CN113267573A - 一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法及应用 - Google Patents
一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法及应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法及应用,将核桃壳进行超声水洗、烘干、粉碎,再进行超纯水煮沸清洗、烘干;加入氢氧化钠改性剂中,超声使氢氧化钠改性剂分散均匀并煮沸,一定温度下密闭保存,然后高温炭化,恢复室温后,依次利用稀硫酸、蒸馏水、二氯甲烷、甲醇、蒸馏水洗脱至中性,收集核桃壳细颗粒,最后真空干燥,得到核桃壳活性炭;将核桃壳活性炭颗粒填入固相萃取柱空柱中,压实,得到核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱。本发明采用化学活化结合高温炭化工艺,制备的核桃壳生物质活性炭颗粒尺寸均一,具有较高的比表面积和孔体积,以该核桃壳活性炭为填料制备的固相萃取柱在饮用水中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的分析检测中有良好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域:
本发明属于饮用水消毒副产物分析和材料制备技术领域,具体涉及一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法及应用。
背景技术:
水是生命之源,是人类生存不可或缺的物质之一,饮用水的安全与人类健康和社会稳定以及经济发展息息相关。水源水中有很多病原性微生物,直接饮用能够导致伤寒、霍乱等疾病的暴发和流行,为保障饮用水安全,更多的饮用水消毒采用氯气或氯胺消毒,饮用水进行消毒可以杀灭水中的病原体,但消毒剂的使用也产生了很多种类的消毒副产物,亚硝胺类消毒副产物是一种新型的含氮类消毒副产物,很多研究表明其具有较高的急性毒性和遗传毒性,根据国际癌症研究署分类,很多亚硝胺类物质属于可疑致癌物;截至目前,已经有亚硝基二甲胺、亚硝基甲乙胺、亚硝基二苯胺等9种亚硝胺被鉴定为饮用水消毒副产物:而这一类物质在饮用水中的含量多在ng/L的水平,由于其较高的致癌风险,不同国家和地区对饮用水中的部分亚硝胺类消毒副产物做出了管控标准,其中,世界卫生组织对饮用水中亚硝基二甲胺的管控标准为100ng/L,最为严格的管控标准为加拿大的安大略省亚硝基二甲胺管控标准为9ng/L,而在2018年,我国上海地区也将亚硝基二甲胺列入饮用水标准中,其管控浓度为不超过100ng/L。
在亚硝胺的分析检测中,水样的固相萃取前处理则依托萃取效率较高的吸附剂。目前EPA521方法中的固相萃取方法以椰壳活性炭为固相萃取填料,然而其对亚硝基二苯胺的萃取回收率低于50%,并不能够作为一种有效的萃取方法,且椰壳活性炭固相萃取小柱价格高昂,该萃取柱更多依赖进口,不利于饮用水中超痕量亚硝胺类消毒副产物分析检测方法的广泛推广和应用。基于此,本发明提出一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法及应用以解决上述问题。
发明内容:
本发明的目的是针对现有技术的不足,提供一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法及应用,采用化学改性结合高温炭化工艺,制备核桃壳生物质活性炭,并制备固相萃取小柱,不仅原材料成本低廉且制备及使用方法简便,在饮用水中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的分析检测中有良好的应用前景,可大规模生产。
本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、核桃壳改性前细颗粒的制备:称取一定质量的核桃壳进行超声水洗、烘干,随后利用高速粉碎机进行粉碎,收集粉碎后的核桃壳细颗粒,再进行超纯水煮沸清洗、烘干,然后放置于干燥器中干燥处理;
S2、核桃壳活性炭的制备:将S1中干燥后的核桃壳细颗粒,加入氢氧化钠改性剂中,超声使氢氧化钠改性剂分散均匀,并煮沸10分钟,使氢氧化钠改性剂完全渗透核桃壳,一定温度下密闭保存,使其充分接触,然后高温炭化,恢复室温后,依次利用稀硫酸、蒸馏水、二氯甲烷、甲醇、蒸馏水洗脱至中性,收集核桃壳细颗粒,最后利用真空干燥箱干燥,得到核桃壳活性炭;
S3、核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备:将S2中制备的核桃壳活性炭颗粒填入固相萃取柱空柱中,压实,得到核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱。
进一步的,粉碎后的核桃壳细颗粒细度为100目至200目。
进一步的,S1中,超声水洗中,超声波频率为100kHz;高速粉碎机的转速为32000转/分。
进一步的,S2中,核桃壳细颗粒与氢氧化钠改性剂的浸渍比为1:3,氢氧化钠改性剂为浓度1~10mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液。
进一步的,氢氧化钠改性剂为浓度5mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液。
进一步的,S2中,密闭保存温度为40℃,保存时间为24小时。
进一步的,S2中,高温炭化温度为600~800℃,炭化时间为2小时;洗脱液稀硫酸浓度为0.1mol/L;真空干燥温度为60℃。
进一步的,高温炭化温度为700~800℃。
进一步的,高温炭化温度为800℃。
进一步的,S3中,核桃壳活性炭颗粒的填料量为500mg。
本发明还提供以上所述的核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱在固相萃取水中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的应用,将核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱依次经过甲醇活化、低压上样、甲醇洗脱,即可进行水样中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的萃取富集。
本发明的有益效果:
(1)本发明制备核桃壳生物质活性炭,采用化学活化结合高温炭化工艺,制备核桃壳生物质活性炭,并制备固相萃取小柱,方法简便,在饮用水中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的分析检测中有良好的应用前景,可大规模生产;
(2)本发明制备的核桃壳生物质活性炭颗粒尺寸较为均一,具有较高的比表面积和孔体积,在水样中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的固相萃取过程中具有较高萃取回收率(63%-107%);
(3)本发明制备的核桃壳生物质活性炭萃取小柱,在实际应用中使用成本底,萃取效果好,不仅实现了生物质废料再利用,且在亚硝胺类消毒副产物的分析检测中具有较大的实际应用价值。
附图说明:
图1为实施例1所制备的核桃壳生物质活性炭样品(800℃,5mol/L氢氧化钠)的扫描电镜及能谱分析图;
图2为实施例1所制备的核桃壳生物质活性炭样品(800℃,5mol/L氢氧化钠)的红外光谱图;
图3为实施例1所制备的核桃壳生物质活性炭样品(800℃,5mol/L氢氧化钠)比表面积及元素分析结果图;
图4为本发明实施例1~9所制备的核桃壳生物活性炭固相萃取填料,对9种亚硝胺(50ng/L)的回收率结果图,其中,600℃(图a),700℃(图b),800℃(图c);
具体实施方式:
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明的一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动的前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、核桃壳改性前细颗粒的制备:称取一定质量的核桃壳进行超声水洗30min(超声波频率为100kHz),循环3次后,置于100℃干燥箱中干燥10小时,随后利用高速粉碎机进行粉碎干燥后的核桃壳(转速为32000转/分),并筛选出100至200目的核桃壳细颗粒,再进行超纯水煮沸30分钟进一步清洁颗粒表面,最后置于100℃干燥箱中干燥10小时,待下一步活化使用;
S2、核桃壳活性炭的制备:将S1中干燥后的核桃壳细颗粒,加入氢氧化钠改性剂(浓度5mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液)中,核桃壳细颗粒与氢氧化钠改性剂的浸渍比为1:3;利用超声震荡10分钟使氢氧化钠改性剂分散均匀,并煮沸10分钟,使氢氧化钠改性剂完全渗透核桃壳,40℃下密闭保存24小时,使其充分接触完成化学活化,然后在管式炉中高温炭化2小时(炭化温度为800℃),恢复室温后,依次利用稀硫酸(浓度为0.1mol/L)、蒸馏水、二氯甲烷、甲醇、蒸馏水洗脱至中性,收集100目至200目之间的核桃壳细颗粒,最后利用真空干燥箱干燥(60℃),得到核桃壳活性炭;
S3、核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备:取一固相萃取柱空管,在空管柱底部放一筛板,称取500mg S2中制备的核桃壳活性炭颗粒填入固相萃取柱空柱中,再覆一枚筛板于活性炭上,手动压实,得到核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱。将核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱依次经过甲醇活化、低压上样、甲醇洗脱,即可进行水样中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的萃取富集。
实施例2~9
实施例2~9与实施例1中的方法大致相同,不同之处在于:氢氧化钠改性剂的浓度,以及核桃壳细颗粒的高温炭化温度。本发明实施例2~9中氢氧化钠改性剂的浓度及核桃壳细颗粒的高温炭化温度参见表1。
表1
试验例1
将实施例1所制备的核桃壳活性炭颗粒进行扫描电镜、红外光谱、比表面积、元素分析并进行相关表征。结果见图1~3,其中,图1中,a、b、c为扫描电镜图,d为核桃壳活性炭表层氧元素能谱分析图,e为核桃壳活性炭表层碳元素能谱分析图,f为核桃壳活性炭表层碳和氧元素能谱电压响应图。由图1~3可知,本发明实施例1所制备的核桃壳活性炭颗粒尺寸较为均一,具有较高的比表面积和孔体积。
试验例2
使用实施例1~9所制备的核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱,萃取50ng/L的9种亚硝胺加标超纯水。
萃取方法:初步使用3×3mL分析纯甲醇常压活化萃取柱,3×3mL超纯水洗去甲醇,真空上样(10mL/min),上样结束后低压抽干固相萃取柱10min,最后使用3×3mL分析纯甲醇常压洗脱,使用高纯氮气浓缩洗脱剂至1mL,最后使用气质联用仪检测样品瓶中亚硝胺浓度,评估萃取回收率,试验结果参照图4(柱形图中,由左到右为氢氧化钠改性剂浓度1、5、10mol/L制备的核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱对9种亚硝胺的回收率)。由图4可知,本发明实施例1所制备的核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱效果最优,其回收率为63%-107%。
本发明所应用的核桃壳作为一种天然生物质材料,主要成分为纤维素、半纤维素和木质素,表面含有大量含氧官能团,较为容易通过物理和化学改性方法制备生物质活性炭,通过本发明方案制备的核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱,制备和使用方法简便,原材料充足且成本低廉,针对饮用水中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的萃取回收率高,且具有很大的市场应用前景和实际应用价值。
以上仅是本发明的优选实施方式,本发明的保护范围并不仅局限于上述实施例,凡属于本发明思路下的技术方案均属于本发明的保护范围,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理前提下的若干改进和润饰,应视为本发明的保护范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1、核桃壳改性前细颗粒的制备:
称取一定质量的核桃壳进行超声水洗、烘干,随后利用高速粉碎机进行粉碎,收集粉碎后的核桃壳细颗粒,再进行超纯水煮沸清洗、烘干,然后放置于干燥器中干燥处理;
S2、核桃壳活性炭的制备:
将S1中干燥后的核桃壳细颗粒,加入氢氧化钠改性剂中,超声使氢氧化钠改性剂分散均匀并煮沸,使氢氧化钠改性剂完全渗透核桃壳,一定温度下密闭保存,使其充分接触,然后高温炭化,恢复室温后,依次利用稀硫酸、蒸馏水、二氯甲烷、甲醇、蒸馏水洗脱至中性,收集核桃壳细颗粒,最后利用真空干燥箱干燥,得到核桃壳活性炭;
S3、核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备:
将S2中制备的核桃壳活性炭颗粒填入固相萃取柱空柱中,压实,得到核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法,其特征在于,粉碎后的核桃壳细颗粒细度为100目至200目。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法,其特征在于,S1中,超声水洗中,超声波频率为100kHz;高速粉碎机的转速为32000转/分。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法,其特征在于,S2中,核桃壳细颗粒与氢氧化钠改性剂的浸渍比为1:3,氢氧化钠改性剂为浓度1~10mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法,其特征在于,氢氧化钠改性剂为浓度5mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法,其特征在于,S2中,密闭保存温度为40℃,保存时间为24小时。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法,其特征在于,S2中,高温炭化温度为600~800℃,炭化时间为2小时;洗脱液稀硫酸浓度为0.1mol/L;真空干燥温度为60℃。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱的制备方法,其特征在于,高温炭化温度为800℃。
9.权利要求1~8任意一项所述的核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱在固相萃取水中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的应用。
10.根据权利要求9所述的核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱在固相萃取水中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的应用,其特征在于,将核桃壳活性炭固相萃取柱依次经过甲醇活化、低压上样、甲醇洗脱,进行水样中亚硝胺类消毒副产物的萃取富集。
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