the germplasm resources are lost, and genetic diversity is lost. How to balance the contradiction between protection and development, make scientific and reasonable protection and utilization strategies, efficiently promote resource protection and variety innovation, and have important significance for the continuous and healthy development of the local chicken industry.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention aims to provide a method for protecting, developing and utilizing local chicken germplasm resources.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for protecting, developing and utilizing local chicken germplasm resources comprises the following steps:
(1) performing genetic evaluation planning on the germplasm resources of the chickens in a specific place, and evaluating the characters including body shape, production performance, muscle quality, reproductive performance, egg quality, stress resistance and disease resistance and the like;
(2) performing homotypic classification on the core type with the highest breeding production value in the chicken germplasm resource group in a specific place, and establishing a plurality of strain basic groups of the core types;
(3) after a basic group is established, continuous breeding is carried out by utilizing a group successive breeding method according to the genetic rule of the main selection character and genetic correlation with other characters, and 3-4 generations of locked successive generations are carried out, so that a plurality of pure lines with basically homozygous main selection character genes are obtained;
(4) and (4) carrying out matched combination on the pure line obtained by breeding in the step (3) or carrying out matched combination with other chicken species specialized strains, screening out an optimal matched mode, and producing commercial generations.
Preferably, the body shape appearance of step (1) comprises crown type, crown color, feather type, feather color, shin length, shin color, skin color, hair root number per unit area of skin and body shape structure.
Preferably, the production performance of the step (1) includes an early growth rate, a feed conversion rate and a meat production rate.
Preferably, the muscle quality of step (1) includes muscle fiber density, muscle tenderness, intramuscular fat content and inosinic acid content.
Preferably, the reproductive performance of step (1) includes laying rate, fertilization rate and hatching rate.
Preferably, the egg quality traits of step (1) include eggshell color, egg weight, egg shape index, egg yolk ratio and egg white height.
Preferably, the anti-adversity and disease-resistant traits in the step (1) comprise death and culling rate in each stage, and morbidity and detection rate of epidemic diseases such as leukemia, white dysentery and the like.
Preferably, the stress resistance and disease resistance of the step (1) is selected to perform positive detection and elimination on the leukemia and the white diarrhea of breeding hens according to the requirements of breeding hens on leukemia and white diarrhea purification, and strict disinfection of chicken houses, hatching eggs, hatcheries and hatching equipment facilities is adopted to ensure the health of breeding hens.
Preferably, the core basic group constructed by the homotypic classification system of step (2) comprises a fast growing line, a high quality line, a recessive white feather line and a high yield line.
Preferably, the fast growing strains are strains with faster growing speed; the high-quality strain is a strain with good meat quality; the recessive white feather line is a line with the recessive white feather characteristic; the high-product line is a line with higher laying rate.
Preferably, the pure lines obtained by the homotypic separation respectively keep different characters of original square chicken germplasm resources, and the original single population is dispersed into a plurality of pure line populations and keeps dominant genes of respective main characters; while the non-dominant gene of the gene is maintained in other populations.
Preferably, the local chicken germplasm resource group is any one or a combination of the following types: local chickens such as yellow feather, hemp feather, black feather, reed flower feather, recessive white feather, green shin, yellow shin, long shin, short foot, white skin, yellow skin, black-bone chickens, green shells, pink shells, subminiature, small-size, medium-size and large-size chickens are produced and classified.
Preferably, the green shin class includes Langya chicken, Jining whooping chicken, Shouguang chicken, Laiwu black chicken and Taishan faggai chicken; the yellow shin class comprises Guangxi yellow chicken, Qingyuan partridge chicken and Wenchang chicken; the black-bone chicken comprises silky feather black-bone chicken, Wudin black-bone chicken and grass-leaved Chinese black-bone chicken; the green shell class comprises Changshun green shell chickens.
Preferably, the specific method for pure line breeding in step (3) is as follows: each strain is not less than 40 families, and each family is matched according to the male-female ratio of 1: 10-15; measuring the growth and development property, the egg laying property and the stress resistance and disease resistance of each strain of breeding hens; and (4) defining the selection index of the generation for the bred characters, and selecting and reserving the cock and the hen by combining the family score and the individual phenotypic value.
Preferably, the matching combination in the step (4) is as follows: the matched combination can be a pure line from the same local chicken germplasm resource group, or a pure line from the local chicken germplasm resource group and a pure line from other local chicken germplasm resource groups, or a specialized line or a standard variety group of the existing matched line.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the prominent essential characteristics and remarkable progress that:
1. on the basis of carrying out systematic genetic evaluation on the germplasm resource characteristics of chickens in a specific place, carrying out homotypic classification on chicken flocks, and respectively breeding according to the genetic rule of characters and genetic correlation with other characters so as to obtain a plurality of pure lines with basically homozygous main selected character genes; different traits of the existing local chicken germplasm resources are stored, the population scale is enlarged, and the genetic diversity of the existing local chicken germplasm resources is effectively stored. The invention reasonably and effectively solves the problem that the single population is easy to cause genetic diversity loss and finally causes severe exhaustion of variety resources. The seed protection method of the invention is not reported in published documents at home, and belongs to the initiation in China.
2. The invention can make full use of the abundant genetic variation and interspecific heterosis contained in germplasm resources, and has outstanding reproductive performance of parents, fast growth of commercial generation, good disease resistance and adaptability, high market acceptance and good economic benefit. The invention effectively solves the problems that the large scale of the seed protection group can greatly increase the seed protection cost, waste a large amount of manpower and material resources and the seed protection unit is difficult to maintain.
3. The invention not only fully protects the genetic diversity of the local chicken germplasm resources, but also provides an effective method for reasonable development and utilization of the local chicken germplasm resources by performing homotypic preservation and matched combined utilization on the local chicken germplasm resources, and can protect breeding materials of breeding companies to form high-quality chicken breeds with important market values and technical achievements.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method for protecting and developing local chicken germplasm resources (A, B, C in the figure represents different strains).
Detailed Description
In order to more concisely and clearly demonstrate technical solutions, objects and advantages of the present invention, the following detailed description of the technical solutions of the present invention is provided with reference to specific embodiments and accompanying drawings.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a method for efficiently preserving and developing local chicken germplasm resources, which comprises the following steps:
(1) the genetic evaluation is carried out on the germplasm resource characteristics of the existing Taishan chai chicken of Tai' an poultry breeding Limited company, and the evaluation characters comprise body shape, appearance, production performance, reproductive performance, egg quality and stress resistance and disease resistance.
The discovery in the genetic evaluation process of the existing Taishan mountain chai chicken germplasm resource characteristics in the step (1) is as follows: the existing groups of cocks are different in size, some individual cocks are upright, and some individual cocks are laid down; the feather color is mixed, and the feather color comprises ephedra feather, black hemp feather, white feather and the like; the shank color is cyan, bluish white, willow color, etc.; the color of the eggshell is light brown shell, light white shell and the like; the weight of 120-day-old cocks is 1550-2500 g, and the weight of hens is 1300-1750 g; the annual egg yield is 150-220, and the egg weight is 41.50-50.50 g; the avian leukosis positive rate is 8.5 percent; the pullorum disease positive rate is 13.3%.
(2) Performing homotypic classification on the existing Taishan chai chicken germplasm resource population to establish a core type strain basic population. Selecting cock combs with large feather and reddish brown feather, neck feather, shoulder feather and saddle feather with golden yellow color and luster, and main wing feather and sickle feather with black color and green luster; the feathers of the hen are yellow brown or brown tingling feathers, the neck feathers are provided with light yellow bands, the main wing-covering feathers and the tail feathers are black, the front chest feathers are light yellow, the back feathers are darker, and the feathers have brown spots. The individual with the weight of more than 2300g of 120-day-old cock and the weight of more than 1750g of hen selects growth traits in a key way to build a fast-growing strain, which is called A line. Selecting recessive white feather individuals, selecting the individuals with the same quality, matching, establishing a recessive white feather line, and selecting the egg weight uniformity, which is called a B line. Selecting black and numb feathers, wherein the weight of a 120-day old cock is 1900-2300 g, the weight of a hen is 1500-1750 g, and the laying rate of more than 200 individuals in each year is selected in an important mode to form a high-yield strain, namely a C line.
(3) After a basic group is established, continuous breeding is carried out according to the genetic rule of the character and the correlation with other characters, and 3-4 generations are closed and subcultured, so that a pure line with basically homozygous character genes to be selected is obtained. The specific method comprises the following steps: each strain is not less than 40 families, and each family is matched according to the male-female ratio of 1: 10-15; measuring the growth and development property, the egg laying property and the epidemic disease property of each strain breeding hen; and (4) defining the selection index of the generation for the bred characters, and selecting and reserving the cock and the hen by combining the family score and the individual phenotypic value. And detecting and eliminating leukemia and white diarrhea of all breeders in each generation.
The A line has the following characteristics: the body is large, the single crown is upright, the ear lobe is red, the skin is white, and the shank color is mainly cyan; the cockscomb is large, the feather is reddish brown, the neck feather, the shoulder feather and the saddle feather are golden yellow and rich in luster, and the main wing feather and the sickle feather are black and green and glossy; the feathers of the hen are yellow brown or brown numb feathers, the neck feathers are provided with light yellow bands, the main wing-covering feathers and the tail feathers are black, the front chest feathers are light yellow, the back feathers are darker, and the feathers have brown spots; the chicken has yellow villus, pattern on the head, and two black or brown villus belts on the back. The weight of 120-day-old cocks is 2400g, the weight of hens is 1850g, and the height of cocks is more than 5.0 cm.
B has the following characteristics: the single crown is upright, the ear leaf is red, the skin is white, the feather is white, and the shin is mainly cyan; the chicken has yellow villus. 2100g of 120-day-old cock, 1500g of hen, 46.89 +/-4.82 g of egg and light brown egg shell.
The C line has the following characteristics: the single crown is upright, the ear lobe is red, the skin is white, and the shank color is mainly cyan; the feathers of the cock are reddish brown, the neck feathers, the shoulder feathers and the saddle feathers are golden yellow and have luster, and the main wing feathers and the sickle feathers are black and have green luster; the hen takes black and numb feather as main part, the neck feather is provided with a light yellow edging, the main wing feather is covered, the tail feather is black, and the feather sheet has brown spots; the chicken has maroon, patterns on the head of partial individual, and black or brown feather belt on the back. The weight of 120-day-old cock is 2000g, the weight of hen is 1700g, and the annual egg production is more than 220.
(4) And (4) carrying out matched combination on the 3 pure lines which are basically homozygous for the character genes to be selected and obtained by breeding in the step (3), producing parental hens by BxC, and producing ABC commercial generations by matching with the line A. The egg yield of the parental hens is more than 200 eggs every year, the egg weight is about 46g, and the egg weight is uniform. The commercial generation has good physical appearance and growth speed consistency, is of pure native chicken ancestry, has good meat quality, the color of the eggshell is light brown, the weight of a 120-day-old cock is more than 2200g, the weight of a hen is more than 1850g, the height of the cock crown is more than 4.0cm, the feather is red brown, the neck feather, the shoulder feather and the saddle feather are golden yellow, the feather is rich in luster, the main wing feather and the sickle feather are black, the feather is green and glossy, the selling phase is good, and the market acceptance is high.
Example 2
(1) The genetic evaluation is carried out on the germplasm resources of the existing Laiwu black chicken of the Laiwu Sanhei animal husbandry company Limited, and the evaluation characters comprise body appearance, production performance, reproductive performance, egg quality, stress resistance and disease resistance and the like.
The discovery of the genetic evaluation process of the conventional Laiwu black chicken germplasm resource in the step (1) is as follows: the existing groups of cocks are different in size, some individual cocks are upright, and some individual cocks are laid down; the feather color is mixed, and the feather color comprises black feather, black feather red neck, white feather and the like; the shank color is cyan black, cyan, willow color and the like; the color of the eggshell is light brown shell, light white shell and the like; 1750-2300 g of the weight of 120-day-old cocks and 1350-1750 g of the weight of hens; the annual egg yield is 145-210, and the egg weight is 38.50-52.50 g; the positive rate of avian leukosis is 6.5 percent; the pullorum disease positive rate is 11.5%.
(2) Performing homotypic classification on the existing Laiwu black chicken germplasm resource groups to establish a core characteristic basic group. Selecting individuals with big cocks, black feathers, glossy main wing feathers and sickle feathers, black feathers of hens, 2000-2300 g of the weight of 120-day-old cocks and 1500-1750 g of the weight of hens to form a black feather strain, and calling the strain D. Selecting a recessive white feather individual with the weight of 2000-2300 g of 120-day-old cocks and the weight of 1500-1750 g of hens, and carrying out homogeneous matching to form a recessive white feather line called an E line.
(3) After the basic group is established, continuous breeding is carried out according to the genetic rule of the character and the correlation relation with other characters, and 3-4 generations are closed and subcultured, so that a pure line with basically homozygous character genes to be selected is obtained. The specific method comprises the following steps: each strain is not less than 40 families, and each family is matched according to the male-female ratio of 1: 10-15; measuring the growth and development property, the egg laying property and the epidemic disease property of each strain breeding hen; and (4) defining the selection index of the generation for the bred characters, and selecting and reserving the cock and the hen by combining the family score and the individual phenotypic value. And detecting and eliminating leukemia and white diarrhea of all breeders in each generation.
The method for purifying the D line screens the homozygous black-feather chickens with the genotypes of EE (corresponding to MC1R gene) and CC (corresponding to TYR gene) according to a patent CN201710956696.9 'primer group for breeding the homozygous black-feather chickens and a homozygous black-feather chicken breeding method'. Recessive white feather genes are removed, so that when the gene is matched with other lines, the generation can be ensured not to generate white feather individuals, and the uniformity of a black feather phenotype can be ensured.
D has the following characteristics: the height of the cocks is more than 5.0cm, the feathers are black, the feathers of the main wings and the sickle are glossy, the feathers of the hens are black, the shins are cyan and black, the weight of a 120-day-old cock is 2200g, the weight of the hen is 1700g, the egg weight is about 48g, and the feathers of the chicks are black.
The E line has the following characteristics: the single crown is upright, the ear leaf is red, the skin is white, the feather is white, and the shin is mainly cyan; the chicken has yellow villus. The weight of 120-day-old cocks is 2100g, the weight of hens is 1600g, the weight of eggs is about 46g, and the color of the eggshells is mainly light brown.
(4) And (4) carrying out matched combination on the 2 pure lines which are basically homozygous for the character genes to be selected and obtained by breeding in the step (3), and carrying out D × E production of commercial generations. The commercial crown is high and upright, the feathers are black, the body appearance and the growth speed are good in consistency, the pure-soil chickens have bloodlines and good meat quality, the color of the eggshells is light brown, the weight of a 120-day-old cock is over 2200g, and the weight of a hen is over 1750 g.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (9)
1. A method for protecting, developing and utilizing local chicken germplasm resources is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) performing genetic evaluation planning on the germplasm resources of the chickens in a specific place, and evaluating the characters including body shape, production performance, muscle quality, reproductive performance, egg quality, stress resistance and disease resistance and the like;
(2) performing homotypic classification on the core type with the highest breeding production value in the chicken germplasm resource group in a specific place, and establishing a plurality of strain basic groups of the core types;
(3) after a basic group is established, continuous breeding is carried out by utilizing a group successive breeding method according to the genetic rule of the character and genetic correlation with other characters, and 3-4 generations of locking successive generations are carried out, so that a pure line with basically homozygous main selected character genes is obtained;
(4) and (4) carrying out matched combination on the pure line obtained by breeding in the step (3) or carrying out matched combination with other chicken species specialized strains/varieties, screening out an optimal matched mode, and producing commercial generations.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the body-type appearance of step (1) comprises crown-type, crown-color, feather-type, feather-color, shin-length, shin-color, skin-color, number of hairs per unit area of skin, and body-type structure; the production performance comprises early growth speed, feed conversion rate and meat yield; muscle quality includes muscle fiber density, muscle tenderness, intramuscular fat content, and inosinic acid content; reproductive performance including laying rate, fertilization rate and hatchability; the quality traits of the egg product comprise the color of an eggshell, the weight of the egg, the egg shape index, the proportion of yolk and the height of egg white; the anti-adversity and disease-resistant characters comprise death and culling rate of each stage, morbidity and detection rate of epidemic diseases such as leukemia, white dysentery and the like.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the core type line basis group created by the homotypic scoring of step (2) comprises a fastidious line, a premium type line, a recessive white feather line, and a high-yield line.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the fast growing line is a line that grows faster; the high-quality strain is a strain with good meat and egg quality characters; the recessive white feather line is a line with the recessive white feather characteristic; the high-product line is a line with higher laying rate.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the local chicken germplasm resource population is any one or a combination of the following types: local chickens such as yellow feather, hemp feather, black feather, reed flower feather, recessive white feather, green shin, yellow shin, long shin, short foot, white skin, yellow skin, black-bone chickens, green shells, pink shells, subminiature, small-size, medium-size and large-size chickens are produced and classified.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the green shin class comprises Langya chickens, Jining whooping chickens, Shouguang chickens, Laiwu black chickens and Taishan faggai chickens; the yellow shin class comprises Guangxi yellow chicken, Qingyuan partridge chicken and Wenchang chicken; the black-bone chicken comprises silky feather black-bone chicken, Wudin black-bone chicken and grass-leaved Chinese black-bone chicken; the green shell class comprises Changshun green shell chickens.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the specific method for pure line breeding in step (3) is as follows: each strain is not less than 40 families, and each family is matched according to the male-female ratio of 1: 10-15; measuring the growth and development property, the egg laying property and the stress resistance and disease resistance of each strain of breeding hens; and (4) defining the selection index of the generation for the bred characters, and selecting and reserving the cock and the hen by combining the family score and the individual phenotypic value.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the combination set in step (4) is selected from the group consisting of inbred lines from the same chicken breeder source; or a pure line of different square chicken germplasm resources or a specialized strain or standard breed group of commercial chicken breeds.
9. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the stress-resistant and disease-resistant traits are selected to be the healthest families and individuals according to the death and culling rate of each stage, the leukemia and the white diarrhea of the breeding hens are detected and purified according to the requirements of the leukemia and the white diarrhea purification of the breeding hens, and the health of the breeding hens is ensured by adopting strict disinfection and biological safety measures of chicken houses, hatching eggs, hatcheries and hatching equipment facilities.
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