CN113286589A - 用于治疗癌症的方法和药物组合物 - Google Patents
用于治疗癌症的方法和药物组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113286589A CN113286589A CN201980042595.8A CN201980042595A CN113286589A CN 113286589 A CN113286589 A CN 113286589A CN 201980042595 A CN201980042595 A CN 201980042595A CN 113286589 A CN113286589 A CN 113286589A
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症的方法和药物组合物。发明人认为,由于在癌细胞内的5'‑磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)利用度差而导致的丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(SHMT)的低活性,将导致暴露于5‑氟尿嘧啶(FUra)以及暴露于与N5‑甲酰基四氢蝶酰谷氨酸(5‑HCO‑H4PteGlu;亚叶酸)组合的FUra的癌细胞中的不充分的生长抑制。体外生长的癌细胞系暴露于作为单剂的FUra,和与高浓度PLP组合的含亚叶酸的FUra。发明人证明了亚叶酸和PLP组合在HT29、HCT116和L1210癌细胞中对FUra细胞毒性的协同和加和的相互作用。肠胃外施予高剂量吡哆胺或吡哆醇的鼠研究表明,细胞内PLP的水平升高至接近或高于报道的辅因子与SHMT结合的Kd水平,这表明维生素B6对氟嘧啶的调节可以在体内实现。因此,本发明涉及抗肿瘤药物组合,其包含(i)氟嘧啶,(ii)B6同效维生素,和任选地(iii)叶酸,和所述组合在有需要的受试者中治疗癌症的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症的方法和药物组合物。
背景技术
自从Heidelberg等人在50年代引入以来,选择用于治疗转移性结直肠癌(Metastatic colorectal carcinoma)的药物是5-氟尿嘧啶(FUra),一种尿嘧啶的氟化类似物。
生化研究证明FUra作用的主要途径是通过复杂的代谢途径进行的,该途径导致5-氟代脱氧尿苷单磷酸(FdUMP)的形成,其是胸苷酸合成酶(TS)的有效抑制剂。
从机理上说,证实了FdUMP通过形成一个共价三元复合物,由FdUMP、TS和5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸(CH2-H4PteGlu)组成,伴随酶的抑制作用使TS失活。复合物的稳定性取决于CH2-H4PteGlu的浓度。实际上,FdUMP从三元复合物中解离的速率随着CH2-H4PteGlu浓度的增加而降低。低浓度的辅因子导致复合物的快速解离和TS活性的快速恢复,其导致细胞毒性活性的丧失。
因此,提出通过提高细胞内还原型叶酸的水平,特别是通过共同施予FUra和亚叶酸(甲酰四氢叶酸),来增强FUra对TS的抑制。然而,CH2-H4PteGlu在细胞内达到高水平仍然是一个问题:无论是在基础的生长条件下,还是在肿瘤细胞中补充高剂量的叶酸后,CH2-H4PteGlu的细胞内水平都没有高到足以使FUra对TS有最佳抑制。实际上,当癌细胞暴露于高浓度的还原型叶酸盐以扩大细胞内叶酸池时,CH2-H4PteGlu水平的增加仅是很小的(Machover等人(2001)Biochemical Pharmacol.61:867-876),并且在中止叶酸暴露后发生快速降低。
因此,仍然非常需要能够使FUra最佳地抑制TS的改进的抗肿瘤组合。
发明内容
本发明涉及用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症的方法和药物组合物。
本发明还涉及抗肿瘤药物组合或组合物,其包含(i)氟嘧啶,(ii)B6同效维生素,和任选地(iii)叶酸。
本发明还涉及抗肿瘤药物组合或组合物,其包含(i)氟嘧啶,(ii)B6同效维生素,和任选地(iii)叶酸用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
本发明的详细描述:
发明人认为,由于在癌细胞内缺乏5'-磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)而导致丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(SHMT)活性低,将导致暴露于5-氟尿嘧啶(FUra)以及暴露于与N5-甲酰基四氢蝶酰谷氨酸(5-HCO-H4PteGlu;亚叶酸)组合的FUra的癌细胞中的不充分的生长抑制。本发明源于发明人的意外发现,即通过加入高剂量的B6同效维生素,即5'-磷酸吡哆醛(PLP),一种5'-磷酸化吡哆醛衍生物,协同地增加了没有和含有还原型叶酸的FUra的细胞毒性。发明人确实证明氟嘧啶的附加增强作用可通过增加CH2-H4PteGlu的可用性来实现,这是通过加入高剂量的PLP,改善依赖于PLP的代谢型叶酸的相互转化,从而形成CH2-H4PteGlu。
体外生长的癌细胞系暴露于作为单一试剂的FUra,和与高浓度PLP组合的含亚叶酸的FUra。发明人证明了亚叶酸和PLP组合在HT29、HCT116和L1210癌细胞中对FUra细胞毒性的协同和加和性相互作用。肠胃外高剂量施予小鼠吡哆胺的研究表明,细胞内PLP的水平升高到接近或高于所报道的辅因子与SHMT结合的Kd水平,这表明可以在体内通过维生素B6调节氟嘧啶。
因此,本发明涉及抗肿瘤药物组合,其包含(i)氟嘧啶,(ii)B6同效维生素,和任选地(iii)叶酸。
本发明还涉及这种抗肿瘤药物组合,其用于同时、分别或相继用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
本发明的另一个目的涉及抗肿瘤药物组合物,它包含(i)氟嘧啶,(ii)B6同效维生素,和任选地(iii)叶酸。
本发明还涉及这种抗肿瘤药物组合物的用途,任选地与叶酸结合用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
本发明的另一个目的涉及氟嘧啶,用于与B6同效维生素和任选地叶酸组合,用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
本发明的另一个目的涉及B6同效维生素,用于与氟嘧啶和任选地叶酸组合,用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
本发明的另一个目的涉及叶酸,用于与氟嘧啶和B6同效维生素组合,用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
本发明还涉及试剂盒,其包含:
a)(i)一种抗肿瘤药物组合物包含氟嘧啶和B6同效维生素,和(ii)一个或多个剂量单位的叶酸,或
b)(i)一种抗肿瘤药物组合物包含氟嘧啶,和(ii)一个或多个剂量单位的包含B6同效维生素和任选地叶酸的药物组合物,或
c)(i)一种抗肿瘤药物组合物包含氟嘧啶,(ii)一个或多个剂量单位的B6同效维生素和(iii)一个或多个剂量单位的叶酸。
本发明还涉及联合制剂,其包含(i)一个或多个剂量单位的氟嘧啶,(ii)一个或多个剂量单位的B6同效维生素,和任选地(iii)一个或多个剂量单位的叶酸,用于治疗有需要的患者的癌症。
氟嘧啶
本文所用术语“氟嘧啶”或“氟嘧啶化合物”是指通过几种机制具有抗肿瘤活性的氟化嘧啶,所述机制包括抑制RNA的合成和功能、抑制胸苷酸合成酶活性和改变DNA合成。氟嘧啶包括5-氟尿嘧啶(FUra)、卡培他滨(去氧氟尿苷的前药)、5-氟-2'-脱氧尿苷(FUdR)、呋氟尿嘧啶(FUra的前药)、乙嘧替氟(1:1摩尔比的FUra前药1-乙氧基甲基FUra和二氢嘧啶脱氢酶抑制剂3-氰基-2,6-二羟基吡啶的组合)、恩尿嘧啶(抑制二氢嘧啶脱氢酶的尿嘧啶类似物)和FUra、S-1的组合(1:0.4:1摩尔比的呋氟尿嘧啶和称为5-氯-2,4-二羟基嘌呤和氧嗪酸的两种FUra调节剂的组合)、UFT(1:4摩尔比的呋氟尿嘧啶和尿嘧啶的组合)、活性代谢物为氟代脱氧尿苷单磷酸(FdUMP)的任何氟嘧啶及其混合物。
特别地,本发明所用的氟嘧啶选自5-氟尿嘧啶(FUra)、卡培他滨、5-氟-2'-脱氧尿苷(FUdR)、呋氟尿嘧啶、乙嘧替氟、恩尿嘧啶/5-FU、S-1、UFT,其活性代谢物为氟代脱氧尿苷单磷酸(FdUMP)的任何氟嘧啶及其混合物组成的组。特别地,本发明上下文中使用的氟嘧啶选自5-氟尿嘧啶(FUra)、卡培他滨、5-氟-2'-脱氧尿苷(FUdR)、呋氟尿嘧啶、乙嘧替氟、恩尿嘧啶/5-FU、S-1、UFT及其混合物。特别地,本发明上下文中使用的氟嘧啶是5-氟尿嘧啶。
氟嘧啶的剂量和给药技术是本领域公知的,并且对于特定患者的优化在熟练临床医师的能力范围内。
本发明上下文中使用的氟嘧啶可以通过口服或肠胃外途径给药,特别是通过口服或静脉内途径给药。当通过静脉内途径给药时,本发明的氟嘧啶可以通过快速丸注(bolus)给药、短期静脉内输注、连续输注或其混合使用。通常,FUra的快速丸注给药可以以每3-5周给药5天,每天的剂量是370-500mg/m2施予受试者,或每周给药500mg/m2。或者,可以通过在每剂至少22小时的时间内连续输注施予一剂或多剂FUra。FUra的连续给药可以包括两天内静脉快速丸注注射剂量400mg/m2,然后在22小时后注射600mg/m2。或者,在施予快速丸注剂量400mg/m2 FUra后,可在46小时后施予2400mg/m2的剂量。本领域技术人员熟知的许多其它不同的FUra方案也可用于本发明的上下文中。
B6同效维生素
本文所用的术语“B6同效维生素”是指在任何生物学试验中具有维生素B6的任何生物学活性的任何化合物或化合物的混合物。B6同效维生素包括,但不限于吡哆醇(也称为吡哆醇或PN)、吡哆醛(PL)、吡哆胺(PM),上述三种化合物中任一种的5'磷酸化衍生物,即5'-磷酸吡哆醇(PNP)、5'-磷酸吡哆胺(PMP)和5'-磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)、其乙酸酯、其药学可接受的盐和在试验生物中可以转化为PLP、PNP或PMP的任何衍生物或相关化合物。因此,例如,上述六种化合物中任何一种的任何可用羟基的乙酸酯或其它酯,并且它们可能被特异性或非特异性酯酶水解,都包括在B6同效维生素中。同样,任何上述化合物的各种盐,如盐酸盐,也包括在B6同效维生素中。
特别地,本发明上下文中使用的B6同效维生素选自吡哆醇(PN)、吡哆醛(PL)、吡哆胺(PM)、其5'-磷酸化衍生物、其乙酸酯、其药学上相容的盐及其混合物组成的组。
本发明上下文中使用的B6同效维生素可以通过口服或肠胃外途径,特别是通过口服、静脉内或肌内注射途径施予。当通过静脉内途径施予时,本发明上下文中可以采用快速丸注、连续输注(优选几小时至几天,更优选一小时至5天)或其混合施予B6同效维生素。
特别地,本发明上下文中使用的B6同效维生素以高剂量施予。
“以高剂量施予B6同效维生素”在本文中是指以比常规用于治疗B6维生素缺乏症的剂量更高的剂量施予B6同效维生素。通常用于治疗B6维生素缺乏症的B6同效维生素的剂量是技术人员熟知的。通常用于治疗B6维生素缺乏的B6同效维生素的常规剂量为1.3-300mg/天,更特别地为50-300mg/天。
特别地,本发明上下文中使用的B6同效维生素是以比常规用于治疗B6维生素缺乏症的剂量高至少两倍、特别地高至少三倍、高至少四倍、高至少五倍、高至少六倍、高至少七倍、高至少八倍、高至少九倍、高至少十倍、高至少二十倍、高至少三十倍、高至少四十倍或高至少五十倍的剂量施予。在本发明的上下文中还可以使用更高剂量的维生素B6。特别地,本发明上下文中使用的B6同效维生素(例如PN、PL、PM或它们的任何5'-磷酸化衍生物)以高剂量施予,使得PLP的血浆和/或细胞内水平等于或大于氟嘧啶的最佳协同作用(协同效应)所需的水平,通常等于或高于160μmol/L。
叶酸
如本文所用,术语“叶酸”是指叶酸(蝶酰谷氨酸)、一种或多种蝶酰谷氨酸化合物(其中蝶呤部分的吡嗪环被还原而得到二羟叶酸或四氢叶酸)、或所有前述化合物的衍生物(其中N-5或N-5和N-10位携带一个处于不同氧化水平的碳单元)、或其药学上相容的盐、或其两种或多种的组合。
特别地,用于本发明的叶酸选自亚叶酸、二氢叶酸、四氢叶酸、5-甲基四氢叶酸、5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸、5,10-次甲基四氢叶酸、5-亚胺甲基四氢叶酸、5-甲酰基四氢叶酸(甲酰基四氢叶酸或亚叶酸)、[6S]-5-甲酰基四氢叶酸、10-甲酰基四氢叶酸、其药学上相容的盐及其混合物组成的组。最特别地,用于本发明的叶酸是5-甲酰基四氢叶酸或[6S]-5-甲酰基四氢叶酸。
在所有叶酸或其衍生物中,天然和非天然非对映异构体、其药学上相容的盐以及异构体和盐的任何混合物,但尤其是天然非对映异构体形式,如[6S]-5-甲基四氢叶酸、[6R]-5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸和[6S]-5-甲酰基四氢叶酸是适用的。
叶酸盐在治疗肿瘤疾病中的剂量和施用技术是本领域公知的,并且它们对于特定患者的优化在熟练临床医师的能力范围内。
本发明上下文中使用的叶酸可以通过口服或肠胃外途径,特别是通过口服、静脉内、肌内或皮下途径施用。当通过静脉内途径施用时,叶酸盐可以通过快速丸注、连续输注或其混合施用于本发明的上下文中。通常,该叶酸,尤其是亚叶酸,可以按20至1000mg/m2/天的剂量施予,特别是按25至500mg/m2/天的剂量施予,更特别是按50至400mg/m2/天的剂量施予,仍特别是按100至200mg/m2/天的剂量施予。在一个具体的实施方案中,叶酸,特别是亚叶酸,可以以低剂量给药,即剂量≤25mg/m2/天。或者,叶酸,特别是亚叶酸,可以以高剂量施用,即以≥200mg/m2/天的剂量施用。特别地,叶酸,特别是亚叶酸,可以以高剂量施用以允许治疗有效的血浆浓度,即10μM的血浆浓度。
抗肿瘤药物组合
本文所用术语“组合”、“治疗组合”或“药物组合”定义为用于组合施用的一个剂量单位形式的固定组合或多组分试剂盒,其中氟嘧啶和B6同效维生素(和任选叶酸)可在相同时间单独施予或在一定时间间隔内分别施予,以使联合用药显示协同效应。
因此,本发明组合的化合物可以配制成一种、两种、三种或更多种单独的药物组合物。
因此,本发明涉及抗肿瘤药物组合物,它包含(i)上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶和(ii)上文“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素。本发明还涉及抗肿瘤药物组合物,它包含(i)上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶,(ii)上文“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素和(iii)上文“叶酸”部分定义的叶酸。
本发明还涉及试剂盒,其包含:
a)(i)一种抗肿瘤药物组合物,它含有上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶和上文“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素,和(ii)上文“叶酸”部分定义的一个或多个叶酸剂量单位,或
b)(i)一种抗肿瘤药物组合物,它含有上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶的抗肿瘤药物组合物,和(ii)一个或多个剂量单位的药物组合物,包含如上文“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素和任选地如上文“叶酸”部分定义的叶酸,或
c)(i)一种抗肿瘤药物组合物,它含有上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶,(ii)一个或多个剂量单位的上文“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素,和(iii)一个或多个剂量单位的上文“叶酸”部分定义的叶酸。
因此,本发明的试剂盒包含至少两种或三种如上定义的单独的组合物(i)、(ii)和(iii)。
术语“药物组合物”在本文中定义为指含有至少一种治疗剂的混合物或溶液,所述治疗剂被施用于受试者,例如哺乳动物或人,以预防或治疗影响哺乳动物的特定疾病或病症。
通常,本发明的组合的化合物因此可以与药学上可接受的赋形剂组合以形成药物组合物。因此,本文定义的药物组合物特别地进一步包含药学上可接受的赋形剂。
“药学上”或“药学上可接受的”是指当施予哺乳动物,特别是人时(视情况而定)不会产生不利的、过敏的或其他不良反应的分子实体和组合物。药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂是指任何类型的无毒固体、半固体或液体填充剂、稀释剂、包封材料或制剂助剂。
在本发明的用于口服、舌下、皮下、肌内、静脉内、透皮、局部或直肠给药的药物组合物中,活性成分单独或与另一种活性成分组合可以作为与常规药物载体的混合物以单位给药形式给药于动物和人类。合适的单位给药形式包括口服途径形式如片剂、凝胶胶囊、粉剂、颗粒剂和口服混悬液或溶液、舌下和口含给药形式、气雾剂、植入物、皮下、透皮、局部、腹膜内、肌内、静脉内、经皮、透皮和鼻内给药形式和直肠给药形式。
本发明的组合的化合物可以配制成一种、两种、三种或更多种单独的药物组合物,每种组合物用于相同或不同的给药途径。
本发明组合中每种化合物的适当的给药途径是技术人员公知的。例如,如上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶可以口服、经皮或肠胃外给药,特别是静脉内、腹膜内或动脉内途径给药。因此,如上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶可以配制成口服、透皮或肠胃外给药的药物组合物,例如静脉内、动脉内或腹膜内给药。如上述“B6同效维生素”部分中定义的B6同效维生素可以口服或胃肠外施予,特别是静脉内或肌内施予。因此,如上述“B6同效维生素”部分中定义的B6同效维生素可配制成口服或胃肠外如静脉内或肌内给药的药物组合物。如上文“叶酸”部分中定义的叶酸可以口服或肠胃外施用,特别是静脉内、皮下或肌内施用。因此,如上文“叶酸”部分中定义的叶酸可以配制成用于口服或肠胃外,例如静脉内、皮下或肌内施用的药物组合物。
在本发明的一个具体实施方案中,将上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶和上文“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素配制成单一药物组合物,特别是配制成用于口服或胃肠外(如静脉内)给药的单一药物组合物。在本发明的另一个具体实施方案中,将上文“氟嘧啶”一节中定义的氟嘧啶、上文“B6同效维生素”一节中定义的B6同效维生素和上文“叶酸”一节中定义的叶酸配制成口服或胃肠外(如静脉内)给药的单一药物组合物。
在本发明的另一个具体实施方案中,将上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶和上文“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素配制成单一药物组合物,特别是用于口服或胃肠外(如静脉内)给药的单一药物组合物,将上文“叶酸”部分定义的叶酸配制成单独的药物组合物,特别是用于口服或胃肠外(如静脉内、皮下或肌内)给药的药物组合物。
在本发明的另一具体实施方式中,上述“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶和上述“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素配制成单独的药物组合物,氟嘧啶特别配制成用于口服、透皮或胃肠外(如静脉内、动脉内或腹膜内)给药的药物组合物,B6同效维生素特别配制成用于口服或胃肠外(如静脉内或肌内)给药的单独药物组合物。
在另一具体实施方式中,上述“氟嘧啶”部分中定义的氟嘧啶,上述“B6同效维生素”部分中定义的B6同效维生素和上述“叶酸”部分中定义的叶酸配制成单独的药物组合物,氟嘧啶特别配制成用于口服、透皮或胃肠外(如静脉内、动脉内或腹膜内)给药的药物组合物,B6同效维生素特别配制成用于口服或胃肠外(如静脉内或肌内)给药的单独药物组合物,叶酸特别配制成用于口服或胃肠外(如静脉内、皮下或肌内)给药的另一单独药物组合物。
在本发明的另一具体实施方案中,将上述“B6同效维生素”一节中定义的B6同效维生素和上述“叶酸”一节中定义的叶酸配制成单一药物组合物,特别是配制成用于口服或胃肠外(如静脉内或肌内)给药的单一药物组合物,将上述“氟嘧啶”一节中定义的氟嘧啶配制成单独的药物组合物,特别是配制成用于口服、透皮或胃肠外(如静脉内、动脉内或腹膜内)给药的药物组合物。
特别地,特别是当药物组合物用于胃肠外给药时,药物组合物含有对于能够被注射的制剂而言药学上可接受的载体。可以是等渗的、无菌的盐水溶液(磷酸单钠或磷酸二钠、氯化钠、钾、钙或镁等或这些盐的混合物),或干燥的,特别是冷冻干燥的组合物,根据情况,在加入无菌水或生理盐水后,允许配制可注射溶液。
适于注射使用的药物形式包括无菌水溶液或分散体;包括芝麻油、花生油或含水丙二醇的制剂;以及用于临时制备无菌注射溶液或分散体的无菌粉末。包含本发明化合物的游离碱或药学上可接受的盐的溶液可以在水中制备,所述水中适当地混合有表面活性剂,例如羟丙基纤维素。分散体也可以在甘油、液体聚乙二醇及其混合物中和在油中制备。在普通的储存和使用条件下,这些制剂含有防腐剂以防止微生物的生长。
载体也可以是溶剂或分散介质,其含有例如水、乙醇、多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇和液体聚乙二醇等)、其合适的混合物和植物油。例如,通过使用涂层如卵磷脂,通过在分散液的情况下保持所需的粒径,以及通过使用表面活性剂,可以保持适当的流动性。可以通过各种抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂来实现预防微生物的作用,例如对羟基苯甲酸酯类、氯丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸、硫柳汞等。在许多情况下,优选包括等渗剂,例如糖或氯化钠。通过在组合物中使用延迟吸收的试剂,例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶,可以实现可注射组合物的延长吸收。
无菌注射溶液可以通过将活性化合物以所需量与几种上述其它成分一起掺入适当的溶剂中,根据需要,随后过滤灭菌来制备。通常,通过将各种灭菌的活性成分掺入到无菌载体中来制备分散体,所述无菌载体包含基本分散介质和来自以上列举的所需其它成分。在用于制备无菌可注射溶液的无菌粉末的情况下,优选的制备方法是真空干燥和冷冻干燥技术,其从先前无菌过滤的溶液产生活性成分加任何其他所需成分的粉末。还考虑了制备用于直接注射的更高或高度浓缩的溶液,其中预期使用DMSO作为溶剂导致极快的渗透,将高浓度的活性剂递送至小的肿瘤区域。
癌症的治疗
本发明涉及如上文“抗肿瘤药物组合”部分中定义的抗肿瘤药物组合,其用于同时、分别或相继用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
本发明的另一个目的涉及治疗受试者的癌症的方法,包括在有此需要的受试者中同时、分别或相继施用治疗有效量的上文“抗肿瘤药物组合”部分中定义的抗肿瘤药物组合。
本发明的另一个目的涉及(i)以上“氟嘧啶”一节(部分)中定义的氟嘧啶,(ii)以上“B6同效维生素”一节中定义的B6同效维生素,和任选地(iii)以上“叶酸”一节中定义的叶酸,在制备用于同时、分别或相继给药治疗癌症的抗肿瘤药物联合制剂中的用途。
本发明还涉及联合制剂(combined preparation,或称组合制剂),所述联合制剂包含(i)一个或多个剂量单位的如上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶,(ii)一个或多个剂量单位的如上文“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素,和任选地(iii)一个或多个剂量单位的如上文“叶酸”部分定义的叶酸用于治疗癌症。
本发明还涉及用于治疗癌症的抗肿瘤药物组合物,其包含(i)如上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶和(ii)如上文“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素,任选与如上文“叶酸”部分定义的叶酸组合。
本发明的另一个目的涉及治疗有需要的受试者的癌症的方法,所述方法包括对有需要的受试者施予治疗有效量的抗肿瘤药物组合物的步骤,所述抗肿瘤药物组合物包含(i)如上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶和(ii)如上文“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素,和任选地同时、分别或相继施予治疗有效量的如上文“叶酸”部分定义的叶酸。
本发明的另一个目的涉及(i)以上“氟嘧啶”一节中定义的氟嘧啶和(ii)以上“B6同效维生素”一节中定义的B6同效维生素在制备用于治疗肿瘤疾病的药物中的用途,所述药物任选地包含在抗肿瘤药物联合制剂中,该抗肿瘤药物联合制剂包含以上“叶酸”一节中定义的叶酸,用于同时、分别或相继给药治疗癌症。
术语“联合制剂”在本文定义为特别指“多组分试剂盒”,其含义是如上定义的组合物组分(i)和(ii)以及任选地(iii)可以独立给药或通过使用具有不同量的组合物组分的不同固定组合给药,即同时或在不同时间点给药。组分试剂盒的各部分可以同时或按时间顺序交错施用,即多组分试剂盒的任何部分在不同的时间点以相同或不同的时间间隔施用。在联合制剂中待施用的组合物组分(i)与组合物组分(ii)(以及如果适用组合物组分(iii))的总量的比率可以变化,例如以便满足待治疗的患者亚群的需要或单个患者的需要。
本文所用的术语“共同给药”或“联合给药”定义为包括将所选治疗剂施予单个患者,并且旨在包括其中所述试剂不必通过相同的给药途径或同时给药的治疗方案。
在本发明的一个具体实施方案中,以上“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶和以上“B6同效维生素”部分定义的B6同效维生素以单一药物组合物的形式同时施予,特别是口服或胃肠外施予,特别是静脉内施予。在该实施方案中,如上文“叶酸”部分定义的叶酸可以在氟嘧啶和B6同效维生素给药同时或在紧接在其给药之前以单独的药物组合物口服或肠胃外给药,特别是静脉内、肌内或皮下给药。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,上文“氟嘧啶”部分定义的氟嘧啶经口、经皮或肠胃外,特别是静脉内、动脉内或腹膜内施予,并且B6同效维生素以单独的药物组合物在氟嘧啶施予的同时、之前或之后经口或肠胃外施予,特别是静脉内或肌内施予。在该实施方式中,如上文“叶酸”部分定义的叶酸可以与B6同效维生素以相一药物组合物口服或肠胃外,特别是静脉内或肌内施予。或者,叶酸可以单独的药物组合物经口服或肠胃外给药,特别是静脉内、肌内或皮下给药,在氟嘧啶和/或B6同效维生素给药的同时或在其给药之前立即给药。
如本文所用,术语“受试者”表示哺乳动物。通常,根据本发明的受试者是指受癌症折磨或处于受癌症折磨的风险中的任何受试者(优选人类)。在一个具体的实施方案中,术语“受试者”是指患有结肠直肠癌或处于患有结肠直肠癌的风险中的受试者。在一个具体的实施方案中,术语“受试者”是指患有淋巴细胞性白血病或处于患淋巴细胞性白血病的风险中的受试者。
在本发明的上下文中,术语“治疗”或“疗法”是指逆转、减轻、抑制该术语所应用的病症和病况、或该病症或病况的一种或多种症状的进展,或预防该术语所应用的病症或病况,或该病症或病况的一种或多种症状。如本文所用,术语“治疗”或“疗法”是指预防性或预防性治疗,以及治愈性或疾病改善性治疗,包括治疗处于感染疾病风险或怀疑已感染疾病的受试者,以及患病或已诊断为患有疾病或医学病症的受试者,并且包括抑制临床复发。治疗可以施用于患有医学病症或最终可能患有病症的受试者,以预防、治愈、延迟病症或复发病症的发作、降低病症或复发病症的严重性或改善病症或复发病症的一种或多种症状,或以延长受试者的生存期,以超过没有此类治疗的情况下预期的生存期。“治疗方案”是指疾病的治疗模式,例如,在治疗期间使用的剂量模式。治疗方案可包括诱导方案和维持方案。“诱导方案”或“诱导期”是指用于疾病的初始治疗的治疗方案(或治疗方案的一部分)。诱导方案的总体目标是在治疗方案的初始阶段向受试者提供高水平的药物。诱导方案可以(部分或全部)采用“负荷方案”,其可以包括施用比医师在维持方案期间采用的更大剂量的药物,施用比医师在维持方案期间施用药物更频繁的给药,或两者兼有。“维持方案”或“维持期”是指用于在疾病治疗期间维持受试者的治疗方案(或治疗方案的一部分),例如以使受试者长时间(数月或数年)保持缓解。维持方案可采用连续疗法(例如,定期(例如,每周、每月、每年等)施予药物)或间歇疗法(例如,间断治疗、间歇治疗、复发时治疗或基于达到特定预定标准[例如,疾病表现等]的治疗)。
本发明化合物的“治疗有效量”是指化合物以适用于任何医学治疗的合理效益/风险比治疗癌症(例如,限制生长或减缓或阻断肿瘤转移)的足够量。然而,应当理解,本发明化合物的总的每日用量将由主治医师在合理的医学判断范围内决定。对于任何特定受试者的具体治疗有效剂量水平将取决于多种因素,包括治疗的病症和病症的严重程度、所用具体化合物的活性、所用具体组合、受试者的年龄、体重、一般健康状况、性别和饮食、施用时间、施用途径和所用具体化合物的排泄速率、治疗持续时间、与所用具体化合物组合或同时使用的药物以及医学领域中公知的类似因素。例如,本领域公知,化合物的起始剂量水平低于达到所需治疗效果所需的剂量水平,并逐渐增加剂量直至达到所需效果。
本发明的抗肿瘤药物组合或组合物特别地用于治疗肿瘤疾病。
特别应注意的是,本发明的组合可用于治疗肿瘤疾病,而不是由施用组合的一种组分所引起的副作用,例如手足综合征或手掌足底红肿感觉迟钝症(palmer-plantarerythrodysesthesia)。
本发明的抗肿瘤药物组合或组合物可用于治疗处于其发展的任何阶段的可察觉的肿瘤,包括处于其发展的晚期阶段的肿瘤疾病,或用于治疗不可察觉的最小残余肿瘤疾病。特别地,本发明的抗肿瘤药物组合可以用于治疗小规模原发性肿瘤疾病和转移性癌症疾病,包括微转移和传播性肿瘤疾病。
更特别地,如本文所用的术语“癌症治疗”或“肿瘤疾病治疗”包括至少一种以下特征:减轻与肿瘤性疾病相关的症状、降低肿瘤性疾病的程度(例如肿瘤生长的减少)、稳定肿瘤性疾病的状态(例如抑制肿瘤生长)、预防肿瘤性疾病的进一步扩散(例如转移)、预防肿瘤性疾病的发生或复发、延迟或减缓肿瘤性疾病的进展(例如肿瘤生长的减少)或改善肿瘤性疾病的状态(例如肿瘤大小的减少)。
本文所用的术语“癌症”是指“肿瘤疾病”,包括组织体积以及细胞的每个局部增加,其中正常生长调节不再起作用,并且发生不受控制的细胞分裂。可借助于本发明的抗肿瘤药物组合或组合物治疗肿瘤疾病的实例,包括氟嘧啶治疗显示了一定效力的每种肿瘤疾病。
如本文所用,术语“癌症”具有其在本领域中的一般含义,并且包括但不限于实体瘤和血源性肿瘤。术语癌症包括皮肤、组织、器官、骨、软骨、血液和血管的疾病。术语“癌症”还包括原发性和转移性癌症。可通过本发明的方法和组合物治疗的癌症的实例包括但不限于来自膀胱、血液、骨、骨髓、脑、乳腺、结肠、食道、胃肠、牙龈、头、肾、肝、肺、鼻咽、颈、卵巢、前列腺、皮肤、胃、睾丸、舌或子宫的癌细胞。此外,癌症可以具体地为以下组织学类型,但其不限于这些:赘生物,恶性;癌;癌,未分化;巨细胞和纺锤体细胞癌;小细胞癌;乳头状癌;鳞状细胞癌;淋巴上皮癌;基底细胞癌;毛母质癌;移行细胞癌;乳头状移行细胞癌;腺癌;胃泌素瘤,恶性;胆管癌;肝细胞癌;组合肝细胞癌和胆管癌;小梁腺癌;腺样囊性癌;腺瘤性息肉中的腺癌;腺癌,家族性结肠息肉病;实体癌;类癌瘤,恶性;鳃-肺泡腺癌;乳头状腺癌;嫌色细胞癌;嗜酸性癌(acidophil carcinoma);嗜酸性腺癌(oxyphilic adenocarcinoma);嗜碱性粒细胞癌;透明细胞腺癌;颗粒细胞癌;滤泡性腺癌;乳头状和滤泡性腺癌;未包囊硬化癌;肾上腺皮质癌;子宫内膜样癌;皮肤附属器癌;大汗腺腺癌;皮脂腺腺癌;耵聍腺癌;腺癌;粘液表皮样癌;囊腺癌;乳头状囊腺癌;乳头状浆液性囊腺癌;粘液性囊腺癌;粘液腺癌;印戒细胞癌;浸润性导管癌;髓样癌;小叶癌;炎性癌;佩吉特病,乳腺癌(mammary);腺泡细胞癌(Acinar cell carcinoma);腺鳞癌;腺癌伴鳞状化生;胸腺瘤,恶性;卵巢基质瘤,恶性;卵泡膜瘤,恶性;颗粒细胞肿瘤,恶性;和胚细胞瘤,恶性(roblastoma,malignant);塞尔托立氏细胞癌;莱迪希细胞瘤,恶性;脂质细胞肿瘤,恶性;副神经节瘤,恶性;乳腺外的副神经节瘤,恶性;嗜铬细胞瘤;血管球肉瘤;恶性黑色素瘤;无黑色素黑素瘤;浅表扩散性黑色素瘤;巨大色素痣中的恶性黑素瘤;上皮样细胞黑素瘤;蓝痣,恶性;肉瘤;纤维肉瘤;纤维组织细胞瘤,恶性;粘液肉瘤;脂肪肉瘤;平滑肌肉瘤;横纹肌肉瘤;胚胎横纹肌肉瘤;肺泡状横纹肌肉瘤;基质肉瘤;混合肿瘤,恶性;缪勒氏混合瘤;肾母细胞瘤;肝母细胞瘤;癌肉瘤;间质瘤,恶性;布伦纳肿瘤,恶性;叶状肿瘤,恶性;滑膜肉瘤;间皮瘤,恶性;无性细胞瘤;胚胎癌;畸胎瘤,恶性;卵巢甲状腺肿,恶性;绒毛膜癌;中肾瘤,恶性;血管肉瘤;恶性血管内皮瘤;卡波西肉瘤;血管外皮细胞瘤,恶性;淋巴管肉瘤;骨肉瘤;皮质旁成骨肉瘤;软骨肉瘤;成软骨细胞瘤,恶性;间充质软骨肉瘤;骨巨细胞瘤;尤文氏肉瘤;牙源性肿瘤,恶性;成釉细胞牙肉瘤;成釉细胞瘤,恶性;成釉细胞纤维肉瘤;松果体瘤,恶性;脊索瘤;胶质瘤,恶性;室管膜瘤;星形细胞瘤;原生质星形细胞瘤;纤维性星形细胞瘤;成星形细胞瘤;成胶质细胞瘤;少突神经胶质瘤;成少突神经胶质细胞瘤;原始神经外胚层肿瘤(primitiveneuroectodermal);小脑肉瘤;神经节神经母细胞瘤;成神经细胞瘤;视网膜母细胞瘤;嗅觉神经源性肿瘤;恶性的脑膜瘤;神经纤维肉瘤;神经鞘瘤,恶性;粒状细胞肿瘤,恶性;恶性淋巴瘤;霍奇金病;霍奇金淋巴瘤;副肉芽肿;恶性淋巴瘤,小淋巴细胞,淋巴细胞性白血病,慢性淋巴细胞性白血病;恶性淋巴瘤,大细胞,弥漫性;恶性淋巴瘤,滤泡性;蕈样真菌病;其它特定的非霍奇金淋巴瘤;恶性组织细胞增多病;多发性骨髓瘤;肥大细胞肉瘤;免疫增殖性小肠疾病;白血病;淋巴性白血病;浆细胞白血病;红白血病;淋巴肉瘤细胞白血病;骨髓性白血病;嗜碱性白血病;嗜酸性白血病;单核细胞白血病;肥大细胞白血病;巨核细胞白血病;髓系肉瘤;和毛细胞白血病。
在一些实施方案中,所述受试者患有选自结肠直肠癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌、结肠癌、直肠癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、睾丸癌、脑癌、皮肤癌、胃癌、食管癌、胃食管癌、胆道癌、肉瘤、气管癌、头颈癌、肝癌、卵巢癌、淋巴癌、宫颈癌、外阴癌、黑色素瘤、间皮瘤、肾脏癌(kidneycancer)、肾癌(renal cancer)、泌尿生殖器癌、膀胱癌、甲状腺癌、骨癌、癌、肉瘤、鳞状细胞癌和软组织癌的癌症。
在一些实施方案中,受试者患有对抗癌治疗有抗性的癌症。
在一些实施方案中,本发明的组合或组合物与一种或多种治疗活性剂相继或同时(concomitantly,伴随)施用,例如施用抗癌化合物、化疗剂或放射治疗剂。
术语“抗癌化合物”具有其在本领域中的一般含义,是指用于抗癌治疗的抗癌化合物,例如酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、酪氨酸激酶受体(TKR)抑制剂、EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、抗EGFR化合物、抗HER2化合物、血管内皮生长因子受体(VEGFR)途径抑制剂、干扰素治疗、烷化剂、抗代谢物、免疫治疗剂、干扰素(IFN)、白介素和如下所述的化疗剂。
术语“酪氨酸激酶抑制剂”或“TKI”具有本领域的一般含义,是指诸如抑制酪氨酸激酶的化合物、酪氨酸激酶受体抑制剂(TKRI)、EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、EGFR拮抗剂的各种治疗剂或药物中的任何一种。术语“酪氨酸激酶抑制剂”或“TKI”具有本领域的一般含义,是指作为受体和/或非受体酪氨酸激酶的选择性或非选择性抑制剂的多种治疗剂或药物中的任一种。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和相关化合物是本领域公知的,并于美国专利公开文本2007/0254295中记载,其通过引用整体并入本文。本领域技术人员将理解,与酪氨酸激酶抑制剂相关的化合物将重现酪氨酸激酶抑制剂的作用,例如,相关化合物将作用于酪氨酸激酶信号传导途径的不同成员,以产生与酪氨酸激酶的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂相同的作用。适用于本发明实施方案的方法中的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和相关化合物的实例包括但不限于埃罗替尼、舒尼替尼(Sutent;SU11248)、达沙替尼(BMS-354825)、PP2、BEZ235、塞卡替尼、吉非替尼(Iressa)、埃罗替尼(Tarceva;OSI-1774)、拉帕替尼(GW572016;GW2016)、卡奈替尼(CI1033)、司马沙尼(SU5416)、瓦他拉尼(PTK787/ZK222584)、索拉非尼(BAY43-9006)、伊马替尼(Gleevec;STI571)、来氟米特(SU101)、凡德他尼(Zactima;ZD6474)、MK-2206(8-[4-氨基环丁基)苯基]-9-苯基-1,2,4-三唑并[3,4-f][1,6]萘啶-3(2H)-一盐酸盐),其衍生物、其类似物及其组合。适用于本发明的其它酪氨酸激酶抑制剂和相关化合物描述于例如美国专利公开2007/0254295、美国专利5,618,829、5,639,757、5,728,868、5,804,396、6,100,254、6,127,374、6,245,759、6,306,874、6,313,138、6,316,444、6,329,380、6,344,459、6,420,382、6,479,512、6,498,165、6,544,988、6,562,818、6,586,423、6,586,424、6,740,665、6,794,393、6,875,767、6,927,293和6,958,340中,所有这些专利通过引用整体并入本文。在某些实施方案中,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂是小分子激酶抑制剂,其已经口服施用并且已经是至少一个I期临床试验、更优选至少一个II期临床试验、甚至更优选至少一个III期临床试验的对象,并且最优选被FDA批准用于至少一种血液学或肿瘤学适应症。这类抑制剂的实例包括但不限于埃罗替尼、吉非替尼、拉帕替尼、卡奈替尼、BMS-599626(AC-480)、来那替尼、KRN-633、CEP-11981、伊马替尼、尼罗替尼、达沙替尼、AZM-475271、CP-724714、TAK-165、舒尼替尼、瓦他拉尼、CP-547632、凡德他尼、博舒替尼、来他替尼、坦度替尼、米哚妥林、恩扎妥林、AEE-788、帕唑帕尼、阿昔替尼、莫他色尼(motasenib)、OSI-930、西地尼布、KRN-951、多韦替尼、赛尼色克尼(seliciclib)、SNS-032、PD-0332991、MKC-I(Ro-317453;R-440)、索拉非尼、ABT-869、布立尼布(BMS-582664)、SU-14813、替拉替尼、SU-6668、(TSU-68)、L-21649、MLN-8054、AEW-541和PD-0325901。
本文所用EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂包括但不限于,选自埃罗替尼、拉帕替尼、罗西替尼(rociletinib)(CO-1686)、吉非替尼、达可替尼(PF-00299804)、阿法他尼(afatanib)、布加替尼(AP26113)、WJTOG3405、NEJ002、AZD9291、HM61713、EGF816、ASP8273、AC0010组成的组。抗体EGFR抑制剂的实例包括西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗、马妥珠单抗、扎鲁木单抗(Zalutumumab),尼妥珠单抗、耐昔妥珠单抗、英戈土珠单抗(Imgatuzumab)(GA201,RO5083945)和ABT-806。
在一些实施方案中,本发明的组合或组合物与化疗剂一起施用。术语“化疗剂”指有效抑制肿瘤生长的化合物。化疗剂的实例包括烷化剂,例如塞替派和环磷酰胺;烷基磺酸盐,例如白消安、英丙舒凡和哌泊舒凡;氮丙啶类,例如benzodopa、卡波醌、美妥替哌(meturedopa)和乌瑞替哌(uredopa);亚乙基亚胺(或乙撑亚胺)和甲基蜜胺类,包括六甲蜜胺、三亚乙基三聚氰胺、三亚乙基磷酰胺(trietylenephosphoramide)、三亚乙基硫代磷酰胺和三羟甲基蜜胺(trimethylolomelamine);多聚乙酰(特别是布拉他辛和布拉他辛酮);喜树碱(包括合成类似物拓扑替康);苔藓抑素;callystatin;CC-1065(包括其阿多来新、卡折来新和比折来新合成类似物);念珠藻素(特别是念珠藻素1和念珠藻素8);尾海兔素;倍癌霉素(包括合成类似物KW-2189和CBI-TMI);五加素;水鬼蕉碱;匍枝珊瑚醇(sarcodictyin);海绵抑制素;氮芥类,例如苯丁酸氮芥、萘氮芥、氯磷酰胺、雌莫司汀(estrarnustine)、异环磷酰胺、氮芥、盐酸氧氮芥、美法仑、新恩比兴、苯芥胆甾醇、泼尼氮芥、曲磷胺、尿嘧啶芥;亚硝基脲,例如卡莫司汀、氯脲菌素、福莫司汀、洛莫司汀、尼莫司汀、雷莫司汀;抗生素如烯二炔抗生素(例如加利车霉素,特别是加利车霉素(11和加利车霉素211,参见例如Agnew Chem Intl Ed.Engl.33:183.(1994);蒽环类抗生素(dynemicin),包括达因霉素A;埃斯波霉素;以及新制癌菌素发色团和相关的色蛋白烯二炔抗生素发色团类;阿克拉霉素、放线菌素、安曲霉素、重氮丝氨酸、博来霉素、放线菌素、卡拉霉素(carabicin)、洋红霉素(canninomycin)、嗜癌素(carzinophilin)、色霉素、更生霉素、柔红霉素、地托比星、6-重氮-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸、阿霉素(包括吗啉代-阿霉素、氰基吗啉代-阿霉素、2-吡咯啉代阿霉素和脱氧阿霉素)、表柔比星、依索比星、伊达比星、麻西罗霉素、丝裂霉素、霉酚酸、诺加霉素(nogalarnycin)、橄榄霉素、派来霉素、泊非霉素(potfiromycin)、嘌呤霉素、三铁阿霉素(quelamycin)、罗多比星、链黑菌素(Streptomgrin)、链脲霉素、杀结核菌素、乌苯美司、净司他丁、佐柔比星;抗代谢物,如甲氨蝶呤和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU);叶酸类似物,如二甲叶酸、甲氨蝶呤、蝶罗呤、三甲氧蝶呤;嘌呤类似物,如氟达拉滨、6-巯基嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤;嘧啶类似物,如安西他滨、阿扎胞苷、6-氮杂尿苷、卡莫氟、阿糖胞苷、双脱氧尿苷、多西氟尿啶、依诺他滨、氟尿苷、5-FU;雄激素,如卡普睾酮、丙酸屈他雄酮、环硫雄醇、美雄烷、睾内酯;抗肾上腺激素,如氨鲁米特、米托坦、曲洛司坦;叶酸补充剂,如亚叶酸;乙酰葡醛酯;醛磷酰胺糖苷(aldophospharnide glycoside);氨基乙酰丙酸;安吖啶;百垂布西(bestrabucil);比生群;依达曲沙;地佛法明(defofamine);地美可辛;地吖醌;依氟鸟氨酸(elformithine);依利醋铵;埃坡霉素;乙环氧啶(etoglucid);硝酸镓;羟基脲;香菇多糖;氯尼达明;美登素类,例如美登素和安丝菌素;米托胍腙;米托蒽醌;单哌潘生丁;二胺硝吖啶(nitracrine);喷司他丁;蛋氨氮芥(phenamet);吡柔比星;鬼臼酸;2-乙基酰肼;丙卡巴肼;雷佐生;根霉素;西佐喃;螺菌属;细交链孢菌酮酸;三亚胺醌;2,2',2″-三氯三乙基胺;单端孢霉烯(特别是T-2毒素,疣孢霉素(verracurin)A,杆孢菌素(roridin)A和蛇形菌素(anguidine));氨基甲酸乙酯;长春地辛;达卡巴嗪;甘露氮芥;二溴甘露醇;二溴卫矛醇;哌泊溴烷;gacytosine;阿拉伯糖苷("Ara-C");环磷酰胺;塞替派;紫杉烷类,例如紫杉醇(百时美施贵宝肿瘤公司,普林斯顿,N.].)和多烯紫杉醇(罗纳-普朗克制药公司,法国安东尼);苯丁酸氮芥;吉西他滨;6-硫鸟嘌呤;巯嘌呤;甲氨蝶呤;铂类似物如顺铂和卡铂;长春碱;铂;依托泊苷(VP-16);异环磷酰胺;丝裂霉素C;米托蒽醌;长春新碱;长春瑞滨;去甲长春碱;米托恩醌;替尼泊苷;道诺霉素;氨喋呤;卡培他滨;伊班膦酸盐;CPT-11;拓扑异构酶抑制剂RFS 2000;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(DMFO);视黄酸;卡培他滨;以及上述任何一种的药学上可接受的盐,酸或衍生物。该定义还包括用于调节或抑制激素对肿瘤作用的抗激素药物,例如抗雌激素,包括例如他莫昔芬、雷洛昔芬、芳香酶抑制4(5)-咪唑类、4-羟基他莫昔芬、曲沃昔芬、雷洛昔芬盐酸盐(keoxifene)、LY117018、奥那司酮和托瑞米芬(法乐通),和抗雄激素如氟他胺、尼鲁米特、比卡鲁胺、亮丙瑞林和戈舍瑞林,以及上述任何一种的药学上可接受的盐,酸或衍生物。
在一些实施方案中,本发明的组合或组合物与靶向癌症疗法一起施用。靶向癌症疗法是通过干扰参与癌症生长、进展和扩散的特定分子(“分子靶标”)来阻断癌症生长和扩散的药物或其它物质。靶向癌症疗法有时称为“分子靶向药物”、“分子靶向疗法”、“精准药疗”或类似名称。在一些实施方案中,靶向疗法由向受试者施用如上定义的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂组成。
在一些实施方案中,本发明的组合或组合物与免疫治疗剂一起施用。如本文所用,术语“免疫治疗剂”是指间接或直接增强、刺激或增加身体针对癌细胞的免疫应答和/或减少其它抗癌疗法的副作用的化合物、组合物或治疗。因此,免疫疗法是直接或间接刺激或增强免疫系统对癌细胞的反应和/或减轻可能由其它抗癌剂引起的副作用的疗法。免疫疗法在本领域中也称为免疫治疗、生物治疗、生物反应调节剂疗法和生物疗法。本领域已知的常规免疫治疗剂的实例包括但不限于免疫检查点抑制剂、细胞因子、癌症疫苗、单克隆抗体和非细胞因子佐剂。或者,免疫治疗性治疗可施予受试者一定量的免疫细胞(T细胞、NK细胞、树突细胞、B细胞…)。免疫治疗剂可以是非特异性的,即通常加强免疫系统,使得人体在对抗癌细胞的生长和/或扩散中变得更有效,或者它们可以是特异性的,即靶向癌细胞本身,免疫治疗方案可以组合使用非特异性和特异性免疫治疗剂。非特异性免疫治疗剂是刺激或间接改善免疫系统的物质。非特异性免疫治疗剂已单独用作治疗癌症的主要疗法,以及在主要疗法之外,在这种情况下,非特异性免疫治疗剂用作增强其它疗法(例如癌症疫苗)的有效性的佐剂。非特异性免疫治疗剂也可以在这后一种情况下起作用以减少其它疗法的副作用,例如,由某些化疗剂诱导的骨髓抑制。非特异性免疫治疗剂可以作用于关键的免疫系统细胞并引起二次应答,例如增加细胞因子和免疫球蛋白的产生。或者,所述试剂本身可包含细胞因子。非特异性免疫治疗剂通常被分类为细胞因子或非细胞因子佐剂。已经发现许多细胞因子可用于治疗癌症,或者作为增强免疫系统的一般非特异性免疫疗法,或作为与其它疗法一起提供的佐剂。合适的细胞因子包括但不限于干扰素、白介素和集落刺激因子。本发明所考虑的干扰素(IFN)包括IFN的常见类型,IFN-α、IFN-β和IFN-γ。IFN可直接作用于癌细胞,例如通过减慢其生长、促进其发育为具有更正常行为的细胞和/或增加其抗原产生,从而使癌细胞更易于被免疫系统识别和破坏。IFN也可以间接地作用于癌细胞,例如通过减慢血管生成、加强免疫系统和/或刺激自然杀伤(NK)细胞、T细胞和巨噬细胞。重组IFN-α可从Roferon(Roche Pharmaceuticals)和Intron A(Schering Corporation)商购获得。本发明所考虑的白细胞介素包括IL-2、IL-4、IL-11和IL-12。商业上可得到的重组白细胞介素的例子包括(IL-2;Chiron公司)和(IL-12;WyethPharmaceuticals)。Zymogenics,Inc.(Seattle,Wash.)目前正在测试重组形式的IL-21,其也被考虑用于本发明的组合。本发明考虑的集落刺激因子(CSF)包括粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF或非格司亭)、粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF或沙格司亭)和红细胞生成素(阿法依泊汀(Epoetin Alfa),darbepoietin)。用一种或多种生长因子治疗可有助于刺激经历传统化疗的受试者中新血细胞的产生。因此,用CSF治疗有助于降低与化疗相关的副作用,并可以允许使用更高剂量的化疗剂。各种重组集落刺激因子可商购获得,例如非格(G-CSF;Amgen)、培非司亭(培非格司亭;Amgen)、沙格司亭(GM-CSF;Berlex)、普罗克里特(促红细胞生成素;Ortho Biotech)、阿法依泊汀(促红细胞生成素;Amgen)、Arnesp(促红细胞生成素)。除了具有特异性或非特异性靶标之外,免疫治疗剂可以是主动的,即刺激身体自身的免疫应答,或者它们可以是被动的,即包含在身体外部产生的免疫系统组分。被动特异性免疫治疗通常涉及使用一种或多种单克隆抗体,所述单克隆抗体对癌细胞表面上发现的特定抗原具有特异性或对特定细胞生长因子具有特异性。单克隆抗体可以以许多方式用于治疗癌症,例如,增强受试者对特定类型癌症的免疫应答,通过靶向特定细胞生长因子干扰癌细胞的生长,例如参与血管生成,或当与试剂例如化疗剂、放射性颗粒或毒素连接或缀合时通过增强其他抗癌剂向癌细胞的递送。目前适合用作癌症免疫治疗剂包含在本发明的组合中的单克隆抗体,包括但不限于利妥昔单抗曲妥珠单抗替伊莫单抗托西莫单抗西妥昔单抗(C-225,)、贝伐单抗吉妥单抗阿仑单抗和BL22。其它实例包括抗CTLA4抗体(例如,伊匹单抗)、抗PD1抗体、抗PDL1抗体、抗TIMP3抗体、抗LAG3抗体、抗B7H3抗体、抗B7H4抗体或抗B7H6抗体。在一些实施方案中,抗体包括B细胞耗尽抗体。典型的B细胞耗尽抗体包括但不限于抗-CD20单克隆抗体[例如利妥昔单抗(Roche),替伊莫单抗(Bayer Schering),托西莫单抗(GlaxoSmithKline),AME-133v(应用分子进化),奥瑞珠单抗(Ocrelizumab)(Roche),奥法木单抗(HuMax-CD20,Gemnab),TRU-015(Trubion)和IMMU-106(Immunomedics)],抗-CD22抗体[例如Epratuzumab,Leonard等,ClinicalCancer Research(Z004)10:5327-5334]、抗CD79a抗体、抗CD27抗体或抗CD19抗体(例如美国专利号7,109,304)、抗BAFF-R抗体(例如贝利单抗,GlaxoSmithKline)、抗APRIL抗体(例如抗人APRIL抗体,ProSci Inc)和抗IL-6抗体[例如之前由De Benedetti等描述的,J Immunol(2001)166:4334-4340和Suzuki等人,Europ J ofImmunol(1992)22(8)1989-1993描述,通过引用完全并入本文]。免疫治疗处理可包括同种异体移植,特别是与造血干细胞HSC的同种异体移植。免疫治疗性治疗还可以包括如Nicholas P.Restifo,Mark E.Dudley和Steven A.Rosenberg在“Adoptive immunotherapyfor cancer:harnessing the T cell response”,Nature Reviews Immunology,Volume12,April 2012中所述的过继免疫治疗。在过继免疫疗法中,受试者的循环淋巴细胞、NK细胞在体外被分离扩增,并重新施予受试者。活化的淋巴细胞或NK细胞最优选是受试者的自身细胞,其较早从血液或肿瘤样品中分离并在体外活化(或“扩增”)。
如本文所用,术语“免疫检查点抑制剂”是指完全或部分减少、抑制、干扰或调节一种或多种免疫检查点蛋白的分子。
如本文所用,术语“免疫检查点蛋白”具有其在本领域中的一般含义,是指由T细胞表达的分子,其可以打开信号(刺激检查点分子)或者关闭信号(抑制检查点分子)。
刺激检查点的实例包括CD27,CD28,CD40,CD122,CD137,OX40,GITR,和ICOS。抑制性检查点分子的实例包括A2AR、B7-H3、B7-H4、BTLA、CTLA-4、CD277、IDO、KIR、PD-1、PD-L1、LAG-3、TIM-3和VISTA。
在一些实施方案中,本发明的组合或组合物与放射治疗剂一起施用。如本文所用的术语“放射治疗剂”意指本领域技术人员已知的有效治疗或改善癌症的任何放射治疗剂,但不限于此。例如,放射治疗剂可以是诸如在近距离放射疗法或放射性核素疗法中施用的药剂。此类方法可以任选地进一步包括施用一种或多种附加癌症疗法,例如但不限于化学疗法和/或另一种放射疗法。
如本文所用,术语“放射疗法”用于“放射治疗”具有其在本领域中的一般含义,并且是指用电离辐射治疗癌症。电离辐射沉积能量,该能量通过破坏细胞的遗传物质而伤害或破坏被治疗区域(靶组织)中的细胞,使得这些细胞不可能继续生长。一种常用的放射治疗包括光子,例如X射线。根据它们拥有的能量的量,射线可以用于破坏身体表面上或更深处的癌细胞。X射线束的能量越高,X射线可以进入目标组织越深。线性加速器和电子感应加速器产生能量越来越大的X射线。使用机器将辐射(例如X射线)聚焦在癌症部位上被称为外部射束辐射治疗。伽马射线是用于放射治疗的另一种形式的光子。当某些元素(例如镭、铀和钴60)分解或衰变时释放辐射时,γ射线自发产生。在一些实施方案中,放射疗法是外部放射疗法。外部放射治疗的例子包括,但不限于,常规的外部射束放射治疗;三维适形放射治疗(3D-CRT),其从不同的方向递送成形的射束以紧密地配合肿瘤的形状;强度调制放射治疗(IMRT),例如螺旋断层放射治疗,其对放射束进行调整以紧密地吻合肿瘤的形状,并且还根据肿瘤的形状改变放射剂量;适形质子束放射疗法;图像引导放射治疗(IGRT),其结合扫描和放射技术以提供肿瘤的实时图像来引导放射治疗;术中放射疗法(IORT),其在手术期间直接向肿瘤递送辐射;立体定向放射外科手术,其在单一疗程中将大的、精确的放射剂量递送到小的肿瘤区域;超分割放射疗法,例如连续超分割加速放射疗法(CHART),其中每天向受试者施予多于一种放射疗法的治疗(部分);以及低分割放射治疗,其中每个部分施予较大放射治疗剂量,但是施予较少的部分。
进一步的治疗活性剂可以是止吐剂。合适的止吐剂包括但不限于甲氧氯普胺、多潘立酮、丙氯拉嗪、异丙嗪、氯丙嗪、曲美苄胺、昂丹司琼、格拉司琼、羟嗪、乙酰亮氨酸、阿立必利、阿扎司琼、苯喹胺、氨醇醋茶碱、溴必利、布克利嗪、氯波必利、赛克力嗪、茶苯海明、地芬尼多、多拉司琼、美克洛嗪、美沙拉特、美托哌丙嗪、纳比隆、匹哌马嗪、东莨菪碱、舒必利、四氢大麻酚、硫乙拉嗪、硫丙拉嗪和托烷司琼。在一个优选的实施方案中,止吐剂是格拉司琼或昂丹司琼。
在另一个实施方案中,所述另外的治疗活性剂可以是造血集落刺激因子。合适的造血集落刺激因子包括但不限于非格司亭、沙格司亭、莫格司亭(molgramostim)和埃博伊汀α。
在另一个实施方案中,所述其它治疗活性剂可以是鸦片样物质或非鸦片样物质镇痛药。合适的鸦片样物质镇痛药包括但不限于吗啡、海洛因、二氢吗啡酮、氢可酮、羟吗啡酮、羟考酮、美托邦、阿扑吗啡、丁丙诺啡、哌替啶、洛哌丁胺、乙索庚嗪、倍他罗定、地芬诺酯、芬太尼、舒芬太尼、阿芬太尼、瑞芬太尼、左啡诺、右美沙芬、非那宗、哌马唑嗪、环佐辛、美沙酮、异美索酮和丙氧芬。合适的非鸦片样物质镇痛药包括但不限于阿司匹林、塞来昔布、罗非考昔、双氯芬酸、二氟尼柳、依托度酸、非诺洛芬、氟比洛芬、布洛芬、酮洛芬、吲哚美辛、酮咯酸、甲氯芬那酸、甲芬那酸、萘丁美酮、萘普生、吡罗昔康和舒林酸。
在另一个实施方案中,所述另外的治疗活性剂可以是抗焦虑剂。合适的抗焦虑药包括但不限于丁螺环酮和苯二氮类,例如安定、劳拉西泮、奥沙西泮、氯雷西泮、氯硝西泮、氯氮卓和阿普唑仑。
在一个实施方案中,所述附加的活性化合物可以包含在相同的组合物中或分开施用。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的药物组合或组合物涉及用于同时、分开或相继用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症的联合制剂。
本发明还提供包含本发明的组合或组合物的试剂盒。包含本发明的组合或组合物的试剂盒可用于治疗方法。
本发明将通过以下附图和实施例进一步说明。然而,这些实施例和附图不应以任何方式解释为限制本发明的范围。
附图说明
图1.在人结肠直肠癌细胞系HT29(A)和HCT116(B)中,以及在鼠淋巴细胞白血病L1210(C)中,FUra作为单一药剂[FUra],FUra与亚叶酸[FUra-FA],FUra与PLP[FUra-PLP],以及FUra与亚叶酸和PLP组合[FUra-FA-PLP]的剂量-效应图。
图2.在人结肠直肠癌细胞系HT29(A)和HCT116(B)中,以及在鼠淋巴细胞性白血病L1210(C)中,关于用亚叶酸和PLP组合[FUra-FA-PLP]对FUra计算的细胞抑制分数(Fa)图的组合指数(CI),虚线代表95%置信区间。
图3.通过腹膜内途径施予高剂量的肠胃外吡哆胺(PM)或吡哆醇(PN)转化产生的PMP、PL和PLP的小鼠红细胞水平。Balb/C小鼠仅在时间0以150mg/kg或450mg/kg施予PM(A)或PN(B),或在时间0和从开始12小时后施予两次。对于研究的每个PM或PN剂量,在实验开始1、3、6、12和24小时后进行测量。
具体实施方式
5-氟尿嘧啶(FUra)的活性代谢物氟代脱氧尿苷单磷酸(FdUMP)结合胸苷酸合成酶(TS)和CH2-H4PteGlu以形成三元复合物[FdUMP-TS-CH2-H4PteGlu],同时使TS的失活(1-3)。在较宽的浓度范围内,复合物的稳定性随着CH2-H4PteGlu水平的增加而增加(2,3)。低浓度的辅因子会导致复合物的解离和酶活性的恢复,导致氟嘧啶的细胞毒性效力丧失。在体外补充暴露于具有高浓度N5-甲酰基四氢蝶酰谷氨酸(5-HCO-H4PteGlu;亚叶酸;甲酰四氢叶酸)的FUra或氟代脱氧尿苷(FUdR)的癌细胞系导致比用这些氟嘧啶作为单一药剂形成更多的三元复合物,导致细胞毒性作用的增强(4)。
根据这些发现,包括我们自己的研究者设计了以高剂量组合FUra和亚叶酸用于治疗各种类型癌症患者的方案,并且已经证明该组合具有比作为单一药剂施用的FUra更高的抗肿瘤功效(5-7)。基于这些早期研究,许多组合FUra和亚叶酸的方案成为目前用于治疗结肠直肠癌、胃癌和最近的胰腺癌患者的单一药剂和组合疗法的基础。随后进行了尝试,目的是通过增加亚叶酸的量,并通过使用纯天然的[6S]-立体异构体([6S]-5-HCO-四氢蝶酰基谷氨酸]代替[6R,S]-对映体混合物,来改善临床中氟嘧啶的调节。然而,目前没有明确的证据表明氟嘧啶通过这些变化改善抗癌效力。
叶酸对氟嘧啶的生物化学调节对细胞毒性的有效性在癌细胞中是不同的。变化被认为主要是由于CH2-H4PteGlu的细胞内扩增水平的差异,以及细胞的聚谷氨酸能力的差异,主要是对于长链的叶酸多聚谷氨酸(8)。
考虑到CH2-H4PteGlu浓度升高对FdUMP从三元复合物中解离的影响(2,3),很可能无论是向癌细胞补充增加剂量的叶酸盐,或向癌细胞提供任何叶酸化合物,都不会达到最佳TS抑制所需时间内CH2-H4PteGlu的细胞内高水平,如先前实验所表明(8-15)。在大多数这些研究中,当癌细胞暴露于大量叶酸时,仅观察到CH2-H4PteGlu的少量扩增,其浓度在叶酸暴露停止后迅速降低(8-15)。
这些发现的一个可能的解释是癌细胞中叶酸的非常快速的转化(16),其由叶酸辅因子的互变导致,包括CH2-H4PteGlu不可逆地还原为N5-甲基四氢蝶酰谷氨酸(CH3-H4PteGlu),其是最丰富的细胞内叶酸(15,16)。因此,CH3-H4PteGlu迁移到叶酸互变池中的转移依赖于由甲硫氨酸合成酶催化的L-高半胱氨酸合成L-甲硫氨酸所导致的H4PteGlu的形成。
胞内CH2-H4PteGlu池的不良扩展也可由癌细胞中CH2-H4PteGlu的低生成量引起。由H4PteGlu合成CH2-H4PteGlu是由两种代谢途径产生的。一种由丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶(SHMT)催化,SHMT是一种普遍存在的PLP依赖性酶,其由两种亚型组成,细胞质SHMT亚型1和线粒体SHMT亚型2(17,18)。SHMT催化丝氨酸的Cβ向H4PteGlu的可逆转移,形成甘氨酸和CH2-H4PteGlu。该反应是由叶酸依赖性酶催化的反应所需的一个碳单位的主要来源,包括由FdUMP的靶酶TS催化的脱氧尿苷酸(dUMP)合成胸苷酸(dTMP)。
第二种途径是甘氨酸裂解系统,其在三个连续反应中催化甘氨酸裂解直到CH2-H4PteGlu的形成,所述反应包含三种酶和与线粒体内膜结合的载体蛋白(18,19)。载体为H蛋白,酶为P蛋白,一种PLP依赖性甘氨酸脱氢酶;T-蛋白,一种氨基甲基转移酶;和L-蛋白,一种二氢硫辛酰胺脱氢酶。
本假设的基本原理在于SHMT脱辅基酶和辅因子之间的亲和力。从各种动物和人类酶源测量了SHMT对PLP的解离常数(Kd)。在早期的研究中,发现PLP结合纯化的牛肝cSHMT,其Kd高达27μmol/L(20),但其他研究者发现更小的值。在一项研究中,辅因子与纯化的兔肝SHMT结合,Kd为700nmol/L(21)。在一研究中,人重组细胞质cSHMT以850nmol/L的Kd结合辅因子(22),在另一研究中,人重组SHMT1和SHMT2分别以250nmol/L和440nmol/L的Kd结合辅因子(23)。相反,在基础条件下,人红细胞中天然存在的PLP的水平报道为小至30-100nmol/L的堆积细胞(24),这与报道的SHMT脱辅基酶对辅因子的结合亲和力显著不同。尽管对细胞内辅因子被供应给PLP依赖性酶的机制知之甚少(25),但这些特征预测SHMT活性应当对细胞内PLP浓度变化敏感。大鼠缺乏维生素B6导致肝脏SHMT活性丧失,和一碳代谢受损(26)。此外,据报道,维生素B6的限制在体外降低MCF-7人乳腺癌细胞中SHMT的活性,这表明需要足够量的辅因子来增加癌细胞内的酶功能(22)。
我们假设在癌细胞中补充大量PLP以促进CH2-H4PteGlu的产生,并通过[TS-CH2-H4PteGlu-FdUMP]三元复合物稳定化增加其细胞毒性活性来调节FUra。为了验证该假设,在三种癌细胞系模型中体外进行实验以评估FUra、亚叶酸和PLP在高浓度下对细胞毒性的相互作用。
材料和方法
细胞系和体外细胞毒性研究
人结肠直肠癌细胞系HT29、HCT116和鼠L1210淋巴细胞白血病从无支原体的冷冻贮存物中解冻,并控制污染。在37℃下、含有5%CO2的大气中,在不含任何B6-同效维生素(Gibco;Life Technologies)的定制DMEM细胞培养基中生长细胞,所述培养基中添加了10%FBS和抗生素(链霉素,50μg/ml,青霉素,50U/ml)。
在四种条件下,将癌细胞在12孔细胞板中暴露于不同浓度的FUra:作为单一药剂[FUra];与[6R,S]-亚叶酸(20μmol/L)组合[FUra-FA];与PLP(160μmol/L;Sigma-Aldrich)组合[FUra-PLP];以及与两种试剂[6R,S]-亚叶酸(20μmol/L)和PLP(160μmol/L)组合[FUra-AF-PLP]。从暴露开始72小时后收集细胞。细胞活力是在马拉塞室中用锥虫蓝染料排斥试验或通过流式细胞仪测量的。对于后一种方法,在BD Accuri C6流式细胞仪(BDBiosciences)中对光双散射定义的活细胞进行计数。实验重复两次。
我们分析了HT29细胞在不含任何B6-同效维生素的定制培养基中的细胞生长,在96小时培养的连续传代五次后,没有观察到对生长的任何影响。我们还证明在本实验所用的浓度下,亚叶酸和PLP本身都不携带细胞毒性。
根据浓度-效应分析的中值效应原理,研究了FUra单剂[FUra]、FUra与亚叶酸[FUra-FA]、FUra与PLP[FUra-PLP]以及FUra与亚叶酸和PLP的组合[FUra-FA-PLP]获得的生长抑制数据。Chou和Talalay考虑两种相互非排他的药物(即,基于生物调节剂作用于排他性靶的假设,[FUra-FA]是药物1,[FUra-PLP]是药物2)而提出的组合指数(CI)用于确定协同、加和或拮抗作用(27)。组合指数由在1:1的恒定FUra浓度比下组合[FUra-FA-PLP]、[FUra-FA]和[FUra-PLP]对细胞生长产生的影响计算。为了表示协同作用(CI<1)、加和(CI≈1)和拮抗作用(CI>1),将[FUra-FA-PLP]的组合指数绘制为CI相对于抑制的细胞百分比(受影响的分数;Fa)。计算剂量-效应和CI参数,并用CalcuSyn软件(Biosoft,Cambridge,UK)绘制剂量-效应和Fa-CI图。
体内B6同效维生素的细胞内转换
在小鼠体内研究高剂量肠胃外吡哆胺(PM)或吡哆醇(PN)后B6同效维生素的红细胞药代动力学,目的是探索细胞在体内累积PLP的生理限制。
维生素B6是通用名,其包括六种可相互转化的化合物(即,B6同效维生素),即吡哆醇(PN)、吡哆胺(PM)、吡哆醛(PL)和它们各自的5'-磷酸化形式、PNP、PMP和辅因子PLP。
我们测定了小鼠红细胞PMP、PL和PLP的水平,这些水平是由肠胃外高剂量施予PM或吡哆醇(PN)转化而产生的。在标准条件下笼中喂食的6周龄雌性Balb/C小鼠以150mg/kg或450mg/kg仅在时间0(t0)腹膜内PM(Sigma-Aldrich),或在时间0和从开始12小时后(即在时间t0和t12h)施予两次PM。对于研究每种PM的剂量,在开始1、3、6和12小时后,处死每只在t0接受一次PM注射的两只小鼠的组并进行取样,而接受2次PM注射的两只动物,在第2次注射后12小时(即,在实验开始后24小时)取样。血液收集在肝素中。B6同效维生素的测定通过HPLC进行(28)。
结果
剂量-效应图示于图1A、2A和3A中,各实验条件下的50%抑制浓度(IC50s)示于表1中,结果证明在所研究的三种细胞系中,FA以及PLP增加了FUra细胞毒性。FUra与FA和PLP一起联合使用细胞毒性更大。
表1.在亚叶酸(FA,20μmol/L)、5'-磷酸吡哆醛(PLP,160μmol/L),以及FA(20μmol/L)和PLP(160μmol/L)的组合存在下培养72小时后,人结肠直肠癌细胞系HT29和HCT116中以及L1210鼠淋巴细胞白血病中FUra50%-抑制浓度(IC50s)的变化。
剂量效应参数,IC50s和95%置信区间用CalcuSyn软件(Biosoft)获得。
对于HT29和L1210细胞中受影响细胞分数(Fa)低于75%获得的大多数实验值,[FUra-FA-PLP]的组合指数具有协同(<1)和加和(≈1)显著性(图2A和2C)。在这些分数效应限度内,CI模拟遵循FA和PLP组合对FUra细胞毒性的作用的协同的连续趋势。对于HCT116细胞,实验CI值比HT29和L1210细胞更分散(图2B)。对于HCT116感染细胞的分数在20%和70%之间获得的多个数值具有协同意义,而其他数值>1,大部分在分数效应极限内;在该细胞系中,在大约30%-70%之间的分数效应限度内,CI模拟遵循FA和PLP组合对FUra细胞毒性的作用的加和性趋势。
红细胞快速代谢吡哆胺并积累高浓度的PLP
基础PLP红细胞浓度为31±7nmol/L的100%浓集红细胞(图3)。肠胃外的PM和PN导致细胞内PLP库的扩增。在施予两种同效维生素的每一种的小鼠中,向PL和PMP的转化是相似的。然而,在B6同效维生素的最高剂量,使用PM的PLP扩增高于使用PN的。目前不能精确比较这些化合物在PLP转化方面的效力,需要进一步研究。第三小时后PLP水平迅速降低,注射后12小时接近基线浓度。这一观察结果在接受两次PM或PN注射的动物中(即在时间t0和t12h)是相似的,表明新合成的PLP的细胞清除是快速的,并且当以12小时间隔重复注射时辅因子在细胞中没有明显积累(图3A和3B)。PM的代谢转化也导致产生大量的PL和PMP。注射了最高剂量维生素B6(即450mg/kg PM)的动物的红细胞中PLP峰浓度比接受150mg/kg注射的动物的红细胞中PLP峰浓度高约6倍;在接受150mg/kg PM的小鼠的中,平均峰值PLP水平为382nmol/L100%浓集细胞,而在接受450mg/kg PM的小鼠中为2,326nmol/L100%浓集细胞(图3A)。
在接受一次或两次PM注射的任何小鼠中,在所研究的两个剂量中的任何一个剂量中,没有观察到急性毒性的迹象。
讨论
剂量-效果数据证实了高浓度亚叶酸对FUra的调节,导致细胞毒性作用的增强(4)。结果表明FUra与高浓度PLP的组合遵循细胞毒性增强的趋势。FUra、亚叶酸和PLP的组合在所研究的三种细胞系中产生更大的细胞毒性作用。组合指数表明,对于在HT29、L1210细胞中获得的大多数实验数据,FA和PLP一起累加了它们的作用或与FUra一起对细胞毒性产生协同相互作用,而在HCT116细胞中获得的协同作用的程度较小。
尽管本发明的结果符合我们的假设,但是确定相互作用的精确机制是必要的,并且需要进一步的研究。从我们的数据,我们假设维生素B6促进CH2-H4PteGlu在癌细胞中的扩增,导致在FUra存在下三元复合物的稳定增加。
细胞体外对PLP的有效摄取以前在红细胞中得到证实(29,30)。然而,在这些条件下,既没有研究在与高浓度PLP温育后达到的细胞内浓度水平,也没有研究掺入的辅因子的代谢。
本研究表明,在高剂量经胃肠外施予维生素B6后,PLP的细胞内水平强烈增加。这些剂量下,PLP达到接近或高于报道的辅因子与SHMT结合的Kd水平,这预期酶活性应通过体内细胞内PLP池扩增来提高。然而,游离细胞内PLP快速降低至基础水平在注射后不到12小时内发生。这一特征的机制尚未阐明。PLP与血红蛋白的结合是一个可能的原因。也可能存在避免PLP高浓度积累的调节机制(18)。我们的发现与在人类肠胃外施予PN后PMP、PL和PLP的细胞内药代动力学的报道一致(18,24)。
本发明的发现应该考虑用于旨在改善通过亚叶酸和B6同效维生素联用对氟嘧啶的生物调节以治疗癌症的实验。
参考文献:
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Claims (15)
1.一种抗肿瘤药物组合,其包含(i)氟嘧啶,(ii)B6同效维生素和任选地(iii)叶酸。
2.根据权利要求1所述的抗肿瘤药物组合,其包含(i)氟嘧啶,(ii)B6同效维生素,和(iii)叶酸。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的抗肿瘤药物组合,其中氟嘧啶选自5-氟尿嘧啶、卡培他滨、5-氟-2'-脱氧尿苷、呋氟尿嘧啶、乙嘧替氟、恩尿嘧啶/5-FU、S-1、UFT及其混合物。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的抗肿瘤药物组合,其中所述B6同效维生素选自吡哆醇、吡哆醛、吡哆胺、其5'-磷酸化衍生物、其乙酸酯、其药学上相容的盐、及其混合物。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的抗肿瘤药物组合,其中所述叶酸选自亚叶酸、二氢叶酸、四氢叶酸、5-甲基四氢叶酸、5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸、5,10-次甲基四氢叶酸、5-亚胺甲基四氢叶酸、5-甲酰基四氢叶酸、[6S]-5-甲酰基四氢叶酸、10-甲酰基四氢叶酸、其药学上相容的盐及其混合物。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的抗肿瘤药物组合,其用于同时、分别或相继用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
7.一种抗肿瘤药物组合物,它包含(i)氟嘧啶,(ii)B6同效维生素和任选地(iii)叶酸。
8.根据权利要求7所述的抗肿瘤药物组合物,其任选地与叶酸组合用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
9.根据权利要求6所述的用于应用的抗肿瘤药物组合或根据权利要求8中任一项所述的用于应用的抗肿瘤药物组合物,其中,所述组合或组合物与一种或多种免疫治疗剂、化疗剂或放射治疗剂顺序地或伴随地施用。
10.氟嘧啶与B6同效维生素和任选地叶酸组合用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
11.B6同效维生素与氟嘧啶和任选地叶酸组合用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
12.叶酸与氟嘧啶和B6同效维生素组合用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症。
13.一种用于治疗有需要的受试者的癌症的联合制剂,所述联合制剂包含(i)一个或多个剂量单位的氟嘧啶,(ii)一个或多个剂量单位的B6同效维生素,和任选地(iii)一个或多个剂量单位的叶酸。
14.一种试剂盒,包括:
a)(i)包含氟嘧啶和B6同效维生素的抗肿瘤药物组合物,和(ii)一个或多个剂量单位的叶酸,或
b)(i)包含氟嘧啶的抗肿瘤药物组合物,和(ii)一个或多个剂量单位的包含B6同效维生素和任选地叶酸的药物组合物,或
c)(i)包含氟嘧啶的抗肿瘤药物组合物,(ii)一个或多个剂量单位的B6同效维生素和(iii)一个或多个剂量单位的叶酸。
15.一种在有需要的受试者中治疗癌症的方法,所述方法包括施予治疗有效量的抗肿瘤药物组合物的步骤,所述抗肿瘤药物组合物包含(i)氟嘧啶、(ii)B6同效维生素和任选地(iii)叶酸。
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