CN1426679A - Production method of hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit - Google Patents
Production method of hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A method for culturing the hybridized black-eye white rabbit includes such steps as strict strain selection; proper selective breeding; choosing male and female prasents, crossing, parental crossing, random hybridizing, selectively breeding by 30 generations, and stable reproduction for 3-5 years. The resultant black-eye white rabbit features high resistance to high and low temp. coarse feed and diseases, heavy weight, white hair, high reproduction power and easy raising.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind of selection cross production method of white rabbit kind, relate to a kind of production method of hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit particularly.Belong to animal field rabbit order section, be applicable to that the skin and flesh rabbit breeds to produce and people's edible consumption, but also dual-purpose as pet animal.
Before the present invention, emerged various family expenses and commodity rabbit kind on state, the inside and outside market, " Chinese white rabbit " arranged with regard to domestic, it is the good ancient kind that the industrious ancestors of China domestication for a long time, seed selection, hybridization, renewal, cultivation and procreation are got off, generally raise existing all parts of the country, mainly edible, this blood-shot eye illness, sharp-tongued is by hair white, but it is small, meat productivity is low, produces slowly ripe evening." Himalayas rabbit ", originate in zone, China Himalayas, China is the main place of production of this rabbit kind, and at present, this rabbit all is distributed with in the U.S., Russia and some other countries and regions and breeds the place of production, be characterized in by hair white, eyes are light red, and ear, nose, tail and four limbs bottom are black, so be called " five black rabbits " again, because hair color is pretty and dazzling, abroad have with its cultivate adult form small and exquisite enjoy rabbit.Also have " north to the Great Wall rabbit " " Harbin-to-Dalian white rabbit ", " Anyang ash rabbit ", " Taihang Mountain rabbit " etc.From external introduced variety: " new zealand rabbit ", " Belgian rabbit ", " California rabbit ", " ram rabbit ", " the huge rabbit of Fo Langde ", " Germany spends huge rabbit ", " the big ear rabbit of Japan ", " livid purple blue rabbit " " Bei Weilun rabbit " or the like.From the kind that rabbit is raised, the whole world has more than 60 kind approximately, more than 200 strain, most modern varieties cultivated in 19th century and 20th century, because rabbit meat enters international carnivorous market, has stimulated the development of rabbit keeping, has promoted breeding of new varieties.From state, inside and outside rabbit kind and linebred situation, the assortment method of rabbit has two kinds usually: a kind of is according to rabbit by the biological property of hair classification, rabbit can be divided into skin rabbit (as make every effort to overcome this etc.) and mao rabbit (as Angora rabbit etc.); The another kind of economic use of pressing is classified, and can be divided into rabbit: 1. meat rabbit, as new zealand rabbit, California rabbit etc.; 2. wool-producing rabbit is as Angora rabbit etc.; 3. skin with rabbit as: make every effort to overcome this rabbit, silver fox rabbit, Havana rabbit; 4. skin and flesh dual-purpose rabbit, as: Chinese white rabbit, the big ear rabbit of Japan, himalayan rabbit, Belgian rabbit etc.That the kind of above-described rabbit has is white, grey, chestnut, multiple color such as black, blue, yellow, brown, and its obvious macroscopic features of giving prominence to: the eyes of white rabbit are redness; Coloured lagophthalmos eyeball in addition mostly is a black; The eyelet of individual other kind such as livid purple blue rabbit is white in color, the eye of 3 strain rabbit kinds such as the white of Bei Weilun rabbit, blueness and black is blue, Anyang its eyes of ash rabbit are indigo, wherein have a kind of in the rabbit of Taihang Mountain by hair root portion white in the hair, the middle part is yellow, tip rufous, eyelet are white, and eyeball is a sepia.
Know that from the data of retrieving, consulting from the kind of state, inside and outside breed and the current intelligence in market, the black eye White Rabbit kind that is black by the pure white eyes of hair does not still have the first.This is the present invention's major subjects of groping, inquire into, study and solve in decades just.
The biogenetics theory is thought: biosphere all has common biological phenomena, and the existence of its life not only relies on the metabolism of living material, and oneself's procreation, the characteristic of performance heredity simultaneously and variation.Heredity is the similitude between the bion that is related by blood, and it is conservative strength, makes species and kind have relative stability." rabbit can only living rabbit ", this is a genetic phenomenon, must there be elder generation's gene in its offspring's blood source, can guarantee that by heredity institute is similar to parental generation in generation in postpartum on proterties and quality.Variation means to be related by blood and produces the phenomenon of dissimilar proterties between individuality that it is progressive forces, makes species and kind have potential huge plasticity." female nine sons of giving birth to, nine sons are different ", this is a variation phenomenon, and biology has to become to lose just can have development, and people utilize variation law to transform biology just, go to cultivate new varieties.
Heredity and variation are one of bio-based eigens, also are the duality of the unity of opposites.Variation is the starting point of organic evolution, can make the constantly developed and evolution of living species by becoming to lose.Biology also will have heredity, relays with so just making relatively stable ground of a merit generation generation.
1, Yi Chuan basic theories factor
Physical basis of heredity (internal cause) and external environmental condition (external cause) are the Fundamentals of heredity and variation.Learn what new individuality always formed since a fertilized egg from sexual reproduction process, this transmission form that fully shows parental generation and filial generation genetic material must the trafficability characteristic cell.Spermiovum is widely different on volume, and nucleus volume difference is generally very little, and by long-felt and discussion, the mankind have confirmed that for a long time genetic material mainly is present in the cell nucleus.Chromosome in the cell nucleus is topmost physical basis of heredity, and it contains " nuclifort " macromolecular compound of (also claiming DNA), on theory Of heredity, " base sequence " special on " DNA " molecule is called gene.And gene can exchange, and recombinant occurs; Great sudden change can take place in gene, mutant occurs; Can form codon and, constitute operon by making amino acid and protein behind the changing condition.Containing a large amount of hereditary information from above-mentioned can fully show " DNA ", having self-replacation and produce the characteristic that highlights of variation.Gene outcome and other materials change through complicated biology, show as individual proterties significantly, so the location on the Heredity theory is: gene is the functional unit of control character inheritance and variation.
Also exist " ribonucleic acid " macromolecular compound (RNA) in cytoplasm, this also is important genetic material, also can duplicate oneself again, but it is to play a role under the guidance of " DNA " basic molecule.In addition, also have intracytoplasmic mitochondria and centrosome etc. that a spot of " DNA " molecule is also arranged.Therefore, want to treat dialectically, inquire into, study and grasp nuclei dyeing colour solid and cytoplasmic hereditation and rule from theory and practice.
Heredity and variation and environment have very confidential relation.Have decision consciousness, environment determines all, and any biology all must absorb certain nutriment from environment, grows and breeds by metabolism, shows the heredity of proterties and makes a variation.Different kinds is owing to the genotype difference, and their proterties can show different reactions under the certain environment condition, still, an essentially identical kind, under different environmental conditions, each proterties has reaction in various degree too.Based on this principle, should grope, understand the standard of each proterties according to the characteristic of meat rabbit kind, take the feeding and management method of science, so that the merit of desirable kind is showed fully.
2, Yi Chuan philosophy
Heredity theory is thought: modern genetics is based on the particle theory Of heredity.So-called particle theory Of heredity, the material that determines genetic character in other words are that the mode with particle exists and transmits.The modern genetics that is based upon on the particle Heredity theory has three big philosophys, that is: the chain commutative law of the Mendelian law of segregation, the law of independent assortment and Morgan, and this has established genetics---and chromosomal gene theory is called as classical genetics.
1. the law of segregation: be meant the pair of alleles (hereditary factor of control relativity, name be " allelomorph ") of control proterties, when producing reproductive cell in the heterozygous individuality, each gene member is assigned in the different reproductive cell with equal chance.In dominance completely under the situation, second filial generation (F
2) always three dominant characters and a recessive character almost appear, be exactly 3: 1 segregation ratio.To this, Mendel has proposed hypothesis:
A, proterties are controlled by gene.
B, gene become single and exist in gamete, it all is impartial that parents' gene is assigned to the chance of going in a certain gamete, and gamete is the sexual cell that female cell (ovum) and male cell (sperm) combination form, and has guaranteed world's constancy of species thus.
The effect of c, gene has the branch of dominance and recessiveness, when the control dominance factor of relativity and the recessive factor exist jointly, the dominance factor has suppressed the effect of the recessive factor fully, the dominance shape fully shows as a result, and in a single day the recessive factor breaks away from the control of the dominance factor, still can present recessive character perfectly.As hybridizing, consequently: first filial generation (F with black rabbit and white rabbit
1) all show black, F
1During selfing, F
2What show as black accounts for 3/4, and white accounts for 1/4, and its quantitative proportion is 3: 1.More than this heredity and variation phenomenon be exactly the result of law of segregation effect: (referring to table 1).
Commercial crossbreeding extensive use in China's herding is produced.By the above F as can be seen that shows
1Performance is very desirable, but it is heterozygote (individuality that refers to the genotype heterozygosis is so claim heterozygote), and the offspring must separate.Thereby hybrid vigour can not fix, thus generally not the hybrid buck as kind of a usefulness.But utilize multiple cross can obtain ideal effect.
2. the law of independent assortment: be meant that the control proterties has the allelomorph more than two pairs,, be assigned randomly to independently of one another in the different reproductive cell in that heterozygous is individual when forming reproductive cell.Genetic test reflection situation as three pairs of relativity is as follows:
P is coloured, mercerising, undercoat rabbit * albefaction, ordinary light, rabbit becomes mildewed
↓
F
1: coloured, ordinary light, undercoat rabbit
↓
F
2: 27/64 coloured, ordinary light, undercoat: 9/64 coloured, ordinary light, become mildewed: 9/64 coloured, mercerising, become mildewed: 9/64 albefaction, ordinary light, undercoat: 3/64 albefaction, mercerising, undercoat: 3/64 albefaction, ordinary light, become mildewed: 3/64 coloured, mercerising, become mildewed: 1/64 albefaction, mercerising, become mildewed.
Know by above, among the hybrid generation, F
1A kind of dominant character combination only appears.Fill in dominance full-time, F
28 kinds of proterties combinations occurred, wherein 6 is recombinant type.These 8 kinds of combinations just in time are to launch (3: 1)
3Item number, and various combination also equals every coefficient than number.Mendel has proposed (3: 1) thus
nGenetic form (n means the gene logarithm of independent allocation).
Like this, people can utilize cross method that characteristics such as the strong point of two or more good meat rabbit kinds, advantage are merged, and favourable, the distinguished newtype to the mankind can appear in the independent assortment by hybrid gene.Really, also can occur the combination of the bad proterties of parents in the independent assortment, be to cultivate good and special new varieties but need only the reinforcement selection and eliminate.The present invention is exactly a wherein outstanding example.
3. chain commutative law: be meant different right genes on same chromosome, non-allelic genes each other can not independent assortment, becomes group and hand down by heredity in heredity, shows the two or several proterties phenomenon of heredity together.If mass exchange takes place in pairing chromosomes to each other in forming reproductive cell, then show incomplete chainly, show that exchange has taken place partial allelomorph, combination newly appears.
A, linkage inheritance phenomenon.Spend huge rabbit (piebald, undercoat) and brown Angora rabbit (panchromatic, become mildewed) hybridization, F with the U.S.
1All be piebald, undercoat rabbit, hybrid experiment proof piebald is golden dominance, and undercoat is the dominance that becomes mildewed.Now use En-piebald gene, the panchromatic gene of en-, L-undercoat gene, the I-gene that becomes mildewed.So, the genotype of F1 is answered EnenII, and according to the law of independent assortment, F1 and double recessive parental form (enenII) are backcrossed, ratio number between 4 kinds of proterties composite types that occur in the first backcross generation should be 25%: 25%: 25%: 25%, but another kind of ratio has in fact appearred: (referring to table 2).
From as can be seen above: be called the linkage inheritance phenomenon as piebald and undercoat, genetic phenomenon panchromatic and that these two kinds of proterties that become mildewed often link together.
The essence of b, linkage inheritance.Chromosome is the carrier of gene, and rabbit has only 44, but has thousands of genes.Be in gene on the coloured differently body according to law of independent assortment heredity, those genes that are on the same chromosome then are linkage inheritance.
Chain exchange occurs in the maiotic sticking line end of term in the sexual cell forming process, and can observe directly homologous chromosome at microscopically and divide the crossover phenomenon that is occurred in twos, be exactly the result of gene swapping.
Above-described philosophy all is relative, with good conditionsi.Biology is an integral body, and the growth of each proterties connects each other, mutual restriction.To treat this three philosophys dialectically, must not the heredity and variation phenomenon of biosphere complexity be oversimplified excessively and think in absolute terms.
Use the philosophy of heredity and the breeding practice of rabbit, can estimate offspring's divergence type and frequency thereof more exactly, the general proportions of some defect individual appears in the prediction hybrid generation, in a planned way cultivates hybrid new breed and raises breeding rabbit group.In breeding work, can also demarcate the order and the distance of each gene on every pair of chromosome according to the gene swapping value, be drawn as genetic map (or claiming chromosome map), can predict the probability that the filial generation type occurs like this, very big directive function be arranged cultivating new varieties.
3, nature-nurture
Biological any proterties all be gene in growth course with the result of environmental interaction.
1. environment and gene.Meat rabbit and hair rabbit are supported under same feeding and management condition, can be showed productivity separately, its reason is exactly genotypic difference; Bad as feeding and management condition, it is thin and weak to grow, and genotype does not become, and environment change, proterties also morphs.Proterties is genotype and environmental condition results of interaction, i.e. phenotype=genotype+environment.Fact proved: the growth of none proterties of organism is irrelevant with heredity, and also the growth of neither one proterties and environmental condition have nothing to do, and only effect has the branch of primary and secondary.
2. reaction norm.Himalaya white rabbit grows the hair of different colours with the change of temperature, and as seen this is not that genotype can realize, but determine by environment.On the genetics the possible reaction range of a genotype in varying environment called reaction norm.Different genotype has different reaction norms, and what have is very narrow, as hair color, eye shape and color pool; What have is broad, as body weight and body size etc.As suitably adding necessary amino acid content in the daily ration of fattening meat rabbit, daily gain will obviously improve.But genotypic reaction norm is impossible prophet, therefore, will do a large amount of tests in practical operation cultivation new varieties process, from each relevant reaction norm of hereditary goniometry, to reach people's desirable kind requirement.
3. variation.Wild rabbit is the ancestors of rabbit, tame for a long time through the mankind, make a lot of proterties that variation take place, as build (huge rabbit, medium-sized rabbit, small-sized rabbit), physique (loose, compactness), ear type (prick ear, heavy ear, big ear, microtia), hair color (white, black, yellow, iron is grey, very grey, piebald, livid purple indigo plant etc.), wink (red, light red, dark eye circles, indigo plant, black etc.).In a word, variation phenomenon is ubiquitous in biosphere.The variation of heredity is meant the variation of genetic material; Not hereditary variation is meant by the caused phenotype of environmental condition and changes that can't change genotype, and have directionality, dense as the rabbit hair under the cold conditions, high temperature is then sparse.Not hereditary thus variation mostly belongs to definitive variation.
4. the inheritance of acquired characters.Be meant the biological acquired character inheritance that conforms that in ontogenetic process, is.Acquired can heredity? must could determine that to the drug-fast genetic test of DDT, the result is the directed variation that the selection of medicament causes the population genetic type to people with fruit bat through specific genetic test, this has very important enlightenment to us.In the breeding work of rabbit, strengthen the purpose of feeding and management level, be not that attempt directly changes its genetic constitution, but judge its hereditary basis,, lay the first stone for cultivating hybrid new breed for selecting to provide foundation by conditioned response.
According to biological scientific theory, according to genetic disciplinarian request, at deficiency and the defective in the existing meat rabbit inter breed crossing production method technical process, purpose of the present invention and task are the production methods that a kind of hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit will be provided, hybridize the meat rabbit kind that with the present invention, pure white by hair, eyelet is light red, eyeball is pitch black shinny, individual strong substantially, cold-resistant heat-resisting, premunition and applicability are extremely strong, can realize China's rural area extensive husbandry, the purpose of increasing economic efficiency.Ectogenesis through more than 40 years selects excellent hybridization, has obtained beyond thought effect, and it is inherited significantly and has embodied hereditary stability, has highlighted the progressive and the plasticity of variation again, thereby has successfully brought out generation meat rabbit new varieties.
Hybridization production method of the present invention is finished with method step as follows:
1, a kind of hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit, it is characterized in that this Hybrid by the frigid zone, northeast through domestication yellow by hair, eyelet is light red and eyeball is pitch-dark and the eyeball through domestication pure white by hair, that eyes are henna Daxing'an Mountainrange meat rabbit kind and high and cold area is kermesinus, is formed by the pure white Xinjiang Tianshan area meat rabbit kind of hair and hybridize strain.
2, a kind of production method of hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit, it is characterized in that this Hybrid by the frigid zone, northeast through domestication yellow by hair, eyelet is light red and eyeball is pitch-dark and the eyeball through domestication pure white by hair, that eyes are brownish red Daxing'an Mountainrange meat rabbit kind and high and cold area is kermesinus, is formed by the pure white Xinjiang Tianshan area meat rabbit kind of hair and hybridize new lines and hybridize, its production method of carrying out Hybrid comprises the production stage and the method for following order:
＜1〉seed selection: the strict seed selection principle of holding, as required, parental generation and productivity born of the same parents, blood relationship grade from latitude, height above sea level, weather, feeding and management level, technology and the economic disparities size of introducing a fine variety ground and characteristic, physique profile, health status, developmental level, pedigree targetedly, select according to qualifications---
1. the Daxing'an Mountainrange that is located in the northeast frigid zone through domestication
Take the look rabbit, the light red and eyeball of this lagophthalmos circle is pitch-dark open bright
Eyeball is brownish red, the pure white white rabbit of quilt hair; This head breadth is square, and ear is medium upright, the rear quarters prosperity, and four limbs are healthy and strong strong, and the rabbit body weight of growing up is at the 3-3.5 kilogram, cold-resistant, crude feed tolerance, premunition is extremely strong, produces per year all at the 4-5 tire, and tire is only all farrowed 5-6;
2. be located in the northwest Xinjiang Tianshan white rabbit through domestication of severe cold areas, this lagophthalmos ball is kermesinus, and is pure white by hair, head breadth circle tubbiness, ear is thick upright, the rear quarters prosperity, the four limbs stalwartness, toe feathering is abundant, and the rabbit body weight of growing up is at the 4-4.5 kilogram, cold-resistant, heat-resisting, crude feed tolerance, premunition is extremely strong, produce the 6-7 tire per year, tire is farrowed more than 8;
3. it is well-balanced that buck requires testis, male strong, the sexual desire height, and semen quality is good, the fertilization rate height; Female rabbit requires to have at least 4 pairs of nipple, according to the experience of " female big young fertile ", selects individual big in same kind.
＜2〉apolegamy: planned on purpose＜1〉1. in
In or
In or 2. in strict select and join the male and female rabbit, cultivate good kind of new generation by the apolegamy expectation:
1. homogeneity apolegamy:＜1〉1. in
Or
In or 2. in select the identical or consistent outstanding male and female rabbit mating of performance performance of proterties;
2. heterogeneous apolegamy:＜1〉1. in
With
2. in, select to allow a certain or several features on have the male and female rabbit of different qualities to carry out mating, change bad purpose in the hope of the offspring that obtains to have concurrently the different advantages of parents with excellent, how to do the ameliorator and promptly use with buck
3. age apolegamy:＜1〉1. in
Or
In or 2. in, or
With
In 2., match the prime of life rabbit age according to the spouse and join prime of life rabbit, prime of life buck and join one's old mother rabbit and young female rabbit;
4. close-inbreeding:＜1〉in 1. in
Or
Or 2. the inside is matched by affiliation, begins to forbid " three generations " with interior " consangnineous mating ", and " outbreeding " of " seven generations " or " five generations " non-related crossing is in addition adhered in strictness;
5. strictly hold and grasp " close relative " breeding, give full play to and highlight the close relative and breed progressive and positive role in breeding, purification constantly, rejuvenation, eliminate, final stage adopts " consangnineous mating " apolegamy mode, the kind of fixing and stable merit.
＜3〉cultivate the new varieties method: same kind or different cultivars are carried out mating between colony---
1. the pedigree breeding method of between same kind, matching, i.e. this kind seed selection:
A, " be ancestral build be " method: in production stage and method＜1〉in 1. in
The rabbit group in, select the good breeding male rabbit of certain performance characteristics as this strain be the ancestral, and＜1 in
2. among the rabbit group, female rabbit mating with it that the selection characteristics are similar, seed selection and selective pairing in the offspring repeatedly constantly makes it maintenance line ancestral's premium properties;
B, " systematic breeding " method: in production stage and method＜1〉in 1. in
In,
In, 2. in, select the similar some male and female rabbits of performance separately and form underlying group, in the group, carry out random mating, in to the offspring who produces, carry out strict elimination system, only select and remain and conform with desirable male and female rabbit and reserve seed for planting, so undertaken by generation, repetitive cycling incessantly is till reaching its intended purposes;
2. crossbreed: with production stage and method＜3〉in 1. in " a " and " b " in
With
With 2.,
Carry out mating i.e. " improved crossing " with 2. three meat rabbit kinds---also cry " creating hybridization ", and constantly samsara enforcement production stage and method＜2 repeatedly in 1., 2., 3., 4., 5.;
3. constantly implement＜3〉in " creating hybridization " operation procedure 2., seed selection in the period of generation more than 30 (per generation can be bred 6 wheat harvesting periods and be calculated from this son that farrows) nearly 15, again through observation, test and the breeding of 3-5, stablize every performance indications of generation new varieties, groped, inquired into and summed up the production method of hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit.
Utilize the present invention to hybridize the black eye White Rabbit of production, its outstanding advantage and remarkable result are: the black eye ball, and eyelet is light red, and is pure white by hair, the deep and broad round barrel shape that is of body body, the whole-body muscle prosperity, structure is well-balanced, and bone is careful solid, compact, the black eye circle is opened bright, ear is thicker and erect and to lift, buck head breadth circle, and female rabbit head breadth is square.And have little and lack, neck is short and thick, combine well with body, chest breadth is and dark, back of the body waist broadness is straight, the wide circle of buttocks, flourishing plentiful, four limbs are short and small, and are effectively healthy and strong, toe feathering is abundant, the whole body hair is close and glossy, skin is tightly and characteristics such as high resilience.Black eye is joined pure white hair, adds a crucial touch, and is coloured and dazzling, dazzlingly beautiful, do not lose the typical meat new varieties of the generation proud son of heaven and views and admires pet.This also cold-resistant, heat-resisting, crude feed tolerance, adaptive capacity is very strong, all can normally breed breeding as usual during subzero in the winter time about 10 ℃ open-air stable breedings, reproduction rate height throughout the year, year farrowing 8-9 tire, tire is all farrowed 8.5-11 only, produce grow fast, 12 age in week body weight reach more than 2.5 kilograms, individual big body weight, adult rabbit are mostly more than the 4-5 kilogram.Also resistance against diseases is extremely strong, cultivates as introducing since nineteen sixty, does not prevent epidemic over more than 40 year, does not inject, and never suffers from various infectious diseases, and anti-anti-and protection capability is very strong, survival rate just begins epidemic prevention more than 90% when doing plant's propagating and breeding in enormous quantities.The very suitable Chinese countryside extensive husbandry of the black eye White Rabbit that uses this production method to breed, its raising is convenient, simple, cost is low, economic benefit is high.
The impact of performance of the present invention is mainly verified by the correction data of actual tests, by with the contrast raising of decades of the black eye White Rabbit in age in same week and new zealand rabbit, Belgian rabbit, the good characteristic of finding the black eye White Rabbit obviously is better than the Other Meat rabbit breeds, and weatherproof, its comparing result of the breeding breeding of all can oestrusing throughout the year. is as follows: kind contrast rabbit number of elements is on average produced tire number average tire litter size per year and is survived number of elements survival rate feedstuff-meat ratio Belgium rabbit 50 6 7.8 7.1 91% 3.50: 1 new zealand rabbits 50 6 8.2 7.5 91.4% 3.43: 1 black eye White Rabbits 50 7.8 9.3 87 93.5% 3.35: 1
Use the black eye White Rabbit of ectogenesis good quality and high output of the present invention, should adhere to carrying out following aspects of works:
1, adheres to breeding direction and index
The development meat rabbit produces should be based on the commodity rabbit, and producing the commodity rabbit should be based on the hybrid rabbit, and hybridization generally can produce advantage, therefore, carry out the hybrid combination test, measure its affinity, select the high applied in any combination of hybrid vigour in commodity production, just can receive good economic benefit.
China does not also make at present the breeding target of meat rabbit, and according to data more both domestic and external, by the test experience in the practice, the general breeding target of meat rabbit will be from following some consideration:
1. propagation production power aspect: nest is farrowed more than 7, and the young rabbit that lives is higher than 6, year breeding 5-6 tire, and ablactation survives and is not less than 6, and this is a breeding index request of cultivating kind of rabbit in producing, and the commodity rabbit will be higher than this standard.
2. the aspect of growing: postpartum 21 age in days litter weights, 2500 grams, the young rabbit of 30 ages in days weighs about 600 grams, 42 ages in days reach 1300 grams, more than 70 ages in days, 2200 grams.
3. food consumption aspect: the feedstuff-meat ratio 3-4.5 after the wean: 1, with manufactured feed.
4. dressing percentage is more than 55%.
5. plant rabbit and utilize time limit 2-4: improve the meat rabbit production target, female rabbit is just joined 3.5 monthly ages of age, body weight 3500 grams-4000 grams; Buck was 5 monthly ages, and male and female rabbit ratio 1: 8-10 cultivates new varieties general 1: 3-5; Buck breeds weekly 3 times, is no more than 5 times, and breeding 3-4 week has a rest a week.
6. fatten the warren production target: growth rate (gram/day) 36-45; Feed conversion rate (feed/weightening finish) 4-4.5; Dressing percentage 60-62%; Butcher age in days 75-80%; Lethality 4-7%.
In the breeding operation, should notice that crude feed tolerance, adaptability are strong, it is fast to grow, links such as stronger vitality and premunition are arranged, so new rabbit kind could adapt to the needs of rural development meat rabbit.
2, do to choose seeds, match and cultivate the key link of this breeding well
At first, strict seed selection: select colory conduct to plant usefulness in the rabbit group, emphasis should be considered the yield and quality of meat.According to the hereditary capacity of selected proterties, can select kind of a rabbit from following 4 aspects:
1. identify from appearance: mainly with soon, hand touches, the combination chi is judged the meat rabbit varietal characteristic, evaluates its degree of growing and infers the size of its production capacity.In the same kind, require body weight more better.
2. identify from productivity:
A, this is the overall target that meat rabbit produces the meat ability to fatten performance, comprises aspects such as growth rate, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage and carcass quality.
Growth rate---mostly be with the daily gain between fattening period and the body weight when arriving the regulation age in days or when arriving the regulation body weight required items such as fate represent.
Fast growth is then with short production cycle, cage house and utilization rate of equipment and installations height, and feed conversion ratio is low, and therefore, the growth rate of meat rabbit is directly connected to the economic benefit of feed cost and expectation.
Feed conversion ratio---be to measure the forage volume that every weightening finish 1 kg body weight need consume.
Dressing percentage---be meant the carcass weight when still uncolled and the percentage of meat rabbit live-weight after slaughtering.
Must indicate still half clean thorax of complete clean thorax when calculating dressing percentage, the high more economic benefit of dressing percentage is big more, so the dressing percentage of breeding rabbit requires more than 55%.
B, reproductive performance meat rabbit are polyembryony, the fecund animal, not only require a brood of performance good, and require long-term performance good, the items such as young number, weaned newborn rabbit number, young rabbit survival rate, 20 age in days lactation numbers, nascent litter weight and weight of weaning litter of often living with litter size, product calculate expression.
Litter size refers to the real farrowing rabbit number of a female rabbit, comprises stillborn foetus, deformity, reflects the potential ability of female rabbit farrowing.
Product young number alive is censured the young rabbit number of work when surveying birth weight.Female rabbit is calculated by continuous triplet mean in primiparity.
The weaned newborn rabbit number refers to by the nurture of this mother rabbit, and the young rabbit number that is survived when wean comprises the young rabbit number of entrusting one's child to the care of sb. the band breast.The young rabbit of entrusting one's child to the care of sb. away then not very is the weaned newborn rabbit number of this mother rabbit.Female rabbit is calculated by continuous triplet mean in primiparity.
Young rabbit number when young rabbit survival rate refers to wean is equivalent to produce the percentage of young number alive.
Lactation power with 3 ages in week young rabbit hutch heavily represent, comprise and entrust one's child to the care of sb. young number.
Lactation power=21 age in days litter weights-female rabbit of nascent litter weight primiparity is calculated by the mean of continuous triplet.
Nascent litter weight refers to the weight before the young rabbit of whole nest is not sucked the breast as yet after birth.It can show young rabbit in the brephic situation of growing, and also is to calculate the basic data of young rabbit in nurture phase growth rate.As meet brood and do not produced, begun lactation, should give explanation.
Weight of weaning litter refers to the gross weight of a brood of weaned newborn rabbit.This is the comprehensive embodiment of factors in female rabbit nurture performance.
In addition, to see the height of power, mating ability, semen quality and the fertilization rate of its sexual desire to buck; Should observe to female rabbit whether habitual abortion is arranged, the plucking ability of building a nest during childbirth, whether farrowing in hive (cave) be unwilling to be fed young rabbit, even the pernicious habit of the young rabbit that bites or eat food is arranged.
C, family tree are identified.Under the prerequisite of identifying kind of rabbit itself, also should write down and judge according to family tree, investigate it on the three generations with interior biological property and economic performance, from thousands of rabbit group, select to show well, heritability is stable does kind of a usefulness.
D, descendant identify.The breeding of identifying kind of rabbit according to offspring's characteristic, feature is worth.Descendant's quality not only is decided by parents' inheritance, and is also relevant with feeding and management condition.If only the indivedual offsprings according to chance identify kind of a rabbit, certainly will draw unilateral or even wrong conclusion.For the reliability that guarantees that the descendant identifies, the offspring who is identified must have enough quantity, on the identical basis, compare under the fixing feeding and management condition.
Secondly, the continuation that do well to choose seeds---apolegamy: planned, purpose is arranged and select targetedly and join the male and female rabbit, cultivate good offspring or generation new varieties by the apolegamy expectation.
1. quality apolegamy: match according to the proterties similarities and differences between the spouse.For this reason, conscientiously do " homogeneity apolegamy " and " heterogeneous apolegamy " well, in the hope of obtaining similar or having the offspring of the different advantages of parents concurrently with parents.
2. age apolegamy: match at the age according to the spouse.The present invention is in operation, and spouse's age of standard is adhered in strictness, and its result shows, the prime of life rabbit to join offspring's vitality and the productivity of prime of life rabbit higher, heritability is more stable, and is most important to breeding generation new product especially.
3. close-inbreeding: match by affiliation.It is generally acknowledged that both at home and abroad the three generations is consanguineous mating with interior akin kind of rabbit mating, is called " consangnineous mating "; Mating beyond seven generations is non-related crossing, is called for short " outbreeding ".When " three generations " with interior when mating is arranged between affiliation, particularly father and daughter, mothers and sons, brother and sister, the elder sister and younger brother, the possibility with identical genetic material is bigger.When two ejusdem generis deleterious genes match, will produce ill-effect, cause hereditary disease, fertilized egg is degenerated or fetus mid-dead, deformity or vitality reduction etc.So the inbreeding meeting causes the offspring small, grow slowly the result that fertility, premunition and conformability are low.Even reinforcement feeding and management, majority be deleterious gene that recessive shape exists in conjunction with the time, the harmful proterties of performance still is so when matching, pay special attention to prevent consangnineous mating.
China is in meat rabbit produces, and it is the phenomenon of a commonplace existence that deterioration of variety mixes, trace it to its cause, except that breeding improper and feeding and management extensive, abuse inbreeding in addition, lack strict seed selection.For this reason, must strengthen seed selection and selective pairing, keep the fundamental group of some, strict superseded bad individuality.Adhere to the policy of " from numerous, self-fertile, autotrophy ", in a planned way introduce or exchange the kind rabbit of nonlocal same breed again,, improve the apolegamy quality so that upgrade the blood source.
Yet what be worth paying special attention to is: inbreeding also has special positive role in breeding, if when breeding a generation new varieties or in a certain kind, setting up a strain, its final stage, generally all to adopt " consangnineous mating ", with fixing merit, but pay certain economic loss (measuring greatly), spend certain cost because of eliminating.The present invention is in the production method process of cultivating hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit, surplus in the of expensive 200,000 yuan, incessantly, heap of times, go through surplus in the of 40 year particularly in last 10 years, purify " unlimited samsara " select excellent, optimize good child-rearing, purification and rejuvenation, cross experiment, eliminate bad individuality heap of times; Keep the best colony, eliminate several ten thousand surplus, mortality reaches 87.2%, utilizes the good colony in " three generations ", " five generations " and " seven generations " to carry out consangnineous mating or outbreeding, breeds the good new varieties of " black eye White Rabbit " generation at last.
The 3rd, cultivate: utilize or create of the development of characters of certain environmental condition with orientation control meat rabbit kind.
Different because of environment, the mode of cultivation is also different.Can under the situation of local weather and original feeding manner, utilize the adaptable characteristics of land race, enlarge rabbit group breeding, purify that it is excellent to select, to reach the purpose of optimizing soil species.Also can introduce nonlocal breeding " acclimatization ", to reach the purpose of breeding soilization.Also can create certain environment, give improved variety with feeding and management condition preferably, allow its merit fully show, the performance productivity is to reach the purpose of high yield and high quality.
3, adhere to the mating system of science
Mating system is meant the mating system between different cultivars or same varietal population.In the breeding reproductive process, strictness accomplish following some:
1. pedigree breeding is also referred to as " pure breeding ", refers to the method matched between same kind, this kind seed selection just.From the meat rabbit kind of Xing'an Mountains and Tianshan Mountains introduction, through " acclimatization ", the disposition docility, adaptability is strong, and premunition has improved again on original basis greatly, and reproduction rate has also improved, and the premium properties of comprehensive aspect has been stablized and has fully been highlighted.For this reason, between same kind, carry out the seed selection breeding, keep and develop the fine quality of this kind, lay the foundation for cultivating generation new varieties.Therefore, go running in strict accordance with " be ancestral build be " method and " systematic breeding " method, in the hope of reaching higher expected value.
2. crossbreed is meant the method for carrying out mating with two or more meat rabbit kinds, and it can breed new varieties, can improve the productivity of commodity rabbit again.Hybridization form commonly used has following several substantially:
A, improved crossing claim " creating hybridization " again, refer to two or more meat rabbit kinds, and the utilization various forms is hybridized, and makes advantages each other, by natural breeding, creates new kind.General be called " the simple improved crossing " of only participating in hybridization with two kinds; With three or three be called " complicated improved crossing " of participating in hybridization to raise variety.The method of improved crossing can be started the beginning of generation kind, once causes a sensation the whole world as the livid purple blue rabbit of breeding with " improved crossing " in 1913.Use the black eye White Rabbit of improved crossing success of the present invention to cause relevant expert's great attention and gazing at of social everybody, all seaming is praised extremely in surprise, claims " still do not have and see that work discloses " both at home and abroad, and it is " rarity of state " that people say the name of sth. large.Come the Qingdao what Japanese travelling trader's hearsay of China was stepped on, sell 200,000 dollars and will all buy out the kind power that the present invention cultivates, the inventor flatlys refuse.The hybridization production method of this kind takes to be strictly on guard against measure already, and is highly confidential, just pushes society in case patent, for country creates bigger economic benefit.
" yielding ability hybridization " is named in b, commercial crossbreeding again, is meant and uses hybrid vigour, to obtain to have the hybrid generation of height economic use value, uses for commodity production.The hybridization of (comprise between two types and two between specialized strain) claims " simple commercial crossbreeding " between two kinds; Three above hybridization of kind claim " ternary or diversified economy hybridization ", claim also " multiway cross " that it is strong that its offspring mostly shows vitality, and productivity is good.As Tianshan Mountains rabbit and the hybridization of Xing'an Mountains rabbit, hybrid rabbit average weight 2100-2150 gram in 8 age in week.For manufacturer's product rabbit, should make full use of hybrid vigour, as when selecting hybrid strain, male parent requires fast growth, feedstuff-meat ratio height, carcass quality is good, dressing percentage is high; Female parent then requires the fertility height, and maternal instinct is strong.Utilization hybridization must in a planned way systematically tightly be carried out, and blindly unscientific hybridization can cause variet complexity, serious degradation, and will not obtain desirable hybrid vigour, should cause and pay special attention to.
C, rotational crossing claim " crisscrossing " again, are meant with the offspring that above inter breed crossing obtained on two or two, each in regular turn in turn and the original kind mating system of backcrossing.Rotational crossing is to grow up on the basis of commercial crossbreeding, it can select the commodity rabbit from the first generation of hybrid, and good female rabbit of selecting and remain can continue a product breeding male rabbit again mating different with it, so just holds and make full use of hybrid vigour in per generation hybrid generation relaying continuation of insurance.This method can make full use of.
4, the technical problem that should note in the hybridization production method
1. number: carry out seed selection and selective pairing for blood lineage's situation, be convenient to management, operation and record,, carry out the overbit work of compiling this according to kind of rabbit.
In a, the Mo Cifaci ear forceps digital compressing tablet is arranged, prepare the number that should sting, central authorities do not have the hair place in the alcohol disinfecting ear, and pincers are coated with vinegar China ink (prepared Chinese ink that vinegar grinds) after pressing, and present will never fade blue number after a few days; As stingless ear forceps, also can dip in China ink thorn number in the few blood vessel place of the rabbit ear with the pen point.
B, ear tag method are printed number on aluminium matter ear tag sheet surface, it is worn be pressed on the rabbit ear.Also can tie up on the neck of rabbit, put on number with cloth.
2. body weight and dimension measurement: the mensuration of crossbreed rabbit body weight generally claims with platform balance before feeding, and represents with kilogram or gram, and the intensity of growing is described.The body chi only surveys chest measurement usually and body is long, surveys ear length more in case of necessity and ear is wide, all with a centimetre expression.
Around the chest Zhou Jing in one week, this is a leading indicator of identifying breast development at the omoplate trailing edge for a, chest measurement usefulness tape measure, the volume and the health status of its reflection chest.
B, body length refer to by the air line distance of nose to root of the tail, should make rabbit be the situation of crawling during measurement, and it shows its development condition.
C, ear length are the distance of the basal part of the ear to have sharp ears.
The Breadth Maximum of d, the wide measurement ear of ear, it and ear length are represented the feature of kind.
3. the mensuration of productivity is mainly measured from meat performance and reproductive performance two aspects, and its method has been identified in preceding described productivity and done elaboration.
4. set up in the filing system crossbreeding process and must carry out mark and numbering to every kind rabbit, and do detail record in each link, this is to provide enough scientific basis for modernized breeding work.Record will be with the form of all kinds of styles, and too much unsuitable, as long as simple, clear, practical, accomplishing the end in view gets final product.
The present invention's novelty of selecting a topic, design specification is reasonable, operates rigorous, laboratory facilities are complete, surplus operating 40 year, the cycle is long, and contrast property, stability, plasticity are strong, what apply is high in technological content, the test data standard criterion, the reference standard, science, the classics that are applied to put into practice are through the domestic production method of still not having identical hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit of update search, from the biodynamic document and the information of present grasp, also unique abroad.So high application and promotional value are arranged.
The main reference data
1, " simple and clear scieintific and technical dictionary ". simple and clear scieintific and technical dictionary editorial board compiles. Shanghai " scientific and technological health publishing house " .1958.9; 1601-1801.
2, " supporting rabbit learns ". the chief editor of Zhangjiakou Agricultrural Training School. " agriculture publishing house " .1979.12
3, " meat rabbit production practical technique ". Wang Shun. Yang Yutang. " Chinese agriculture science and technology publishing house " .2000.10.
4, " rabbit breeding technology ". the. Jiang Chunsheng of Jilin Province's special product research institute edits .1981.6.
5, " supporting rabbit research data collected works ". medical science .1980.6 herds in Jiangsu Agricultural College.
6, " support the rabbit method ". Xu Lide. Cai Liuling compiles. " agriculture publishing house " .1980.
7, " foster rabbit rudimentary knowledge " hole eupatorium, Lin Daguang, Li Guangmei compile. " Jiangsu science and technology publishing house " .1980.
8, " simple and clear herding dictionary ". the chief editor of department of animal husbandry of sweet agricultural university. " Science Press " .1982.
9, " breeding of rabbit ". Chen Zhangyong. " fur-bearing animal raising ". the 4th phase .1981.
10, " relevant issues that external rabbit produces ". Wang Yongzhong. " fur-bearing animal raising ". the 3rd phase .1983.
11, " evaluation of rabbit profile and physique ". Chen Zhangyong. " fur-bearing animal raising " the 3rd phase .1983.
12, " rabbit thremmatology ". the chief editor of Gansu Province's herding school. " agriculture publishing house " .19779.
13, " support rabbit ". sparrow ancient cooking vessel etc. " agriculture publishing house ".
14, " how to support rabbit ". woods fortune etc. " Shanghai science tech publishing house ".
15, " supporting rabbit 200 asks ". Han Junyan etc. " scientific popularization publishing house ".
16, " fowl rabbit genetic thremmatology ". " teaching material is taught by correspondence by Jiangsu Agricultural College ".
17, " rabbit produces and learns ". " teaching material is taught by correspondence by Jiangsu Agricultural College ".
Table 1:Table 2:
Claims (2)
1, a kind of hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit, it is characterized in that this Hybrid by the yellow hair through domestication in frigid zone, northeast, eyelet is light red and eyeball is pitch-dark and the eyeball through domestication pure white by hair, that eyes are henna Daxing'an Mountainrange meat rabbit kind and high and cold area is silent redness, is formed by the pure white Xinjiang Tianshan area meat rabbit kind of hair and hybridize strain.
2, a kind of production method of hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit, it is characterized in that this Hybrid by the yellow hair through domestication in frigid zone, northeast, eyelet is light red and eyeball is pitch-dark and the eyeball through domestication pure white by hair, that eyes are henna Daxing'an Mountainrange meat rabbit kind and high and cold area is kermesinus, is formed by the pure white Xinjiang Tianshan area meat rabbit kind of hair and hybridize new lines and hybridize, its production method of carrying out Hybrid comprises the production stage and the method for following order:
＜1〉seed selection: the strict seed selection principle of holding, as required, from introducing a fine variety latitude, height above sea level, weather, feeding and management level, technology and economic disparities size and characteristic, physique profile, health status, developmental level, pedigree parental generation and productivity born of the same parents, the blood relationship etc. on ground, select according to qualifications targetedly---
1. the Daxing'an Mountainrange that is located in the northeast frigid zone through domestication
Yellow rabbit, the light red and eyeball of this lagophthalmos circle is pitch-dark open bright
Eyeball is brownish red, the pure white white rabbit of quilt hair; This head breadth is square, and ear is medium upright, the rear quarters prosperity, and four limbs are healthy and strong strong, and the rabbit body weight of growing up is at the 3-3.5 kilogram, cold-resistant, crude feed tolerance, premunition is extremely strong, produces per year all at the 4-5 tire, and tire is only all farrowed 5-6;
2. be located in the northwest Xinjiang Tianshan white rabbit through domestication of severe cold areas, this lagophthalmos ball is kermesinus, and is pure white by hair, head breadth circle tubbiness, ear is thick upright, rear quarters prosperity, four limbs stalwartness, toe feathering is abundant, adult rabbit focuses on the 4-4.5 kilogram, cold-resistant, heat-resisting, crude feed tolerance, and premunition is extremely strong, produce the 6-7 tire per year, tire is farrowed more than 8;
3. the buck testis is well-balanced, and is male strong, the sexual desire height, and semen quality is good, the fertilization rate height; Female rabbit requires to have at least 4 pairs of nipple, according to the rule of " female big young fertile ", selects individual big in same kind.
＜2〉apolegamy: planned on purpose in right＜1〉1. in
Or
In or 2. in strict select and join the male and female rabbit, cultivate good kind of new generation by the apolegamy expectation:
1. homogeneity apolegamy is in right＜1〉1. in
Or
In or 2. in, select the identical or consistent outstanding male and female rabbit mating of performance performance of proterties;
2. heterogeneous apolegamy is in right＜1〉1. in
With
2. select to allow a certain in or several features on have the male and female rabbit of different qualities to carry out mating, change bad purpose in the hope of the offspring that obtains to have concurrently the different advantages of parents with excellent, how to do the ameliorator and promptly use with buck
3. age apolegamy is in right＜1〉1. in
Or
Or 2. or
With
In 2., match prime of life rabbit according to spouse's age and join prime of life rabbit, prime of life buck and join one's old mother rabbit and young female rabbit;
4. close-inbreeding is in right＜1〉in 1. in
Or
Or 2., match by affiliation, begin to forbid " three generations " with interior consangnineous mating, " outbreeding " of " seven generations " or " five generations " non-related crossing is in addition adhered in strictness;
5. strict assurance and grasp " close relative " breeding, give full play to and highlight " close relative " and breed progressive and positive role in breeding, purification constantly, rejuvenation, superseded, final stage adopts " consangnineous mating " apolegamy mode, fixes the merit with distinct variety.
＜3〉cultivate the new varieties method: same kind or different cultivars are carried out mating between colony---
1. the pedigree breeding method of matching between same kind is the seed selection of this kind:
A, " be ancestral build be " method: in production stage and method＜1〉in 1. in
The rabbit group in, select the good breeding male rabbit of certain performance characteristics as this strain be the ancestral, and＜1 in select
2. the similar female rabbit mating with it of characteristics constantly, seed selection and selective pairing in the offspring repeatedly, makes it maintenance line ancestral's premium properties;
B, " systematic breeding " method: in production stage and method＜1〉in 1. in
In,
In or＜1 in 2. in, the similar some male and female rabbits of each self-selectively energy are formed underlying groups, in the group, carry out random mating, in to the offspring who produces, carry out strict elimination system, only select and remain and conform with desirable male and female rabbit and reserve seed for planting, so undertaken by generation, repetitive cycling incessantly is till reaching its intended purposes;
2. crossbreed: with production stage and method＜3〉in 1. in " a " and " b " in
With
With 2.,
Carry out mating i.e. " improved crossing " with 2. three meat rabbit kinds---also cry " create and hybridize ", and profit＜2 of samsara enforcement right repeatedly constantly in 1., 2., 3., 4., 5.;
3. constantly implement right＜3〉in " create hybridization " operation procedure 2., go through more than 30 for the seed selection in the period of (per generation can be bred 6 wheat harvesting periods from this son that farrows and be calculated) nearly 15, again through observation, test and the breeding of 3-5, stablize every performance indications of generation new varieties, groped, inquired into and summed up the production method of hybridized variety of black eye large rabbit.
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| CN105028329A (en) * | 2015-09-07 | 2015-11-11 | 山西省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | Breeding method for generating rex rabbit in beaver color |
| CN106818628A (en) * | 2016-12-30 | 2017-06-13 | 青岛康大食品有限公司 | A kind of breeding method of cold-resistant rabbit |
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