CN113366755A - 用于控制逆变器的方法 - Google Patents

用于控制逆变器的方法 Download PDF

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CN113366755A
CN113366755A CN202080011084.2A CN202080011084A CN113366755A CN 113366755 A CN113366755 A CN 113366755A CN 202080011084 A CN202080011084 A CN 202080011084A CN 113366755 A CN113366755 A CN 113366755A
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switching frequency
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T·泽尔旺格
W·M·比朔夫
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • H02P27/08Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
    • H02P27/085Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation wherein the PWM mode is adapted on the running conditions of the motor, e.g. the switching frequency
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Abstract

一种用于控制与电动机电连接的逆变器的方法,具有如下步骤:确定用于所述逆变器的基于第一开关频率的被调制的电压(S1),用于使得所述电动机以一电流来工作,其中,所述电流具有一电频率;求取所述电频率(S2);当电频率与第一开关频率组成的值对或者电频率与所述第一开关频率的边带组成的值对处于至少一个规定的干扰范围以内时(S3),把所述被调制的电压所基于的所述第一开关频率改变为第二开关频率(S4)。

Description

用于控制逆变器的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于控制与电动机相连接的逆变器的方法,其中,避免该单元的工作处于干扰范围内。
在例如用于电动车辆的传动系统中以及在所述传动系统上,能够产生与工作点有关的振动,并且因而能够发出声音,也能够产生对系统有不利影响的其它的振动,这些能够干扰用户或者让用户不舒服。发出的这些声音和其它的以常见形式的干扰振动因而通过用于减小发出声音和以常见形式的振动的方法予以减小或避免。系统中的其它不利的振动尤其能够是信号产生器中的信号上的振动、机械的振动、电的振动、电磁的振动等等。除了噪声外,它们也会对构件负荷或者寿命以及信号处理的品质产生不利影响。
背景技术
这种振动通常通过阻尼措施或隔绝措施予以减小。也能够采取例如改变设备刚性的构造措施。必要时也修改额定预设参数,以便减小干扰噪声。
文献DE 10 2014 208 384记载了一种传动系以及一种用于减小能电驱动的带有齿轮传动部和电动机的传动系的啮合噪声的方法。该方法包括如下步骤:求取传动系的工作状态;从数据存储器中读出指配于所求取的工作状态的数据组;根据该数据组来适配电动机的转矩。
本发明的目的在于,提出一种用于控制逆变器的替代的方法,以便减小或者完全避免在确定的干扰范围内的干扰。
发明内容
根据本发明,提出一种用于控制逆变器的方法、一种计算机程序产品、一种计算机可读的存储介质、一种用于控制逆变器的控制单元以及一种带有电动机和逆变器的车辆,它们至少部分地具有所述效果。有利的设计是从属权利要求以及后续说明的主题。
本发明基于如下认识:大量干扰以振动、表面振动或者也以电振动的形式,通过被调制的频率的边带的频率(例如用电频率对于逆变器的开关频率进行的调制)来激发,或者通过在确定的开关频率下的电频率的倍数被激发。或者也简单地在一定的频带中出现。在使用具有可变开关频率的逆变器时,因而必要时能够避开这种关键性的干扰范围,并且因此能够消除起因。
根据本发明的用于控制与电动机电连接的逆变器的方法,在一步骤中确定用于逆变器的基于第一开关频率的被调制的电压,以便使得电动机以一电流工作,其中,该电流于是具有一电频率。
在另外的步骤中求取该电频率,并且当电频率与第一开关频率组成的值对或者电频率与第一开关频率的边带组成的值对处于至少一个规定的干扰范围以内时,把被调制的电压所基于的第一开关频率改变为第二开关频率。
这种干扰范围例如能够在处于该方法的应用之前的分析中就已经求出,或者也能够在系统参数之间的关系已知的情况下算出。这种通过开关频率范围与电的频率范围一起予以规定的干扰范围能够例如存储在表格中。采用该方法,通过最优地利用逆变器,减小了开关频率,例如减小了声音发出。也减小或避免了其它的能够对系统有不利影响的振动。信号线路上的电的振动例如也能够不利地影响到驱动部的控制回路之一。
根据本发明的另外的设计提出了:边带包括电频率与第一开关频率组成的、满足函数1:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
的全部值对。
由于边带取决于电频率,所以能够预知边带在何时处于规定的干扰范围内。由此已经能够事先改变所述开关频率,并且因此绕开所述干扰范围。
根据一种改进了本发明的措施提出了:规定的干扰范围按如下方式形成:电频率的整数多倍等于第一开关频率。因为由此能够数学地获取干扰范围,所以在此能够避开干扰范围。
根据本发明的另外的设计提出了:规定的干扰范围在两个边界直线内通过公式2:
Figure 93487DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
来形成。在此,干扰范围以在电频率的多倍的周围的范围Δ的方式来确定。如果能够利用该干扰范围来描述例如由逆变器和电动机构成的系统的振动,则可行的是,通过合适地选择开关频率,在给定的电频率情况下,绕开该范围,并且因而避免干扰振动。
根据本发明的另外的设计提出了:干扰范围通过电频率和第一开关频率组成的所存储的值对来规定。在下述情况下这是必需的:如果干扰无法简单地数学地被描述,而是必须通过指配表格来存储所识别到的干扰的例如由先前试验所获取的范围。
根据一种改进了本发明的措施提出了:如果指配于逆变器的单元的组件的传感器信号离开了一定的额定值范围或者达到了关键性的值范围,则把第一开关频率修改为第二开关频率。采用该设计也能够在工作中识别出干扰范围,并且通过改变开关频率能够识别出开关频率的不出现或很少出现干扰的范围。
根据一种改进了本发明的措施提出了:如果根据逆变器所属的车辆的当前行驶状态预估出在进一步的行驶工作中会历经干扰范围,则第一开关频率修改为第二开关频率。在此,例如能够通过预估计算来估计电频率与第一开关频率组成的值对或者电频率与第一开关频率的边带组成的值对是否处于上面所规定的干扰范围之一内。如果例如识别到了加速过程,则能够预估该加速过程还会保持一段时间,并且估计与此相关联的电频率改变。如果干扰范围处在该预估范围内,则必要时能够通过合适地选择开关频率来绕开该干扰范围。
根据本发明的另外的设计提出了:按照一种规则由第一开关频率与电频率组成的值对推导出第二开关频率。对于很多系统来说,需要希望能够事先预估出干扰范围有多大,从而能够建立具体的规则,即对于第二频率进行哪种选择适合于脱离所述干扰范围。
根据本发明的另外的设计提出了:第二开关频率由第一开关频率求出,其方式为,把第一开关频率提高或减小预定的值。如果所选择的第二开关频率又处于干扰范围内,则也能够反复地使用这种简单的规则。
根据本发明的另外的设计提出了:第二开关频率根据彼此相继的不同的开关频率的在时间上的变化来选择。在使用具有可变的开关频率的逆变器时,能够例如为了尽量节能的工作而连续地改变开关频率,从而随着时间的推移产生一系列开关频率。因此,关于开关频率变化速度的信息也能够用于预测开关频率的有利的切换。
根据本发明的另外的设计提出了:在改变第一开关频率之前,检查是由电频率与第二开关频率组成的值对还是由电频率与第二开关频率的边带组成的值对位于上面所规定的干扰范围之一内。由此,至少对于已知的干扰范围,利用简单的迭代策略,能够求取出在干扰范围之外的控制频率。
根据本发明,提出一种包括指令的计算机程序产品,当该程序由计算机执行时,这些指令引起计算机实施如上所述的方法。
根据本发明,提出一种包括指令的计算机可读的存储介质,这些指令在由计算机执行时引起计算机实施上述方法。
此外,根据本发明,提出一种用于控制与电动机电连接的逆变器的控制单元。该控制单元具有电压调制器,该电压调制器被设置用于借助于第一开关频率为逆变器提供被调制的电压,用于使得电动机以具有一电频率的电流来工作。计算单元求取出电频率,并且控制单元的转换开关被设计用于:如果电频率与第一开关频率组成的值对或者电频率与第一开关频率的边带组成的值对处在至少一个规定的干扰范围内,则将电压调制器的第一开关频率改变为第二开关频率。
根据本发明,提出一种车辆,其具有电动机、用于使电动机工作的与电动机电连接的逆变器,并且具有用于控制逆变器的如上所述的控制单元。
附图说明
本发明的实施例在图1和2中示出,并将在下面予以详述。
其中:
图1a示出了边带与干扰范围交叠的例子;
图1b示出了在边带到达干扰范围时开关频率的变化的例子;
图2示出了不同的干扰范围;
图3示出了方法的流程;并且
图4示出了带有电动机和逆变器的车辆。
具体实施方式
图1a示出了,从在电频率值为零时的开关频率11起,所示的边带10如何散开并与干扰范围12交叠。该干扰范围例如能够是电的传动系的固有频率带。在此关于电频率ωel绘出开关频率ωfs。在此,边带的走势能够用公式1:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE003
来描述。其中,fWPM,(fel)是电频率fel与开关频率fWPM组成的位于直线上的值对,该直线用:
Figure 604103DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
来描述。在此,fWPM,0是开关频率11本身,k1是整数
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE005
图1b示出了,能够如何改变开关频率fWPM,014,以便避免边带与干扰范围的交叠。如可见的那样,能够提高开关频率,这导致在干扰范围13上方的曲线簇15,或者也能够减小开关频率,如在曲线簇16中可见。如果最初的开关频率14的相关的边带17已离开干扰范围13,则能够再跳转回到最初的开关频率14。
采用该方法因而能够避免以例如振动或发出声音的形式的干扰,或者也能够避免由电频率或开关频率引起的电干扰。
除了由图1已知的以带的形式的恒定的干扰范围21外,图2也附加地示出了与电频率成比例地上升且夹成角度的干扰范围22。该干扰范围能够用公式2:
Figure 118261DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
来表述。因数
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE007
是自然数,Δ形成干扰范围的角度。这种干扰范围例如能够由能振动的具有多倍的基本频率的系统产生。
图3示出所述方法的流程。在步骤S1中,确定出用于逆变器的被调制的基于第一开关频率的电压,该电压用来使得电动机以具有一电频率的电流来工作。在步骤S2中求取电动机的电流的电频率。在步骤S3中检查电频率与第一开关频率组成的值对或者电频率与第一开关频率的边带组成的值对是否处于至少一个规定的干扰范围以内。如果S3中的检查正确,就在步骤S4中把调制的电压目前所基于的第一开关频率改变为第二开关频率。否则,所述第一开关频率就保持恒定。在两种情况下,所述方法能够又以S1开始。
图4示出一种带有电动机38和逆变器37的车辆30,为了使得电动机38工作,该逆变器与电动机38电连接。车辆30也包括用于控制逆变器37的控制单元31。该控制单元31具有电压调制器32,该电压调制器被设计用来借助第一开关频率给逆变器37提供调制的电压,用于使得电动机38以电频率的电流来工作。此外,所述控制单元31具有用于求取电频率的计算单元33。控制单元31的转换开关34被设计用于,当电频率与第一开关频率组成的值对处于至少一个规定的干扰范围以内时,把用于电压调制器32的第一开关频率改变为第二开关频率。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于控制与电动机电连接的逆变器的方法,具有如下步骤:
- 确定用于所述逆变器的基于第一开关频率的被调制的电压(S1),用于使得所述电动机以一电流来工作,其中,所述电流具有一电频率;
- 求取所述电频率(S2);
- 当电频率与第一开关频率组成的值对或者电频率与所述第一开关频率的边带组成的值对处于至少一个规定的干扰范围以内时(S3),把所述被调制的电压所基于的所述第一开关频率改变为第二开关频率(S4)。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述边带包括电频率与第一开关频率的满足公式1:
Figure 108669DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
的全部值对。
3.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,规定的所述干扰范围按如下方式形成:所述电频率的整数多倍等于所述第一开关频率。
4.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,规定的所述干扰范围通过公式2:
Figure 25810DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
来确定。
5.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述干扰范围通过电频率与第一开关频率组成的所存储的值对来规定。
6.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,如果所述逆变器所属的单元的组件的传感器信号离开了一定的额定值范围或者达到了关键性的值范围,则把所述第一开关频率修改为所述第二开关频率。
7.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,如果根据所述逆变器所属的车辆的当前行驶状态,通过预估计算而预计出电频率与第一开关频率组成的值对或者电频率与所述第一开关频率的边带组成的值对处于在权利要求2至5中所规定的干扰范围之一内,则把所述第一开关频率修改为所述第二开关频率。
8.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,按照一种规则由所述第一开关频率与所述电频率组成的值对推导出所述第二开关频率。
9.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,由所述第一开关频率求出所述第二开关频率,其方式为,把所述第一开关频率提高或减小所预定的值。
10.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,根据彼此相继的不同的开关频率的在时间上的变化来选择所述第二开关频率。
11.如权利要求8至10中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在改变所述第一开关频率之前,检查是由电频率与第二开关频率组成的值对还是由电频率与所述第一开关频率的边带组成的值对位于在权利要求3至7中所规定的干扰范围之一内。
12.一种包括指令的计算机程序产品,当该程序由计算机执行时,所述指令引起该计算机实施根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的方法。
13.一种计算机可读的包括指令的存储介质,所述指令在由计算机执行时引起该计算机实施根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的方法。
14.一种用于控制与电动机(38)电连接的逆变器(37)的控制单元(31),其特征在于,所述控制单元(31)具有:
- 电压调制器(32),该电压调制器被设计用于借助于第一开关频率为所述逆变器(37)提供被调制的电压,用于使得所述电动机(38)以具有一电频率的电流来工作;
- 计算单元(33),用于求取出所述电频率;
- 转换开关(34),其中,所述转换开关(34)被设计用于:如果电频率与第一开关频率组成的值对处在至少一个规定的干扰范围内,则将所述电压调制器(32)的第一开关频率改变为第二开关频率。
15.一种车辆,具有电动机(38)、用于使所述电动机(38)工作的与所述电动机电连接的逆变器(37)以及用于控制所述逆变器(37)的根据权利要求14的控制单元(31)。
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