CN113366055A - 用于陶瓷基体复合材料的干燥预浸料坯 - Google Patents

用于陶瓷基体复合材料的干燥预浸料坯 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113366055A
CN113366055A CN202080011062.6A CN202080011062A CN113366055A CN 113366055 A CN113366055 A CN 113366055A CN 202080011062 A CN202080011062 A CN 202080011062A CN 113366055 A CN113366055 A CN 113366055A
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ceramic matrix
prepreg
ceramic
dry
tow
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戴蒙·K·海勒
阿伦·R·比贝尔
阿米特·J·帕特尔
卡瑞·A·麦克吉
亨里克·B·万伦格里希
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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3M Innovative Properties Co
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Abstract

本公开描述了用于陶瓷基体复合材料的干燥预浸料坯。该干燥预浸料坯包括浸润有预制陶瓷基体的陶瓷纤维的丝束或织物,该预制陶瓷基体包含低水平的水性溶剂。该预制陶瓷基体包含无机部分和粘结剂体系。本公开描述了包含粘结剂和用于粘结剂的增塑剂的粘结剂体系。

Description

用于陶瓷基体复合材料的干燥预浸料坯
技术领域
本公开涉及用于在陶瓷基体复合材料中使用的预浸料坯。此类预浸料坯包括用干燥预制陶瓷基体浸渍的陶瓷纤维的丝束或织物。本公开还描述了使用此类干燥预制陶瓷基体复合材料预浸料坯制备制品的方法。
发明内容
简而言之,在一个方面,本公开提供一种根据权利要求1-11所述的干燥预浸料坯。
在另一方面,本公开提供了一种根据权利要求12所述的制备干燥预浸料坯的方法。
本公开上面的概述不旨在描述本发明的每个实施方案。在下面的具体实施方式中还列出了本发明的一个或多个实施方案的细节。本发明的其它特征、目的和优点从具体实施方式和权利要求书中将显而易见。
具体实施方式
陶瓷纤维为大家所熟知的,并且可以从多种商业来源获得。可以通过将陶瓷纤维嵌入多种基体中来形成复合材料,该基体包括聚合物(即聚合物基体复合材料“PMC”)、金属(即金属基体复合材料“MMC”)和陶瓷(即陶瓷基体复合材料“CMC”)。在一些实施方案中,包含嵌入陶瓷基体中的增强陶瓷纤维的陶瓷基体复合材料可提供优异的性能,包括耐高温性和稳定性、机械强度、硬度和耐腐蚀性。
基于氧化物陶瓷基体中的氧化物陶瓷纤维的CMC,即所谓的氧化物-氧化物(或Ox-Ox)CMC,在例如航空工业中特别受关注。氧化物基陶瓷纤维包括例如氧化铝纤维和氧化铝-二氧化硅纤维。氧化物基陶瓷纤维可包含诸如氧化硼、碱土金属氧化物、碱金属氧化物和金属的附加组分。氧化物基陶瓷基体包括来源于氧化铝、二氧化硅和莫来石的那些基体。
陶瓷纤维可作为单根纤维(有时称为细丝)或丝束使用。丝束(有时称为股线或粗纱)是沿公共轴线对齐的纤维束。丝束有多种形式可用,包括展开丝束和圆形或椭圆形丝束。一般来讲,展开丝束可具有不大于0.05,例如不大于0.03或甚至不大于0.02的长径比(A2/A1),其中A1为丝束的宽度,并且A2为厚度。相比之下,传统的圆形或椭圆形丝束可具有在1至0.1范围内的长径比。陶瓷纤维的丝束也可以作为包括加捻在一起的多个丝束的纱线;包括缝合在一起的平行丝束的“带材”;以及包括织造丝束的织物提供。织物和带材可由标准(圆形或椭圆形)丝束和展开丝束的任何组合制备。
在典型的CMC工艺中,用陶瓷基体浆液浸渍陶瓷纤维的丝束以形成陶瓷预浸料坯。一般来讲,浆液是不溶性固体在液体中的分散体。陶瓷基体浆液(也称为预制陶瓷基体浆液)通常包含分散在溶剂(通常为水)内的陶瓷颗粒。浆液还可包含一种或多种附加组分,诸如粘结剂、增塑剂、干燥控制助剂、分散剂和无机前体,例如预制陶瓷聚合物。一些浆液包括陶瓷溶胶,该陶瓷溶胶包括溶剂(例如水)中的固体按重量计为约15%至60%的胶态溶液。
在一个通用工艺中,陶瓷纤维的丝束的织造织物结合有陶瓷基体浆液以形成预浸料坯。在浸润之后,通常在称为分级的工艺中去除溶剂的一些级分。分级用于促进粘性的改进,粘性是在铺层期间促进相邻层之间的粘附性并且使得它们能够以复杂的轮廓施加在工具表面上而不会分层或滑动的特性。然而,即使在分级之后,预浸料坯也包含基于基体的总重量计15重量%、25重量%或甚至40重量%的水。在随后的步骤中,使用诸如手糊法和自动拾放操作的已知方法将预浸料坯形成为期望的形状,有时称为“生坯”。
在另一个CMC工艺中,将陶瓷纤维的单独丝束用陶瓷基体材料浸渍以形成陶瓷预浸料坯(也称为丝束预浸料(towpreg))。例如,可将陶瓷纤维浸入陶瓷基体浆液中,使得溶剂和陶瓷颗粒被结合到陶瓷纤维束中以形成预浸料坯。可将该润湿的预浸料坯卷绕到芯上以用于在后续工艺中使用。在其它情况下,根据浸渍步骤立即对该润湿的预浸料坯进行进一步处理。在铺层步骤中,使用已知的方法(诸如鼓式卷绕、细丝卷绕、自动带式铺层和高级纤维铺放)将润湿的预浸料坯形成为期望的形状,有时称为“生坯”。
在铺层之后,将浆液结合的基于织物或基于丝束的结构干燥并固结。在该步骤中,通常在高压釜中进行,去除溶剂,压实铺层,并且减少或消除空隙。然后焙烧固结的铺层以去除任何残留的溶剂、烧尽有机物,并且烧结陶瓷颗粒以形成经焙烧的CMC制品。
为了制造可行的复合材料,必须将基体的组分与纤维组合以达到可接受的体积分数。公布的数据提供了关于氧化物-氧化物CMC中组分最佳体积分数的可靠方向。例如,在典型的陶瓷纤维增强复合材料中,陶瓷纤维通常占复合材料的约45体积%至55体积%,还另外有20体积%至25体积%的孔隙率。因此,剩余的20体积%至35体积%由经焙烧的陶瓷基体占据。然而,具体的体积百分比将取决于所选择的材料。由于焙烧期间的收缩非常小,用于固结的预焙烧层压体的组分的体积分数将接近成品部件中的体积分数。
具有低量有机粘结剂和高量水的水基浆液常用于在基于织物的铺层工序中制造CMC。例如,典型的陶瓷基体浆液可包含基于陶瓷基体浆液的总重量计约0重量%至8重量%的粘结剂。增塑粘结剂体系通常包含约0重量%至5重量%的粘结剂和约2重量%至10重量%的增塑剂。未增塑体系可包含约25重量%至45重量%的水,而增塑体系可包含较低量的水,例如15重量%至35重量%的水。
由于过度干燥,这些织物具有有限的“外置时间”(out-time),在此期间它们可被加工而不丧失它们期望的粘性和处理特性。此类预浸料坯被认为是不稳定的,并且它们的使用需要特殊的储存和处理条件以确保材料的活力。例如,此类预浸料坯可能需要在装运和储存期间冷冻以保持期望的水含量。此外,它们可能需要快速铺层工艺以避免变干,并且可能甚至需要在湿度受控的环境中进行处理以避免水分的过度损失。
这些问题变得更加重要,因为工业从手动铺层工序转变为自动化加工,例如预浸料坯织物或细丝卷绕的“拾放”以及丝束预浸料的高级纤维铺放。这些工艺将需要具有足够粘性以自粘附的浆液。优选地,它们在铺层期间将具有更长的外置时间并且将不需要充分的湿度控制。
由丝束预浸料形成CMC的自动化方法将对浆液提出甚至更多的要求。理想的是,陶瓷基体浆液将使丝束预浸料能够用于在聚合物基体复合材料工业中当前使用的AFP硬件中。此类丝束预浸料将提供支持长的外置时间的稳定性;容易处理,提供足以在铺层期间在期望的半径(例如,约1500mm)上操控丝束的粘性;并且以在高压釜中实用的压力/温度组合,在固结步骤期间提供层片之间的无缝层压。此类丝束预浸料也应焙烧以产生具有CMC期望的特性和期望的性能的复合材料。一般来讲,用于典型的基于织物的手糊工艺中的水基浆液组合物缺乏所期望的特性平衡,并且具有许多与基于浆液的织物铺层相关联的缺点。
本公开涉及“干燥”预浸料坯。一般来讲,不太可能从组合物中去除所有的水。例如,如果组分是吸湿的,则尽管试图完全干燥,仍可能残留一定量的水分。因此,如本文所用,“干燥”预浸料坯包括浸润有预制陶瓷基体的陶瓷纤维,该预制陶瓷基体包含基于陶瓷基体的总重量计不大于4重量%的水。在一些实施方案中,干燥预浸料坯包含基于陶瓷基体的总重量计不大于2重量%或甚至不大于1.5重量%的水。如本文所用,“预制陶瓷基体”是指在有机材料被去除并且无机物被焙烧和烧结之前的陶瓷基体。
在一些实施方案中,用于制备本公开的干燥预浸料坯的第一步骤类似于目前使用的那些步骤,即陶瓷纤维的丝束或织物结合有陶瓷基体浆液。然而,本公开中所使用的浆液的组合物允许在铺层之前去除全部或基本上全部的水。因此,此类干燥预浸料坯可在不需要特殊条件(诸如冷冻)的情况下储存和装运。它们还具有长的外置时间,从而允许较慢的铺层工艺而无需湿度控制。
一般来讲,本公开的陶瓷基体浆液包含水性溶剂、无机组分和有机组分。如本文所用,水性溶剂是包含至少80重量%,例如至少90重量%或甚至至少95重量%水的溶剂体系。在一些实施方案中,水性溶剂为至少99%或甚至100%的水。一般来讲,可溶于水或可与水混溶的任何合适的共溶剂可存在于水性溶剂中,前提条件是共溶剂的总量不大于20重量%,例如不大于10重量%、不大于5重量%或甚至不大于1重量%。任何特定共溶剂的总量均不应超过其水中溶解度。
如本文所用,为了将溶剂与可存在于体系中的其它液体材料区分开,溶剂在室温下为液体并且在大气压下具有不大于150℃的沸点。为了有利于后续加工步骤,在一些实施方案中,溶剂在大气压下具有不大于125℃或甚至不大于100℃的沸点。单独或组合使用的合适的有机共溶剂包括例如醇(例如甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和叔丁醇);乙酸酯;芳族烃(例如苯、甲苯和二甲苯);以及脂族烃(例如庚烷、己烷和辛烷)。在一些实施方案中,由于毒性问题,因此可优选异丙醇、乙醇、丁醇和各种乙酸酯。
一般来讲,无机组分可包括任何已知的陶瓷颗粒。基于陶瓷颗粒与陶瓷纤维的相容性和期望的最终使用特性来选择陶瓷颗粒。在一些实施方案中,陶瓷颗粒为氧化物陶瓷颗粒。常见的陶瓷颗粒包括溶胶凝胶和基于微粒的耐火材料。示例性耐火颗粒包括氧化铝(Al2O3)、以及氧化铝的水合物(例如勃姆石或三水合铝)和二氧化硅(SiO2)、涂覆有氧化铝的二氧化硅、以及莫来石。溶胶凝胶包括粒度范围为2纳米至300纳米的颗粒的胶态悬浮液。在一些实施方案中,溶胶包含约5重量%至约50重量%的耐热颗粒。粒状浆液可使用大得多的耐火颗粒,例如0.2微米至5微米,但在一些实施方案中,甚至大于2微米的颗粒也可导致过滤问题。
在本公开中,有机组分包括粘结剂体系以赋予预浸料坯期望的粘性、干燥稳定性和层压特性,而不需要此前所要求的较高水平的水。粘结剂体系包含一种或多种粘结剂和任选的一种或多种增塑剂。一般来讲,增塑剂为可与粘结剂混溶的有机材料,从而使得相对于未增塑的粘结剂,其可降低复数模量或玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。
选择粘结剂体系的组成,以在处理和铺层期间作为干燥预浸料坯来提供期望的粘性(即不需要水)。在一些实施方案中,可在室温(约20℃)下获得期望的粘性;然而,这可能导致在铺层之前处理预浸料坯时出现问题。在一些实施方案中,干燥预浸料坯在环境条件(例如,20℃-25℃)下具有低粘性或无粘性。然后可将此类预浸料坯“热活化”以提供铺层所需的期望的粘性。在一些实施方案中,选择粘结剂体系,以在不低于30℃、不低于40℃或甚至不低于50℃的温度下提供期望的粘性水平。在一些实施方案中,在不高于150℃,例如不高于100℃或甚至不高于70℃的温度下获得期望的粘性。因此,在一些应用中,可使用外部热源(例如,红外和激光加热器)来增加铺层时的粘性。
由于增塑剂可与粘结剂或粘结剂的至少一部分混溶,因此可通过降低Tg或复数模量来增加粘性和柔韧性。因此,在一些实施方案中,可添加增塑剂以降低干燥预浸料坯所必须的铺层温度、增加粘性并改善室温可操纵性。在一些实施方案中,增塑剂可与水性溶剂(例如水)溶解或混溶。
在一些实施方案中,合适的增塑剂在室温下可为液体。然而,此类材料可区别于溶剂,因为增塑剂的沸点足够高,使得它们在室温下不明显蒸发,并且不与浆液中的水和共溶剂一起干燥。因此,增塑剂在大气压下应具有比体系中最高沸点溶剂高至少50℃,例如至少75℃或甚至至少100℃的沸点。在一些实施方案中,增塑剂在大气压下具有至少200℃、至少250℃或甚至至少275℃的沸点。此外,应选择增塑剂使得其在后铺层步骤期间(诸如在固结或焙烧工艺期间)与其它有机物一起蒸发或烧尽。
一般来讲,选择粘结剂体系的组分及其相对量,以在整个CMC制造工艺中提供所需的特性平衡。例如,在一些实施方案中,粘结剂可溶于在预制陶瓷基体浆液中使用的水性溶剂中,但仍保持或提供可接受的粘度以保持与涂覆工艺的相容性并有利于浸润到丝束或织物中。
一般来讲,本公开的陶瓷基体浆液包含比现有技术组合物更高量的粘结剂体系(有机部分)。在一些实施方案中,本公开的陶瓷基体浆液可包含约10重量%至20重量%(例如,10重量%至15重量%)的粘结剂。在一些实施方案中,粘结剂体系可包含增塑剂,例如约2重量%至5重量%(2.5重量%至3.5重量%)的增塑剂。增塑剂和粘结剂的量取决于这些材料的选择及其特性。在一些实施方案中,不需要增塑剂。在一些实施方案中,增塑剂与粘结剂的重量比为5:95至30:70,例如10:90至30:70或甚至15:85至25:75。
对于给定的预制陶瓷基体,较高量的有机粘结剂体系可改善粘性和固结,但是如果有机物体积与陶瓷体积比过高,则当有机物被去除时,经焙烧的CMC将存在过大的孔隙率。相反地,如果有机物体积与陶瓷体积比过低,则经焙烧的陶瓷基体相可具有可接受的孔隙率,但代价是铺层期间的粘性较差并且固结不佳。在纤维体积百分比和浸润到丝束中的预制陶瓷基体的量之间存在类似的折衷。向丝束施加较高量的基体可提供改善的粘性,但焙烧后的所得纤维体积百分比可能会过低。
在铺层之后,粘结剂体系在典型的固结条件下以及在低于有机材料的分解温度下应当是柔软的且可变形的/可流动的。固结通常在真空下的高压釜中进行。在一些实施方案中,在此类条件下,增塑剂中的一些或全部可被蒸发或去除。去除这部分有机物可有助于压实并且减少剩余有机物在焙烧步骤期间烧尽时形成的孔隙率的量。
本发明人发现,通过正确选择粘结剂体系组分,不需要增塑剂就可实现固结。因此,虽然可能需要增塑剂来提供铺层所需的期望的机械特性(例如粘性),但在一些实施方案中,单独的粘结剂即可提供固结所需的期望的特性。在一些实施方案中,粘结剂在不高于250℃(例如不高于200℃或甚至不高于150℃)的温度下软化并变得可流动。在一些实施方案中,可使用压力来帮助固结。在一些实施方案中,选择粘结剂使得需要不大于1400kPa(约200psi),例如不大于1000kPa或甚至不大于700kPa的压力。
选择粘结剂和增塑剂组合以及相对量,以便即使在非常低的水含量下也起作用。一般来讲,在本公开中,水的作用主要是作为加工助剂以分散陶瓷前体并提供可容易地浸润到丝束或织物中的流体浆液。与现有技术的体系不同,水不需要用于另外的工艺步骤,诸如用于提供铺层所需的粘性。因此,在浸润之后,本公开的预浸料坯可被干燥以去除所有或几乎所有的水,同时保留大部分或基本上所有的增塑剂,这是由溶剂和增塑剂之间的大的沸点差异促进的操作。由于干燥预浸料坯中剩余的水极少并且对于期望的性能不是必需的,因此与具有高量水的现有体系相比,干燥预浸料坯可提供改善的外置时间和干燥稳定性。
其它工艺步骤也影响粘结剂体系的组分和量的选择。例如,由于有机物可在焙烧工艺中被烧尽,因此低炭化材料可为期望的。此外,应选择实现期望的流动性、固结性和粘性所需的粘结剂的总量,以在经焙烧的CMC中提供期望量的孔隙率,在一些实施方案中,例如20体积%至25体积%。
合适的粘结剂包括许多水溶性有机物,诸如聚氨酯、聚乙烯醇、聚烯烃氧化物(例如,环氧乙烷、环氧丙烷以及它们的共聚物)、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚
Figure BDA0003181848160000092
唑啉、聚丙烯酰胺和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,以及这些中的任一种的共聚物和共混物。此外,常见的陶瓷粘结剂和添加剂包括羧甲基纤维素、细胞胶、瓜尔胶和阿拉伯树胶可单独使用或组合使用。
合适的增塑剂包括例如二醇(例如聚乙二醇、丙二醇)、多元醇(例如甘油)、糖和糖醇。
实施例
表1:实施例的制备中所使用的材料汇总。
Figure BDA0003181848160000091
通过首先将1266.7g AQUAZOL50(B-1)的30重量%水溶液加入高密度聚乙烯瓶中来制备浆液E。然后,加入4.7g HNO3(分散剂)和95g甘油(P-1),并且混合直至均匀分布。接下来,添加约40滴1-辛醇(消泡剂)和20滴SOLWET L-77(表面活性剂)并混合直至均匀分布。最后,将1865.5g ALMATIS A1000SG氧化铝(AL-2)加入广口瓶中,并将混合物球磨至少12小时。所得浆液外观均匀,并且具有1500cP至2500cP的粘度。通过以表2中汇总的量组合组分,以类似的方式制备陶瓷基体浆液A-D。
通过首先将6.5g HNO3加入703.4g NALCO 1056胶态二氧化硅(Si-2)中来制备浆液F。接下来,加入210g去离子水,然后加入437g AQUAZOL50固体(B-2)。将混合物滚动过夜。此后,加入109.3g甘油(P-1)、约40滴1-辛醇和20滴SILWET L-77并混合直至均匀分布。最后,加入1906.2g ALMATIS A1000SG氧化铝(AL-2),并将混合物球磨至少12小时。
表2:浆液组成
浆液A 浆液B 浆液C 浆液D 浆液E 浆液F
无机物
氧化铝 AL-1 AL-1 AL-1 AL-1 AL-2 AL-3
重量% 60.7 60.7 57.7 54.8 57.7 56.5
体积% 29.4 29.4 26.9 24.7 26.9 27.7
二氧化硅 -- -- -- -- -- Si-2
重量% 0 0 0 0 0 6.3
体积% 0 0 0 0 0 5.5
有机物
粘结剂(^) B-1 B-3 B-1 B-1 B-1 B-2
重量% 10.9 10.9 11.8 12.6 11.8 13.0
体积% 17.2 17.2 17.8 18.4 17.8 20.7
增塑剂 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1
重量% 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.9 3.2
体积% 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.1 6.0
(*) (*) (*) (*) (*) (**)
重量% 25.5 25.5 27.4 29.3 27.4 20.8
体积% 48.2 48.2 49.9 51.4 49.9 39.8
HNO3
重量% 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.19
体积% 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4
(^)基于水性粘结剂的固体级分所报告的
(*)来自粘结剂B-1或B-3的水溶液
(**)来自二氧化硅Si-2加附加的水的水溶液
使用得自3M公司(3M Company)的10,000旦尼尔的NEXTEL 610陶瓷纤维丝束制备干燥丝束预浸料。展开丝束具有6mm的标称宽度,并且用标称涂层重量为1.2重量%的PEG20k设定尺寸。将表2的陶瓷基体浆液放置于盘中。将陶瓷纤维的展开丝束退绕并通过浆液。当丝束浸没在浆液中时,其由部分浸没的驱动辊支撑。在从浆液中出来之后,使用以与主动辊大致相同的速度驱动的间隙计量辊来调控结合到丝束中的浆液的量。计量辊和驱动辊之间的间隙将浆液的量控制为丝束干重的40重量%至80重量%。
在浆液被定量后,润湿的预浸料坯被转移到衬垫并通过设置为95℃至100℃的常规烤箱。调节线速度以生产包含小于约3重量%的水的干燥丝束预浸料。将包含浸润有预制陶瓷基体的陶瓷纤维的干燥丝束预浸料与衬垫一起缠绕到卷轴上以供后续使用。丝束预浸料的干燥预制陶瓷基体的组成汇总于表3中。以由干燥丝束预浸料中纤维的重量%和体积%两者表示的不同负载来制备样品。还报告了基于干燥陶瓷基体的总体积计的无机物的体积百分比(“体积%无机物”)以及粘结剂体系中增塑剂与粘结剂的重量比(“重量P:B”)。
表3:干燥丝束预浸料的组成。
Figure BDA0003181848160000121
在典型的AFP铺层工艺中,预计环境条件为约20℃和约45%相对湿度(%RH)。将丝束预浸料F的样品储存在约22℃和约26%RH下,并且具有基于预制陶瓷基体的总重量(即,不包括陶瓷纤维的重量)计0.9重量%的基线含水量。然后将该样品保持在22℃和54%RH下达66小时。经调理的样品具有1.1重量%的含水量。以相同的方式测试具有其它浆液体系的三种附加的丝束预浸料的样品。基线含水量在0.6重量%至0.9重量%的范围内,并且经调理的含水量在0.9重量%至1.3重量%的范围内。
AFP工艺。使用可商购获得的得自电子碰撞公司(Electroimpact)的自动纤维铺放(AFP)机铺设干燥丝束预浸料。使用单个卷轴进料铺设干燥丝束预浸料,其中通过50mm至60mm直径的辊施加30kg至60kg的压实。铺层速率从4米/分钟至25米/分钟变化,这取决于干燥丝束预浸料样品的粘性。使用红外加热来提供30℃至150℃,通常35℃至55℃的复合材料部件表面温度。
使用AFP工艺以6m/min至20m/min的铺层速率制备表3的丝束预浸料的平铺层。由15层片至23层片制备15cm×15cm的样品,其中每个层片包括平行的直丝束预浸料。将第一层片沉积在剥离衬垫基底上,其中使用0/90铺层图案将后续层片施加在先前沉积的干燥丝束预浸料层上方。51重量%纤维的丝束预浸料B和51重量%纤维的丝束预浸料F失败,显示出对自身的低粘附性。干燥丝束预浸料的所有其它样品均显示出优异的层间粘附力和对剥离衬垫的良好粘附性。这些样品的纤维含量在27重量%至49重量%的范围内。丝束预浸料A对衬垫基底具有最低的粘附性,但这通过施加较高的热量、较高的压力和使用较慢的铺层速率来补偿。
将丝束预浸料C(44重量%的纤维)和D(49重量%的纤维)沉积在具有不同粘性水平的基底上,以通过在半径减小的弧形件中施加干燥丝束预浸料来评估粘附性。将碳基底(HEXCEL HEXPLY M21E)用作“高”粘性基底并且将PET用作低粘性基底。基于丝束铺设的方式定性地判断粘附性。“优异的”粘附性指示丝束中不存在褶皱、气泡或其它缺陷。“良好的”粘附性指示最小限度的缺陷,而“不良的”粘附性指示多种缺陷。
使用AFP工序,以6m/min将一系列干燥丝束预浸料铺设在曲率半径从5000mm减小至250mm的弧形件中。两种干燥丝束预浸料均显示出对低至1250mm半径的碳基底的优异的粘附性和在1000mm下的良好的粘附性。丝束预浸料C显示出对低至1500mm半径的PET基底的优异的粘附性和在1250mm下的良好的粘附性。丝束预浸料D显示出对低至2500mm半径的PET基底的优异的粘附性和在2000mm下的良好的粘附性。
用浆液B将NEXTEL织物DF-11(得自3M公司(3M Company))预浸料至基于该预浸料坯的总重量计52重量%润湿浆液的负载。使用0.56mm(22密耳)间隙的台式层压机,并使织物通过两次。使预浸料坯在环境条件下干燥至基于预制陶瓷基体的重量计具有小于3重量%的水,从而得到基于干燥预浸料坯的总重量计44重量%的干燥预制陶瓷基体。
在一个实验中,从样品上切下两条1.3cm×5.1cm(0.5"×2")的干燥预浸料坯条,并取向成彼此成90度。将交叉构造置于两片聚酰亚胺之间,然后置于两块10cm×10cm铝板之间。将叠堆置于预热至90℃的WABASH液压机中。然后将台板压缩至约320kg(700lb)并保持5分钟。然后取出样品并允许其冷却至室温。所得交叉层显示出足够的结构完整性以通过任一干燥丝束预浸料条拾取。
在第二实验中,将干燥预浸料坯织物的10cm×10cm板以5cm的重叠彼此相邻放置并热压。考虑到该重叠样品的较大接触面积(5cm×10cm=50cm2)相对于上面的交叉示例的接触面积(1.3cm×1.3cm=1.7cm2),将压力负荷增加至3200kg。压制条件为90℃和5分钟。所得的片显示出足够的结构完整性以被任一干燥丝束预浸料板拾取并保持与相邻板的粘附性。
将浆液E浸润到纤维预成型件中并干燥以去除水。所得的干燥丝束预浸料为73重量%的预制陶瓷基体、26重量%的陶瓷纤维和1重量%的残余水分。干燥预浸料坯材料用于使用自动纤维铺放机制备19层片铺层。将铺层真空装袋并在具有以下温度和压力分布的高压釜中固结。运行初始化后,立即历经15分钟至30分钟将压力斜升至1.3MPa(195psi),并以1.4℃/min(2.5℉/min)将温度斜升至121℃(350℉)并保持4小时。在移除时,与输入铺层相比,层压体具有较小的粘性,更具刚性,并且具有更均匀的纹理和外观;相邻的泄放层均匀地覆盖有基体。通过以1℃/min的速率加热至650℃,并且然后以10℃/min的速率加热至1175℃,接着保持两小时,在箱式炉中焙烧固结的层压体。经焙烧的层压体具有15MPa的短梁剪切强度、约26体积%的纤维分数和32体积%的总体孔隙率。

Claims (12)

1.一种干燥预浸料坯,所述干燥预浸料坯包括浸润有预制陶瓷基体的陶瓷纤维的丝束,所述预制陶瓷基体包含基于所述预制陶瓷基体的总体积计45体积%至60体积%的无机氧化物和40体积%至55体积%的有机粘结剂体系,其中所述预制陶瓷基体包含基于所述预制陶瓷基体的总重量计不大于4重量%的水性溶剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的干燥预浸料坯,其中所述有机粘结剂体系包含聚合物粘结剂和用于所述聚合物粘结剂的增塑剂。
3.根据权利要求2所述的干燥预浸料坯,其中所述粘结剂包括聚
Figure FDA0003181848150000011
唑啉。
4.根据权利要求2或3所述的干燥预浸料坯,其中所述增塑剂包括甘油。
5.根据权利要求2至4中的任一项所述的干燥预浸料坯,其中所述粘结剂体系中增塑剂与粘结剂的重量比为10:90至30:70,例如15:85至25:75。
6.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的干燥预浸料坯,其中所述预制陶瓷基体包含基于所述预制陶瓷基体的总重量计至少96重量%的所述无机氧化物和所述有机粘结剂体系。
7.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的干燥预浸料坯,其中所述水性溶剂包含至少95重量%的水。
8.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的干燥预浸料坯,其中所述预制陶瓷基体包含基于所述预制陶瓷基体的总重量计不大于1.5重量%的水性溶剂。
9.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的干燥预浸料坯,其中所述预浸料坯为织物,所述织物包括浸润有所述预制陶瓷基体的陶瓷纤维的多个丝束。
10.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的干燥预浸料坯,其中所述预制陶瓷基体包含基于所述预制陶瓷基体的总体积计50体积%至60体积%的无机氧化物、40体积%至50体积%的所述有机粘结剂体系。
11.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的干燥预浸料坯,其中所述陶瓷纤维的丝束具有不大于0.05的长径比(A2/A1),其中A1为所述丝束的宽度,并且A2为所述丝束的厚度。
12.一种制备干燥预浸料坯的方法,所述方法包括:
(i)用陶瓷基体浆液浸润陶瓷纤维的丝束,所述陶瓷基体浆液包含无机氧化物、有机粘结剂和水性溶剂;以及
(ii)干燥所述浆液以形成预制陶瓷基体,所述预制陶瓷基体包含基于所述预制陶瓷基体的总体积计45体积%至60体积%的所述无机氧化物和40体积%至55体积%的所述有机粘结剂体系,其中所述预制陶瓷基体包含基于所述预制陶瓷基体的总重量计不大于4重量%的所述溶剂。
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FR3116530B1 (fr) * 2020-11-26 2023-03-31 Safran Ceram Procédé de fabrication d’une pièce en matériau composite à matrice céramique
FR3125036B1 (fr) * 2021-07-08 2024-04-05 Safran Ceram Procédé de fabrication d’une pièce en matériau composite à matrice céramique

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