CN113396866A - Method for breeding new variety of meat goats - Google Patents
Method for breeding new variety of meat goats Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of breeding methods of new strains of livestock and poultry, and particularly relates to a breeding method of a new variety of Yudong meat goats. The invention takes the Japanese pagodatree goat in the east of Henan as a female parent and the Boer goat as a male parent, and the new meat goat strain is obtained by breeding through three stages of hybridization innovation, transverse crossing fixation and population propagation. The new strain has the advantages of good body type of meat, fast growth and development, coarse feeding resistance, high dressing percentage and net meat rate, multiple birth and multiple yield, good slab performance and variety heterogeneity, provides powerful support for the development of modern mutton sheep industry, and has better economic and social benefits.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of breeding methods of new strains of livestock and poultry, and particularly relates to a breeding method of a new variety of Yudong meat goats.
Background
The perfect variety breeding system is the premise of industrial development of the mutton sheep, and forms the necessary conditions for mutton sheep breeding with forage resources, environmental conditions and traffic areas. At present, the breeding system of Chinese mutton sheep mainly breeds specialized varieties (strains) for meat, and accords with the traditional breeding mode. The development of the modern mutton sheep industry must have two necessary conditions of high reproduction rate and high early growth speed. However, the reproductive rate is high, the early growth speed is two opposite indexes in the biological category, the early growth speed with high reproductive rate is slow, and the reproductive rate with high early growth speed is not high. Therefore, in order to realize industrial development of mutton sheep and solve the problems of high reproduction rate and high early growth speed, the hybridization of a terminal male parent and an industrial female parent (first male parent multiplied by local female parent variety) is imperative.
The existing mutton sheep varieties in China are various, such as: (1) boer goat: the meat goat king is a famous goat producing high-quality lean meat in the world and is an excellent meat goat variety. The body size is large, and the growth is fast; the reproductive capacity is strong, and the number of lambs is large; the slaughtering rate is high, and the meat yield is high; the meat quality is tender and the palatability is good; the coarse feeding resistance and the adaptability are strong; strong disease resistance, stable heredity and the like. Generally, the weight of weaning (106d) is 23.4-41.5 kg for male lambs and 22.5-33.0 kg for female lambs; the daily weight gain of the male lambs after weaning is 74-168 g, and the daily weight gain of the female lambs is 46-125 g. Under the condition of intensive fattening, the average daily gain can reach 400g, and under the condition of grazing, the average daily gain can reach 300 g. The Boer goats, 6 months old, can reach 30kg of body weight and are listed and marketed.
(2) And (3) Japanese pagodatree goat: the Japanese pagodatree goat is a famous local excellent variety and is famous because of being produced in the Japanese pagodatree shop town. The Chinese medicinal composition has the advantages of moderate body type, short and dense hair, precocious sexual maturity, quick propagation, good ingestion, coarse feeding resistance, preference for dryness and dampness, excellence in climbing, love for fighting and easy stocking. The Japanese pagodatree goat has high reproductive performance and is 4-5 months old at the initial matching age. The male lambs can be bred in 6 months, the age is 3-4 years old, and the average lambing rate is high.
How to reasonably utilize the goat varieties, integrate the dominant genes, fully exert the genetic potential of each variety, and cultivate the male parent and female parent varieties suitable for producing meat goats is urgent.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at overcoming the problem of the variety defects of Boer goat and Japanese pagoda goat, the invention provides a new variety breeding method of Yudong mutton sheep through hybridization innovation, integrates the advantages of the variety sheep, and breeds the goat variety with good meat body shape, fast growth and development, high meat yield, multiple births and multiple productions, good slab skin performance and variety heterogeneity.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a method for breeding a new meat goat strain comprises the steps of taking a Japanese pagoda goat in the east Henan as a female parent and taking a Boer goat as a male parent, and breeding the Japanese pagoda goat in three stages of hybridization innovation, transverse crossing fixation and population propagation.
According to the method for breeding the new meat goat strain, the breeding process comprises the following steps:
(1) identifying and evaluating female parent of the Japanese pagodatree goat in Yudong area and introduced male parent of the Boer goat respectively, screening out female parent of excellent Japanese pagodatree goat and male parent of the Boer goat respectively, and establishing core breeding group respectively;
(2) carrying out binary hybridization by taking a female goat of the Japanese pagoda goats as a female parent and taking a male goat of the Boer mountain as a male parent to obtain an F1 generation hybrid Japanese pagoda goat;
(3) carrying out progressive hybridization by taking an F1 generation of Bohuai hybrid sheep excellent ewe as a female parent and taking a Boehshan excellent ram as a male parent to obtain an F2 generation hybrid progeny;
(4) carrying out progressive hybridization by taking the F2 generation hybrid offspring excellent ewe as a female parent and taking the Boer goat excellent ram as a male parent to obtain F3 generation hybrid offspring;
(5) crossing, fixing and self-breeding the filial generation of F3 generation, and optimizing;
(6) and carrying out heterogeneous matching on the preferably self-group breeding male sheep and the female sheep to carry out group expanding propagation to finally obtain a new variety of the Boschniakia meat goats.
According to the method for breeding the new meat goat strain, the female Japanese pagoda goats are bred by selecting Japanese pagoda goats, which have straight back and waist, depth and width, good rib opening, cylindrical middle trunk, narrow, short and straight ears, moderate head size, wide forehead and sharp mouth, flat and straight nose bridge, slightly concave face, uniform nipple distribution, moderate size, good lactation power, no less than 2 Japanese pagoda goats breeding in the same fetus and no less than 2 Japanese pagoda goats breeding in the whole nest are used as breeding female parents.
In the method for breeding the new meat goat strain, the Boer goat male parent selects the Boer goat which has a solid head, large and mild brown eyes, solid corners, medium length, moderate bending gradually backwards, dark color, round and hard color, wide and smooth ears, drooping head, medium length, wide and straight back, no narrow behind shoulders, straight tail, growing tail root and swinging to two sides as a breeding male parent.
In the breeding method of the new meat goat line, the excellent female parents of the F1 filial generation, the F2 filial generation and the F3 filial generation are selected for three times of primary generation, 4 months of age and 6 months of age and finally selected into the female parent group.
According to the method for breeding the new meat goat strain, the newborn selection standard is that the number of the same fetus is more than or equal to 2 female lambs with normal development of tissues and organs; selecting and reserving 4 months old ewes with the weight of more than or equal to 12.5kg, normal growth and development, health coordination, body shapes and appearances meeting the variety standard and no obvious failure; the selection standard of 6 months old is that the weight is more than or equal to 20kg, the body height is more than or equal to 60cm, the body length is more than or equal to 68cm, the chest circumference is more than or equal to 80cm, on the basis of reaching the standards of physical appearance, body weight and body size, the whole body is firm and symmetrical, the body is cylindrical, the quilt is short and fine, the ratio of the neck to the forerunner is moderate, the chest is wide and deep, the shoulders are wide and fleshy, the ribs are open, the back is flat, the hip is round and full, the four limbs are thick and strong, and the back leg muscles are firm and full.
According to the method for breeding the new meat goat strain, in the cross-crossing fixed breeding stage, the stock keeping rate of the male breeding sheep is not more than 20%, and the tail of the female breeding sheep is eliminated by 20%.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the new meat goat variety bred by taking the Boer goat as the male parent and taking the Japanese pagodatree goat as the female parent integrates the characteristics of fast growth and excellent meat quality of the Boer goat, and also integrates the advantages of high reproductive rate, coarse feeding resistance and good adaptability of the Japanese pagodatree goat, and the obtained Japanese pagodatree meat goat has a large physique, has the advantages of fast growth and development, high reproductive rate, good meat quality of a carcass, strong adaptability, high straw utilization rate in a central farming area, high coarse feeding resistance degree and the like, and is suitable for the half barn feeding of barn feeding in the Yudong area.
1. In the hybridization stage of the breeding method, more than 90% of lambs in F1 generation obviously tend to male parent Boer goats in body shape and appearance, and have the characteristics of large head and wide forehead, flat and large ear, drooping, thick limbs, straight back and waist, thick and short neck and strong and fruity body; the brown spot hair is on the head, neck and four limbs of a small number of lambs, the hair color of most F1 lambs is white, but the back spine of the lambs is provided with a brown back line or a twisted hair band, the tail tip of the lambs is provided with a bend, and most of the rams have horns; most F1 lambs have pigmentation at the anus, 10% of the lambs have the F1, the lambs tend to be female lambs in appearance, but have twisted hair bands on the backs and thick limbs. A small amount of the waveguide F1 appeared to be full brown.
The Boza F2 has completely approached that of a male parent Boer goat in the aspect of body shape and appearance, and is represented by ear length, width, droop, large head, wide forehead, straight back and waist, thick limbs, short and thick neck and strong and firm body, more than 70% of head and neck are represented by brown colors with different depths, all horned parts of a ram have brown patches at different parts of the body, about 30% of rams are represented by pure white, but the ear shape is close to that of a pure Boer goat.
2. Reproductive performance: according to 2 breeding core groups in Ningling county, Taikang county and general breeding group investigation of each village and town of the Yongcity in 2020, the maximum multiparous ewe of the Bohuai meat goats is close to 250%, and the average lambing rate reaches 233.0%; the average lambing rate is 17 percent lower than that of the Japanese pagoda goat (251 percent), 43.2 percent higher than that of the Boehan F3 generation goat and more than 50 percent higher than that of 160 to 180 percent of the pure Boer goat. The survival rate of lambs reaches 91.8 percent, which is similar to that of Huai goats (92.1 percent) and Bo' an F3 generation sheep.
3. Growth and development performance: the body weights of the bopagoda meat goats at birth, weaning at 2 months, 6 months, yearly and adult stages are measured, wherein the body weights of the rams at each age stage are respectively 3.35, 14.83, 35.17, 66.79 and 84.25kg, and the body weights of the ewes at each age stage are respectively 3.21, 13.87, 34.88, 54.19 and 66.61 kg. Compared with Boer goats with similar genetic background and Anhui white goat (Boan) grade hybrid F3 goats, the weight of meat goats in Yudong province in all ages is increased by about 18.35-43.87%; compared with the pure-breed Japanese pagoda goat, the yield of the Japanese pagoda goat is increased by 74.06-155.70%. The adult weight of the male goat and the female goat of the meat goat in the east Henan is slightly higher than that of the male goat and the female goat of the pure and frequent Boer goat (81.3 +/-5.4 kg, 55.3 +/-3.6 kg) introduced from abroad in China reported in the literature. Compared with the adult male goat body of 100-120kg and the adult female goat 70-80kg of the high-quality south African Boer goat reported by the NanfangBorer goat breeding society, the adult weight of the meat goat in Yudong reaches 70-84% and 83-95% respectively.
4. Slaughter performance: the slaughter performance analysis of the meat goats in Yudong proves that the slaughter rate of the meat goats in Yudong is 51.07%, the net meat rate is 41.02%, and the slaughter rate is respectively 7.58% and 7.94% higher than that of the Japanese goat.
5. The quality of the board skin is as follows: the indexes of the board skin of the Bohuai meat goat are measured, the area of the board skin is observed to be obviously increased compared with that of the Bohuai goat and the Bohuai goat F1, the quality change of the board skin is not obvious compared with that of the Bohuai meat goat and the Bohuai goat, but the thickness and the area of the leather are greatly improved, the performance of the leather processed by the board skin is excellent, and the requirements of national shoe upper leather and clothing leather are met.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a route diagram of the Bohuai goat breeding technology of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a structural analysis diagram of a Bohuai goat population.
FIG. 3 is a tree of goat soma development.
FIG. 4 is a layer diagram of Bohuai goat population.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples.
Example 1: the embodiment provides a method for breeding a new variety of meat goats, which is used for breeding a specialized meat variety suitable for the eastern Yunan region, so that the meat variety is medium-large in size, has certain tolerance to damp heat and cold, has good adaptability under grazing and barn feeding conditions, and can mate naturally; the ewe serves as a female parent for meat, and the ram serves as a terminal male parent. Specifically, the Boer goats selected by the method have the advantages of large physique, fast growth and development and high dressing percentage, but have the defect of poor reproductive performance, mainly manifested by late sexual maturity, strong estrus seasonality and unobvious performance, so that the production performance is poor, and the economic benefit is not favorably improved.
The Japanese pagodatree goat belongs to a skin and meat dual-purpose variety, has short and dense hair, precocious property, quick reproduction, good ingestion and coarse feeding resistance, but has the defects of small physical size and low meat yield.
According to the conditions of the two varieties, the two varieties are selected, the method takes the introduced Boer goats as male parents and the local Japanese pagoda goats as female parents, constructs the core group of the breeding female parents and the male parents, and breeds the meat goat variety with high fertility suitable for the eastern Henan region through binary hybridization, progressive hybridization and transverse fixation self-group breeding to obtain the stable variety, so that the meat goat variety with high fertility is cultivated. The details are as follows.
1. Selection of breeding female parent and breeding male parent core group
The female parent of the Japanese pagodatree is a Japanese pagodatree goat (meeting the national standard DB 41/T789-: the back and waist are straight, the back and the waist are deep and wide, the ribs are well opened, the middle trunk is in a barrel shape, the ears are narrow, short and straight, the head shape is moderate in size, the forehead is wide, the mouth tip is wide, the nose bridge is straight, the face is slightly concave, the nipples are uniformly distributed, the size is moderate, the lactation capacity is good, the number of the bred same fetus is not less than 2, and the number of lambs born in the whole nest is not less than 2.
The breeding male parent selects the introduced Boer goat, and the following requirements are met: the head is solid, has large and mild brown eyes, the corners are solid, the length is medium, the head is gradually and moderately bent backwards, the color is dark, the back is wide and straight, the ears are wide and smooth, the head is drooping, the length is medium, the back is wide and straight, the back is not narrow, the tail is straight, the back is long, and the head can swing towards two sides.
In the high-generation hybrid male and female sheep, firstly, a mean-square seed selection method is used for selecting good and bad, the seed selection standard is corrected once per year according to survey statistical data, the seed selection index is mainly weight, the weight reaches the standard, and the body shape and appearance score is combined to reach the special and first-level standards. The mutton sheep seed selection time is divided into the age stages of birth, 2 months age, 6 months age, 12 months age and the like, the mutton sheep are selected to be good and bad in stages, finally qualified persons are selected to be registered with good seeds, good seed registration certificates are issued, and the mutton sheep enter a core group.
2. Hybridization innovation
Performing binary hybridization on the fine breed Japanese goat serving as a female parent and the fine breed Boer goat serving as a male parent in different breeding fields respectively to obtain F1 hybrid progeny, and selecting and reserving the F1 hybrid progeny female parent;
f1 female parent is selected for three times of birth, 4 months age and 6 months age, and finally selected into the female parent group.
Wherein the primary selection retention standard is as follows: selecting and reserving ewes with the number of the homozygotes being more than or equal to 2 and normal development of tissues and organs.
4 month old selection and retention standard: selecting and reserving ewes with the weight more than or equal to 12.5kg at the age of four months, normal growth and development, health and coordination, body shapes and appearances meeting the variety standard and no obvious failure.
6 month old selection and retention standard: the body weight, the body size and the physical appearance are included, the body weight is more than or equal to 20kg, the body height is more than or equal to 60cm, the body length is more than or equal to 68cm, the chest circumference is more than or equal to 80cm, on the basis of reaching the standards of the physical appearance, the body weight and the body size, the whole body is firm and symmetrical, the body is cylindrical, the fur is short and fine, the proportion of the neck to the forerunner is moderate, the chest is wide and deep, the shoulders are wide and fleshy, the ribs are open, the back is flat and straight, the hip is round and full, the limbs are thick, and the muscles of the back legs are firm and full.
And (3) carrying out progressive hybridization by taking the F1 hybrid offspring excellent ewe as a female parent and taking the Boer goat excellent ram as a male parent to obtain F2 generation hybrid offspring, and selecting and reserving the F1 hybrid offspring female parent (the selection and reservation standard is the same as that of the F1 generation female parent).
Carrying out progressive hybridization by taking the F2 hybrid offspring excellent ewe as a female parent and taking the Boer goat excellent ram as a male parent to obtain F3 hybrid offspring;
cross-fixing with F3 filial generation;
and (3) self-group breeding, wherein the self-group breeding is optimized, and the optimized self-group breeding male sheep and female sheep are heterogeneously matched for group expanding propagation to finally obtain a new variety of the Bohuai meat goats.
Example 2: the breeding method of the new mutton sheep variety is bred through three stages of progressive hybridization (1995-2013), crossbreeding and fixing (2014-2015) and population expansion and propagation (2016-2018).
Breeding measures are as follows:
(1) establishing a breeding tissue: the breeding work is a large system engineering, and a new Yudong mutton sheep variety breeding leader group consisting of stockbreeding, science and technology, leaders and experts related to the major grasping of stockbreeding in towns and technical personnel and a large-scale sheep farm leader is responsible for organizing the new Yudong mutton sheep variety breeding work and is responsible for various breeding matters such as fine breed registration, production performance determination, establishment of a seed selection standard, technical training, technical guidance and the like. A set of complete breeding system is established, and the breeding work of the new variety of the Yudong meat goats is controlled efficiently and tightly.
(2) Establishing an improved variety registration system: through the fine breed registration, the matching work can be correctly carried out, namely, the excellent breed ewe group is selected on the basis of the fine breed registration and is matched with the excellent bred ram, so that the quality of the ewe group is continuously improved and enhanced, and the body and appearance tend to be more consistent.
The conditions for fine variety registration are as follows:
A. those with qualified weight by means of the mean number seed selection method have appearance scores at the special level.
B. The male and female breeders must have excellent ancestry, and the parents are registered in a special grade.
C. The male and female sheep registered in the fine breed are healthy sheep and have normal fecundity.
The improved variety registration method comprises the following steps:
a. all adult male and female goats meeting the conditions are measured and determined by technicians, and an improved breed registry and a Yudong meat goat core group male (female) goat pedigree card are filled and reported to a breeding leader group.
b. And (4) uniformly checking and coding the improved variety registration number of the qualified improved variety male (female) sheep by a breeding leader group, and sending an improved variety certificate.
c. The excellent breed ram which has issued the improved breed certificate is managed intensively according to the animal husbandry law, and the super-grade breed ram is recorded and managed by a breeding leader group, and the use and the exchange regulation are strengthened.
(3) Establishing a terminal crossing system: the low-generation hybrid sheep are not marked, and only the fine breed registration is carried out to carry out the card punching marking, the card number is the same as the fine breed registration number, and the card number is YDRYxxxxx male and female; cross-crossing was only performed between elite varieties.
(4) Establishing a sound breeding system: establishing a sound breeding system which takes a breeding leader group as a core, takes improvement sites of various villages and towns and a large-scale sheep farm as a backbone and is based on broad sheep farmers. The breeding leader group needs to make good breed registration, breed selection and matching, core group cultivation, good breed introduction, breed ram allocation, technical training, technical guidance and the like; and (4) improving the mating and conception rate of each improved station and scale field by using an advanced technology, and performing cross-crossing fixation according to a breeding scheme. The commercial livestock and poultry management office strengthens the elimination of the poor ram and ensures the smooth operation of breeding.
(5) Establishing a data recording and statistical system: uniformly printing a set of forms, including a new variety registration card of the meat goats in Yudong, implementing one card along with the lifetime, and making a selection and matching record, a growth and development record and a ewe reproduction record according to the card requirements. Meanwhile, a fattening test and a slaughtering test are carried out in a planned way, and a chromosome identification research and a BLUP model are well established. Complete, systematic and accurate recording and statistics work is well done.
(6) Technical training is done: the breeding leader group irregularly engages experts to carry out technical training on technicians, and the training content comprises the following steps: various forms are registered and filled, and a growth and development measurement recording method and the like are adopted; the technical data of mutton sheep breeding are compiled by tissue technicians, and scientific sheep breeding technical training is carried out on broad sheep raising farmers, so that the broad sheep raising farmers carry out scientific breeding on mutton sheep, and a good breeding foundation is ensured.
Particularly, the breeding work of new species of meat goats in Yudong in Henan province is carried out.
1. Progressive hybridization stage (1995-
1995 + 2011: carrying out basic survey on mutton sheep production, and finding out the current situation of mutton sheep production; making a breeding scheme; a breeding leader group of a new Yudong meat strain sheep; carrying out progressive hybridization.
In 2012: and continuously carrying out progressive hybridization, carrying out fine breed registration, and carrying out a hybrid sheep slaughter test, wherein the number of fine breeds is not less than 500.
In 2013: continuously making good progressive hybridization and improved breed registration, registering 1000 varieties, developing cross-section fixation, compiling and technical training of 'large-scale mutton sheep production practical technology' by an organizer, and developing mutton sheep chromosome identification.
In the high-generation hybrid male and female sheep, firstly, a mean-square seed selection method is used for selecting good and bad, the seed selection standard is corrected once per year according to survey statistical data, the seed selection index is mainly weight, the weight reaches the standard, and the body shape and appearance score is combined to reach the special and first-level standards. The mutton sheep seed selection time is divided into the age stages of birth, 2 months age, 6 months age, 12 months age and the like, the mutton sheep are selected to be good and bad in stages, finally qualified persons are selected to be registered with good seeds, good seed registration certificates are issued, and the mutton sheep enter a core group.
2. Cross fixed stage (2014-2015)
2014: the improved variety registration and cross-crossing fixation are well done, and the progressive hybridization is continuously carried out according to the requirements of open breeding, wherein the registration number of the improved variety is more than 3000; the fattening test research is well carried out.
In 2015: continuously expanding the transverse crossing fixation and expanding the core group; the cross-crossing is fixed to be not less than 5000 heads, and more than 50 rams of the super-grade stud ram are bred, so that the advantages and the disadvantages of the core group rams are compared.
According to the breeding standard of the new strain of the Yudong mutton sheep, the breeding can be divided into four grades, and the four grades are shown in the following table 1.
Table 1 standard unit for breeding new variety of yudong meat goats: kilogram (kilogram)
Only the weight is measured when the weaning is finished at 1 or 2 months; the body ruler is measured at the beginning of 6 months, and the body length, the chest circumference, the improvement and the canal circumference are taken as main points.
2. The body size and weight index of the breeding sheep are lower than the second-level standard and are eliminated.
3. The seed reserving rate of the stud ram is not more than 20 percent. The tail elimination of the body size and the weight indexes of the breeding ewes is carried out by combining the breeding scheme at a ratio of about 20 percent even if the majority of the body size and the weight indexes are higher than the secondary standard, so as to ensure the quality and the quantity of the core group.
TABLE 2 selection criteria for weight of Yudong meat goat (kg)
3. Population expansion breeding stage (2016-2018)
The breeding of new strains of mutton sheep in Yudong is completed, group expansion is carried out, the new strains are declared and accepted, and the method is popularized to the society.
The new variety can adapt to the natural climate environmental conditions of the rural areas in Yudong, utilizes crop straw for swimming, combines the social and economic basis and the market development demand of the rural areas in Yudong, and is verified by units such as province, city, county, livestock technology support units, colleges and universities, scientific research institutes and the like, so that the new variety belongs to a new variety of multiparous meat goats which have consistent body and appearance and stable genetic performance and are suitable for the rural areas in Yudong. The cultivation of the variety plays an important role in adjusting and optimizing the agricultural structure and the poverty alleviation of the characteristic industry, particularly the poverty alleviation of deep poverty-stricken areas; meanwhile, the method improves the core species swimming self-sufficiency rate of Chinese mutton sheep, and the development quality benefit and competitiveness of mutton sheep species industry, provides powerful support for the development of modern mutton sheep industry, is not only the market requirement, but also the social development requirement, and has better economic and social benefits.
Example 3: heterogeneity analysis of Bohuai goat variety
The genome characteristics of the Bohua goat variety are analyzed by collecting blood samples of 30 Yudong meat goats (Boer goat x Huai goats) and 5 Huai goats in Henan province, performing genome-wide re-sequencing and combining published goat genome data information of 127 other varieties (including European goats, African goats, middle east goats, south China goats and north China goats) published at home and abroad.
After a sample is collected and sequenced, the data is processed and compared to a genome, and the SNP variation sites are detected and then used for group structure analysis.
1. Principal component analysis
Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a statistical method. A group of variables which are possibly correlated are converted into a group of linearly uncorrelated variables through orthogonal transformation, and the group of converted variables are called principal components. In many cases, there is a certain correlation between variables, and when there is a certain correlation between two variables, it can be interpreted that there is a certain overlap of information reflecting the subject by the two variables. The principal component analysis is to eliminate redundant repeated variables (closely related variables) for all the variables originally proposed, and establish as few new variables as possible, so that the new variables are irrelevant pairwise, and the new variables keep original information as much as possible in the aspect of reflecting information. Principal component analysis is a commonly used analytical means in population genetics to analyze population structures present in a population, infer population history, and correct population structures in association analysis.
The principal component analysis results are shown in fig. 2, the first and second principal component decomposition release degrees are respectively 4.76% and 3.80, and different populations are shown in different colors, and it can be seen from the results that different populations have certain independence, if expected results are that the distance between the european goat and the african goat is short, the distance between the south goat and the north goat in china is short, and the boer goat and the bopagoda goat gather at the fourth quadrant and show separation independence from other populations, which indicates that the two populations have larger difference from other populations, and furthermore, although the bopagoda goat is not close to the bopagoda goat, the bopagoda goat is also closest to the bopagoda goat in other populations, which accords with the fact that the bopagoda goat is the female parent of the bopagoda goat. It can also be seen from the figure that the bohua goat has a genetically higher similarity to the male parent boer goat than the female parent bohua goat.
2. Phylogenetic tree analysis
Phylogenetic trees, also known as molecular evolutionary trees, phylogenetic trees, are methods for describing the correlation between different organisms in bioinformatics. The phylogenetic classification analysis can help people to know the evolutionary historical process of organisms. In this study, 162 individuals included in this study were phylogenetically constructed using the neighbor joining method, and it can be seen from fig. 3 that different geographic populations also clustered on different branches, such as northern goats and southern goats in china clustered in another place, and european and african goats clustered in one place. Similar to the main component analysis results, the Boer goats and the Boscholar goats gathered at the same place and independently become a big branch, and show the difference with other varieties. Although the Japanese pagodatree goats are not directly gathered with the Japanese pagodatree goats and the Boer goats, the Japanese pagodatree goats are still on the same bough and are closest to other groups.
3. Group stratification
The classification relation among individuals can be intuitively understood through group layering analysis, namely, a certain group can be divided into a plurality of subgroups, whether gene communication exists among the groups and the degree of blood mixing of each individual is determined, so that the genetic composition of ancestors of the group is deduced.
The layering results of the goat populations are calculated by ADMIXTURE software by using the SNP sites without linkage disequilibrium, and the components of different blood systems can be seen from the layering results. As shown in fig. 4, K is 3 when the calculated CV value is minimum, and at this time, the african goat and the european goat are of the same ancestry, the chinese goat (northern goat, southern goat, tibetan goat) is of the ancestry, and the boer goat and the bohua goat are of the ancestry. The bohua goat was highly similar to the boer goat. When K is set to other different values, the African goats, European goats and the like basically show a single color, showing their difference from other populations. Similarly, the boer goats were consistently single colored and showed differences from the other goat populations, while the boer goats were nearly half identical to the boer goats, the other half mixed with only a small amount of blood from the boer goats. From the whole population of Boehu goats, it is clear that the Boehu goat blood lineage has a high proportion (more than 80%, and 83.7% on average), while the Maochu goat blood lineage has a low proportion, which is seen to be the result of hybridization conducted by introducing the Boehu goat blood lineage all the time in actual production.
Therefore, the Bohuai goat population has obvious genetic difference with other goat populations of domestic and foreign varieties on the genome level by integrating the results of principal component analysis, phylogenetic tree analysis and population layering, and shows that the Bohuai goat becomes a specific variety of the goats after years of cultivation. Meanwhile, the analysis result shows that the Bohuai goat population is obviously closer to the male parent Bohuai goat in the genetics compared with the female parent Bohuai goat, and averagely contains a high proportion (83.7%) of Bohuai goat blood lineage, which shows that the Bohuai goat population is hybridized for multiple generations and shows the heterogeneity of the variety.
Claims (7)
1. A method for breeding a new meat goat strain is characterized by comprising the following steps: the new meat goat variety is obtained by taking the Japanese pagoda goat in the east of Henan as a female parent and taking the Boer goat as a male parent and breeding through three stages of hybridization innovation, transverse crossing fixation and population propagation.
2. The method for breeding the new meat goat strain according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the cultivation process comprises the following steps:
(1) identifying and evaluating female parent of the Japanese pagodatree goat in Yudong area and introduced male parent of the Boer goat respectively, screening out female parent of excellent Japanese pagodatree goat and male parent of the Boer goat respectively, and establishing core breeding group respectively;
(2) carrying out binary hybridization by taking a female goat of the Japanese pagoda goats as a female parent and taking a male goat of the Boer mountain as a male parent to obtain an F1 generation hybrid Japanese pagoda goat;
(3) carrying out progressive hybridization by taking an F1 generation of Bohuai hybrid sheep excellent ewe as a female parent and taking a Boehshan excellent ram as a male parent to obtain an F2 generation hybrid progeny;
(4) carrying out progressive hybridization by taking the F2 generation hybrid offspring excellent ewe as a female parent and taking the Boer goat excellent ram as a male parent to obtain F3 generation hybrid offspring;
(5) crossing, fixing and self-breeding the filial generation of F3 generation, and optimizing;
(6) and carrying out heterogeneous matching on the preferably self-group breeding male sheep and the female sheep to carry out group expanding propagation to finally obtain a new variety of the Boschniakia meat goats.
3. The method for breeding the new meat goat strain according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the female parent of the Japanese pagodatree goat is characterized in that the Japanese pagodatree goat is selected as a breeding female parent, wherein the female parent is straight in back and waist, deep and wide, good in rib opening, barrel-shaped in middle trunk, narrow, short and straight in ear, moderate in head size, wide in forehead and tip, flat and straight in nose bridge, slightly concave in face, uniform in nipple distribution, moderate in size, good in lactation power, not less than 2 Japanese pagodatree goats breeding in the same fetus and not less than 2 lambs in the whole nest are used as the breeding female parent.
4. The method for breeding the new meat goat strain according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the Boer goat male parent selects the Boer goat which has a firm head, large and mild brown eyes, a firm angle, a medium length, moderate bending gradually backwards, dark color, a round and hard shape, a wide and smooth ear, a head droop, a medium length, a wide and straight back, no narrow shoulder, a straight tail, a tail root growth and swinging towards two sides as a breeding male parent.
5. The method for breeding the new meat goat strain according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the excellent female parents of the F1 filial generation, the F2 filial generation and the F3 filial generation are finally selected into the female parent group after three selections of birth, 4 months age and 6 months age.
6. The method for breeding the new meat goat strain according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the newborn selection standard is that the number of the same fetus is more than or equal to 2 female lambs with normal development of each tissue organ; selecting and reserving 4 months old ewes with the weight of more than or equal to 12.5kg, normal growth and development, health coordination, body shapes and appearances meeting the variety standard and no obvious failure; the selection standard of 6 months old is that the weight is more than or equal to 20kg, the body height is more than or equal to 60cm, the body length is more than or equal to 68cm, the chest circumference is more than or equal to 80cm, on the basis of reaching the standards of physical appearance, body weight and body size, the whole body is firm and symmetrical, the body is cylindrical, the quilt is short and fine, the ratio of the neck to the forerunner is moderate, the chest is wide and deep, the shoulders are wide and fleshy, the ribs are open, the back is flat, the hip is round and full, the four limbs are thick and strong, and the back leg muscles are firm and full.
7. The method for breeding the new meat goat strain according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in the fixed cross breeding stage, the seed reserving rate of male breeding sheep is not more than 20%, and the tail of female breeding sheep is eliminated by 20%.
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