CN113263931A - 用于利用充电站对车辆充电的导频控制电路 - Google Patents

用于利用充电站对车辆充电的导频控制电路 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN113263931A
CN113263931A CN202110187748.7A CN202110187748A CN113263931A CN 113263931 A CN113263931 A CN 113263931A CN 202110187748 A CN202110187748 A CN 202110187748A CN 113263931 A CN113263931 A CN 113263931A
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vehicle
switch
voltage
charging
auxiliary battery
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王驰纶
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60LPROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/60Monitoring or controlling charging stations
    • B60L53/62Monitoring or controlling charging stations in response to charging parameters, e.g. current, voltage or electrical charge
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H02M1/4208Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
    • H02M1/4225Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input using a non-isolated boost converter
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    • B60L53/10Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L50/50Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/60Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using power supplied by batteries
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L58/15Preventing overcharging
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L58/00Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
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    • B60L58/20Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having different nominal voltages
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    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01M10/44Methods for charging or discharging
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Abstract

本公开提供“用于利用充电站对车辆充电的导频控制电路”。一种车辆包括牵引电池、辅助电池和被配置为与充电站的连接器配合的充电端口。所述充电端口具有导频管脚。控制导频电路包括被布置在所述导频管脚与接地之间的第一开关。所述导频电路还包括被布置在所述导频管脚与所述接地之间的第二开关。所述第二开关被配置为响应于所述辅助电池的电压小于阈值而闭合以在导频信号中引起第一电压变化,并且响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压超过所述阈值而断开。

Description

用于利用充电站对车辆充电的导频控制电路
技术领域
本公开涉及具有由车外充电站来充电的能力的电动化车辆,并且更具体地涉及检测车辆与充电站之间的连接。
背景技术
电动化动力传动系统可以包括发动机和电机。由发动机和/或电机产生的扭矩(或动力)可以通过变速器传递到从动轮以推进车辆。牵引电池为电机供应能量。
发明内容
根据一个实施例,一种车辆包括牵引电池、辅助电池和被配置为与充电站的连接器配合的充电端口。所述充电端口具有导频管脚。控制导频电路包括被布置在所述导频管脚与接地之间的第一开关。控制器由所述辅助电池供电,并且被配置为响应于(i)接收到由所述充电站产生的导频信号并且(ii)所述辅助电池的电压大于阈值,使用来自所述辅助电池的电力来闭合所述第一开关,以在所述导频信号中引起第一电压变化。所述导频电路还包括被布置在所述导频管脚与所述接地之间的第二开关。所述第二开关被配置为响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压小于所述阈值而闭合以在所述导频信号中引起所述第一电压变化,并且响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压超过所述阈值而断开。
根据另一个实施例,一种用于控制在车辆的牵引电池与充电站之间的充电过程的控制导频电路。所述控制导频电路包括:导频管脚,所述导频管脚支撑在车辆充电端口中并且被配置为从所述充电站接收导频信号;以及第一开关,所述第一开关布置在所述导频管脚与接地之间。控制器由所述车辆的辅助电池供电,并且被配置为响应于(i)接收到所述导频信号并且(ii)所述辅助电池的电压大于阈值,使用来自所述辅助电池的电力来闭合所述第一开关,以在所述导频信号中引起第一电压变化。所述电路还包括被布置在所述导频管脚与所述接地之间的第二开关。所述第二开关被配置为响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压小于所述阈值而闭合以在所述导频信号中引起所述第一电压变化,并且响应于所述辅助电池总线的所述电压超过所述阈值而断开。
根据又一个实施例,一种用车辆充电站对辅助电池充电的方法包括:响应于从所述充电站接收到导频信号并且所述辅助电池的电压小于阈值,通过将车辆充电端口的导频管脚通过第一开关连接到接地来在所述导频信号中引起第一电压变化,所述第一开关被配置为当所述辅助电池的所述电压小于所述阈值时闭合。所述方法还包括用从所述车辆充电站接收的电力对所述辅助电池充电,以及响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压超过所述阈值,闭合由来自所述辅助电池的电力操作的第二开关并断开所述第一开关,其中闭合所述第二开关也在所述导频信号中引起第一电压降。
附图说明
图1是插电式混合动力车辆的示意图。
图2是车辆与充电站之间的连接接口的图示。
图3A是根据一个实施例的示出车辆高压和低压充电系统的示例性配置的图示。
图3B是根据另一个实施例的示出车辆高压和低压充电系统的示例性配置的图示。
图4是示出车载充电器的电力电路的图示。
图5是示出高压到低压DC/DC转换器的电力电路的图示。
图6是用于利用充电站对车辆的辅助电池充电的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
本文中描述了本公开的实施例。然而,应理解,所公开的实施例仅仅是示例并且其他实施例可以呈现各种和替代形式。附图不一定按比例绘制;一些特征可能被放大或最小化以示出特定部件的细节。因此,本文所公开的具体结构细节和功能细节不应被解释为是限制性的,而仅是解释为教导本领域技术人员以不同方式采用本发明的代表性基础。如本领域的普通技术人员将理解,参考附图中的任一者示出和描述的各种特征可以与一个或多个其他附图中示出的特征组合以产生未明确地示出或描述的实施例。所示特征的组合提供典型应用的代表性实施例。然而,对于特定的应用或实现方式,可能期望与本公开的教导一致的对特征的各种组合和修改。
本公开的实施例可以包括各种内部电路和外部电路或其他电气装置。对电路和其他电气装置以及由每个电路和其他电气装置提供的功能性的所有提及并不旨在限于仅包含本文所示和所述的内容。尽管可以将特定标签分配给所公开的各种电路或其他电气装置,但此类标签并不旨在限制电路和其他电气装置的操作范围。基于所需的电气实现方式的具体类型,此类电路和其他电气装置可以以任何方式彼此组合和/或分开。应认识到,本文中公开的任何电路或其他电气装置可以包括任何数量的分立的无源部件和有源部件,诸如电阻器、电容器、晶体管、放大器、模拟/数字转换器(ADC或A/D转换器)、微处理器、集成电路、非暂时性存储器装置(例如,FLASH、随机存取存储器(RAM)、只读存储器(ROM)、电可编程只读存储器(EPROM)、电可擦除可编程只读存储器(EEPROM)或它们的任何合适的变型)以及彼此配合以执行本文中公开的操作的软件。另外,电气装置中的任一者或多者可以被配置为执行计算机程序,所述计算机程序体现在非暂时性计算机可读存储介质中,所述计算机程序包括对计算机或控制器进行编程以执行所公开的任何数量的功能的指令。
图1描绘了插电式混合动力电动车辆(PHEV)的示意图。然而,某些实施例也可以在非插电式混合动力和纯电动车辆的背景下实现。车辆12包括机械地连接到混合动力变速器16的一个或多个电机14。电机14可能够作为马达或发电机进行操作。此外,混合动力变速器16可以机械地连接到发动机18。混合动力变速器16还可以机械地连接到驱动轴20,所述驱动轴20机械地连接到车轮22。电机14可以在发动机18开启或关闭时提供推进和减速能力。电机14还充当发电机,并且可以通过利用再生制动回收能量来提供燃料经济性益处。电机14通过减少发动机18的工作量来减少污染物排放并提高燃料经济性。
牵引电池或电池组24存储可以由电机14使用的能量。牵引电池24通常提供来自牵引电池24内的一个或多个电池单元阵列(有时称为电池单元堆)的高压(HV)直流(DC)输出。电池单元阵列可以包括一个或多个电池单元。
电池单元(诸如棱柱形、软包、圆柱形或任何其他类型的电池单元)将所存储的化学能转换成电能。所述单元可以包括壳体、正电极(阴极)和负电极(阳极)。电解质可以允许离子在放电期间在阳极与阴极之间移动,并且然后在再充电期间返回。端子可以允许电流流出电池单元以供车辆使用。
不同的电池组配置可以用于满足个别车辆变量,包括封装约束和电力要求。可以利用热管理系统对电池单元进行热调节。热管理系统的示例包括空气冷却系统、液体冷却系统以及空气系统和液体系统的组合。
牵引电池24可以通过一个或多个接触器电连接到一个或多个电力电子模块26。一个或多个接触器在断开时将牵引电池24与其他部件隔离,并且在闭合时将牵引电池24连接到其他部件。电力电子模块26还电连接到电机14和高压总线25,并提供在牵引电池24与电机14之间双向传递能量的能力。例如,典型的牵引电池24可以提供直流(DC)电压,而电机14则可以使用三相交流电(AC)来发挥作用。电力电子模块26可以将DC电压转换成电机14所使用的三相AC电流。在再生模式中,电力电子模块26可以将来自充当发电机的电机14的三相AC电流转换成牵引电池24所使用的DC电压。本文的描述同样适用于纯电动车辆。对于纯电动车辆而言,混合动力变速器16可以是连接到电机14的齿轮箱,并且发动机18可以是不存在的。
除了提供用于推进的能量之外,牵引电池24还可以为其他车辆电气系统提供能量。典型的系统可以包括DC/DC转换器模块28,所述DC/DC转换器模块将牵引电池24的高压DC输出转换成与其他车辆部件兼容的低压DC供应。其他高压负载(诸如压缩机和电加热器)可以直接连接到高压供应而不使用DC/DC转换器模块28。在典型的车辆中,低压系统电连接到辅助电池30(例如,12伏电池)。在其他实施例中,电池30可以是24伏或48伏。
电池能量控制模块(BECM)33可以与牵引电池24通信。BECM 33可以充当牵引电池24的控制器,并且还可以包括电子监测系统,所述电子监测系统管理电池单元中的每个的温度和荷电状态。牵引电池24可以具有温度传感器31,诸如热敏电阻器或其他温度传感器。温度传感器31可以与BECM 33通信以提供关于牵引电池24的温度数据。
车辆12可以由连接到外部电源36的充电站(诸如电动车辆供电装备(EVSE)38)再充电。外部电源36可以是由电力公共事业公司提供的配电网络或电网。如图所示,外部电源可以电耦合到EVSE 38。虽然EVSE 50被示出为在电动车辆10外部,但也可设想EVSE 38可以位于电动车辆12内。EVSE 38能够向EVSE 38提供DC和/或AC电力。
EVSE 38可以接收电力和通过电线44和连接器40传输所接收的电力,所述连接器插入电动车辆12上的配合充电端口56中。作为一个示例,外部电力可以是在充电端口56处接收的AC电力,所述AC电力由位于电动车辆12内的车载充电器32转换成DC电力。然后,车载充电器32可以操作以对牵引电池24充电。替代地,车载充电器32可以位于电动车辆10外部的EVSE 38中。
可设想,EVSE 38可以以不同的机械配置实现,所述机械配置包括车辆充电器、充电站或充电器。还可设想,EVSE 38可以作为壁挂式单元安装在车库中、安装在车辆通常停放的建筑物旁边或安装在独立的单元中。EVSE 38可以是有时称为旅行充电器、便携式充电器或手持式充电器的电线套件。
连接器40和充电端口34可以利用导电连接,在所述导电连接中,一个连接器中的电导体(管脚)与另一个连接器中的电导体(管脚)进行物理接触。然而,还可设想,可以采用无线电力传输(WPT)系统,其中发射器可以在不使用物理电导体的情况下向接收器提供电力(例如,电力可通过自由空间传输)。可设想,输出到无线场中的电力(例如,磁感应、电感应等)可以由“接收线圈”接收、捕获或耦合以实现电力传输。
所讨论的各种部件可以具有一个或多个控制器,以控制和监测部件的操作。控制器可以经由串行总线(例如,控制器局域网(CAN))或经由专用电气导管进行通信。控制器一般包括任何数量的微处理器、ASIC、IC、存储器(例如,FLASH、ROM、RAM、EPROM和/或EEPROM)和软件代码以彼此共同作用来执行一系列操作。控制器还包括预定数据或基于计算和测试数据并存储在存储器内的“查找表”。控制器可以使用共用的总线协议(例如,CAN和LIN)通过一个或多个有线或无线车辆连接来与其他车辆系统和控制器通信。本文使用的对“控制器”的引用是指一个或多个控制器。控制器经由输入/输出(I/O)接口与各种车辆传感器和致动器通信,所述I/O接口可以实施为提供各种原始数据或信号调节、处理和/或转换、短路保护等的单个集成接口。替代地,可以在将特定信号供应给CPU之前使用一个或多个专用硬件或固件芯片来调节和处理所述特定信号。尽管未明确示出,但本领域普通技术人员将认识到在上述子系统中的每一者内可以由控制器控制的各种功能或部件。参数、系统和/或部件的代表性示例可以使用由控制器执行的控制逻辑直接或间接地致动。本文所使用的“高压”是指超过42V AC或60V DC的电压。“低压”是指不高的电压。
参考图2,车辆的EVSE连接器40和充电端口34可以根据一个或多个标准,诸如SAEJ1772。EVSE电线44的连接器40可以包括五个管脚:两个HV AC管脚82、84,接近度检测管脚86,控制导频管脚88,和接地管脚90。所述管脚可以是公管脚或母管脚。充电端口34可以包括五个配合管脚:两个HV AC管脚92、94,接近度检测管脚96,控制导频管脚98,和接地管脚100。所述管脚可以是公管脚或母管脚。例如,连接器40可以包括母管脚,并且端口34可以包括公管脚。在一些实施例中,连接器和端口可以包括用于DC充电的两个附加管脚。当然,SAEJ1772仅仅是一种示例性配置,并且可设想其他配置。
控制导频电路102用于控制EVSE 38与车载充电器32之间的充电过程以及其他功能。控制导频电路102包括被配置为产生例如以1千赫兹(kHz)占空比的正负12伏脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号(称为导频信号)的振荡器104。在操作期间,占空比可以改变。该PWM信号通过电线/端口换向到车辆充电器32,并且由车辆控制器(诸如车载电池充电器控制器)106检测。
导频信号在到车辆12之前通过电阻器108,例如1.0千欧姆(kΩ)电阻器。在充电器32中,电路102包括二极管110以及一对并联电阻器112和114。电阻器112可以具有2.74kΩ的电阻,并且电阻器114可以具有1.3kΩ的电阻。电阻器112可以硬连线到接地120,而电阻器114通过由控制器106致动的开关116连接到接地120。开关116可以是继电器或固态开关装置。响应于控制器106感测到如迹线118所示的导频信号,开关116可以由控制器106偏置断开以及命令闭合。当连接器40连接到充电端口34时,连接器40处的导频信号电压可以由分压器限定,所述分压器由电阻器108和112相对于接地120的电阻形成。所得电压可以向车辆控制器106和EVSE控制器指示连接器40正确地连接到充电端口34。闭合开关116将电阻器114连接到接地120,引起由EVSE 38检测的电压变化。EVSE 38被配置为响应于检测到允许电力从EVSE 38流到车辆充电端口34的电压变化而闭合其继电器(有时称为EVSE接触器)。导频控制电路的进一步细节在申请人的第10,046,661号专利(2018年8月14日授权)中描述,其内容通过引用整体并入本文。
控制器106是内部充电器控制器,其可以由内部内务操作电力供应装置通过辅助电池30或通过跨PFC电容器156的HV总线供电。如果辅助电池30充电不足(即,电池电压小于阈值,诸如7伏),则开关116将不会闭合,从而防止通过EVSE 38充电。因此,跨电容器156的HV总线将不被充电,并且控制器106不能由内务操作电力供应装置从任一源供电。(当电池30的电压低时,车辆的其他功能性也可能受损。)也就是说,具有低辅助电池30的车辆不能用EVSE 38充电,而是在EVSE 38可以链接到车辆12之前,用户必须首先对辅助电池30充电。
为了克服这个和其他问题,导频控制电路102包括不需要来自辅助电池30的电力的附加开关122。开关122在辅助电池30低于阈值时被偏置闭合并且不需要来自控制器106的输入以便产生由EVSE 38检测的必要电压变化。开关122可以是基于晶体管的开关,诸如所示的P型金属氧化物半导体(PMOS)。开关122可以包括栅极121、源极123和漏极125。开关122通过电阻器124连接到接地120。电阻器124可以具有与电阻器114相同的电阻,例如1.3kΩ,使得将开关122闭合类似于将开关116闭合。开关116包括相关联的电路,诸如电阻器126、128,并且连接到电池30的正极端子(B+)。开关122基于电池30的电压来操作。当电池30的电压小于阈值(例如,7伏)时,开关122闭合,并且当电压大于阈值时,开关122断开。包括开关122和相关联的部件部分允许EVSE 38和车辆12建立通信并闭合ESVE继电器以在AC管脚92和94处提供电力。然而,除非接触器闭合,否则电力将不会流到牵引电池24。接触器由BECM控制,所述BECM也由辅助电池30供电。如果辅助电池30的电压不足,例如小于9伏,则BECM无法闭合接触器,并且因此,牵引电池24不能被充电,直到辅助电池30被充分充电以操作控制器为止。车辆12被配置为使用来自EVSE 38的电力对辅助电池30充电,而无需闭合接触器。
参考图3A,示出了车辆充电系统的图示的示例。车载充电器32从车辆外部的源(例如,EVSE 38)接收AC输入电压106。高压牵引电池24通过一个或多个充电接触器142耦合到充电器32。牵引电池24还通过一个或多个主接触器200耦合到车辆高压总线210。车辆高压总线210可以包括电力线路和返回线路,其中电力线路可以耦合到牵引电池24的正极端子,并且返回线路可以耦合到牵引电池24的负极端子。牵引电池24还可以通过预充电接触器202和预充电电阻器204耦合到车辆高压总线210。在闭合主接触器200之前,预充电接触器202可以闭合,以便限制电路中的电流。主DC-DC转换器28可以连接到车辆高压总线210。主DC-DC转换器28可以将高压DC转换成与辅助电池30兼容的低压DC。辅助电池30和主DC-DC转换器28的低压输出端可以连接到低压总线212,所述低压总线向车辆中的其他模块供应12伏电力。低压总线212可以包括电力线路和返回线路,其中电力线路可以耦合到辅助电池30的正极端子,并且返回线路可以耦合到辅助电池30的负极端子。注意,当低压系统212不是12V(例如,48V)时,所描述的系统同样适用。
控制器可以控制接触器(142、200和202)以向需要高压电力的各种模块提供高压电力。在正常驾驶状况下,主接触器200可以闭合以向高压总线210提供电力。主接触器200可以是继电器控制的接触器,其闭合以向高压部件(例如,逆变器、转换器、加热器等)提供电力。功率逆变器、加热模块和冷却模块可以连接到高压总线210。充电器32可以经由一个或多个充电接触器142连接到高压牵引电池24。在充电操作期间,充电接触器142可以闭合以允许电力从充电器32供应到电池24。AC电压106被供应到充电器32并且由充电器32转换成高压DC。当充电接触器142闭合时,充电器32的电压输出可以被供应到高压牵引电池24。如果高压部件必须在EVSE连接器40附接时操作,则可以同时激活主接触器200和充电接触器142。
如上面所解释的,将车辆12连接到车外EVSE 38需要低压12V电力来操作车辆系统。从车辆的低压总线212汲取电力的模块可能随着时间的推移而耗尽车载辅助电池30。激励主高压DC-DC转换器28可以以启用附加的高压和12V负载以及产生不必要的能量损耗为代价提供支持。
取决于车辆HV架构,主DCDC可以在车辆AC充电时直接地支持LV总线212,或者单独的充电器内部低压DC-DC转换器158可以与充电器32模块结合以当充电连接器附接到车辆时直接从AC输入106支持车辆低压总线212。后一种方法减少了对附加车辆系统活动的需要,并产生了高度优化的配置。较小的充电器内部DC-DC转换器208可以被适当地设定大小和选择,以在轻充电系统负载状况下实现最高效率(例如,12V)。充电器内部DC-DC转换器208可以将来自充电器模块32的高压DC转换成与辅助电池30兼容的低压DC。充电器内部DC-DC转换器158的输出端可以连接到低压电力总线212,以在充电期间向系统提供低压电力。
在正常操作期间,主DC-DC转换器28通过主接触器200连接到高压总线210,并且向辅助电池30提供电力。然而,在充电期间,可能需要闭合主接触器200。将主接触器200闭合向高压总线210上的所有模块提供高压。这可能导致附加的电力使用,因为可能需要激活在充电期间不必要的部件以管理高压。另外,在充电期间,低压总线212的功率要求可以低于正常操作期间的功率要求。主DC-DC转换器28可以被优化以在较高功率输出水平下提供功率,并且在充电操作期间所需的较低功率水平下,效率可能较低。主接触器200可以在充电期间闭合以用于诸如车厢预加热和预冷却的特征。
充电器内部DC-DC转换器158可以被优化以在比主DC-DC转换器28更低的功率输出水平(例如,300瓦)下使功率转换效率最大化。在充电期间,充电器内部DC-DC转换器158可以被激活以向低压总线212提供电力。这种布置的优点是在充电期间主接触器200不需要闭合。另外,可以优化充电器内部DC-DC转换器158以针对充电期间存在的工况和负载使功率转换效率最大化。例如,转换器208可以被设计用于在延长的充电时段期间的操作,而不是在较短的驾驶循环期间的操作。另外地,充电侧上的第二DC-DC转换器158可以减少主接触器200的磨损,因为主接触器200在充电期间不必闭合。
充电器内部DC-DC转换器158可以被配置为具有在与辅助电池30兼容的范围内的可调整电压输出。可以调整电压输出以向辅助电池30提供适当的充电水平。可以调整电压输出以防止电池30的放气问题。电压输出可以由另一个模块确定并传送到充电器内部DC-DC转换器158。充电器内部DC-DC转换器158可以独立于对高压电池24充电而操作。充电器内部DC-DC转换器158可以被配置为操作,而不管充电接触器142的状态如何。这提供了附加的操作模式,其中充电器内部DC-DC转换器158可以操作以对电池30充电,同时存在AC电压106,以独立于对高压电池24的充电而维持低压总线212。
充电器内部DC-DC转换器158的操作使得它可能够在对高压电池24充电之前、期间和之后操作。系统可以将其他12V模块的唤醒延迟预定时间段,以允许充电器内部DC-DC转换器158在加载开始之前稳定低压总线212。用于唤醒其他模块的信号可以被延迟直到低压稳定时段之后。例如,充电器32可以基于控制导频信号而唤醒。充电器32可以提供指示何时可以向其他模块发送信号以用于唤醒目的的输出。
充电器内部DC-DC转换器158提供优于单个主DC-DC转换器28的一些优点。将AC电力106连接到充电器32不需要闭合主接触器200。这减少了由于充电期间的操作引起的主接触器200的磨损。另外,没有从连接到高压总线210的模块汲取附加的电力,这减少了从外部电源所需的电力。然而,无论LV总线212是由充电器内部DC-DC 158支持以优化LV充电效率还是由主DC-DC 28支持以节省充电器中的附加HW,这都需要辅助电池30被充分充电,以便能够激活HV系统并初始化充电序列。
参考图4,车载充电器32包括具有桥式整流器152的电力电路150,所述桥式整流器被配置为将从EVSE 38接收的AC电力151转换成DC电力。功率因数校正154在桥式逆变器160之前调节功率。大容量电容器156从功率因数校正154接收电力。一旦车载充电器34从EVSE38接收到AC电力,电容器156就被预充电到AC输入的峰值电压。内部内务操作电力供应装置161连接到电容器156。内部内务操作电力供应装置161包括多绕组、低功率隔离的HV-LV和LV-LV DC/DC转换器,所述转换器被配置为将由电容器156或辅助电池30供应的电力转换成可由车辆充电器的一个或多个控制器(例如控制器106)使用的多个低压。电路150还包括将DC电力转换成AC电力的桥式逆变器160。变压器162在HV电池24的AC侧与DC侧之间提供隔离。整流器164将来自变压器162的AC转换成与高压电池124兼容的DC电力。
参考图5,辅助电池30可以通过DC/DC转换器28的电力电路180从高压DC源(例如,电池24或DC HV总线)接收电力。电路180包括将来自所述源的DC电力转换成AC电力的逆变器182。变压器184改变从逆变器182接收的电流。整流器186将从变压器184接收的AC电力转换成与辅助电池30兼容的低压DC电力。
图6示出了用EVSE对辅助电池充电的方法。所述方法的一个或多个步骤可以由车辆的一个或多个控制器执行。该附图提供了可以使用一个或多个处理策略(诸如,事件驱动、中断驱动、多任务、多线程等)来实施的代表性控制策略和/或逻辑。因此,示出的各种步骤或功能可以按示出的序列执行、并行地执行,或者在一些情况下被省略。尽管没有总是明确示出,但是本领域的普通技术人员将认识到,可以根据所使用的特定处理策略而重复执行所示步骤或功能中的一个或多个。类似地,处理次序不一定是实现本文所述的特征和优点所必需的,而是为了易于说明和描述而提供的。控制逻辑可以主要以由基于微处理器的车辆控制器执行的软件实现。当然,根据特定应用,控制逻辑可以在一个或多个控制器中以软件、硬件或软件与硬件的组合实现。当以软件实现时,控制逻辑可以提供于一个或多个计算机可读存储装置或介质中,所述计算机可读存储装置或介质存储有表示由计算机执行以控制车辆或车辆子系统的代码或指令的数据。计算机可读存储装置或介质可以包括使用电存储、磁性存储和/或光学存储来保存可执行指令和相关联的校准信息、操作变量等的若干已知物理装置中的一种或多种。
方法200开始于步骤202,此时EVSE的电线插入充电车辆端口中。除其他之外,导频控制电路还可以通过闭合开关116或122中的一个来连通有效连接。如上面所解释的,当辅助电池30处于低荷电状态时使用开关122,并且在正常工况下使用开关116。如果辅助电池电压超过阈值,则开关122将自动断开,从而导致在步骤206处控制导频电路正常操作。在正常操作下,开关116和122在EVSE连接到车辆之前是断开的。一旦连接了EVSE,车辆就接收由控制器106感测的导频信号。然后,控制器106命令开关116闭合,从而向EVSE传送电压变化。作为响应,EVSE闭合其继电器,从而向车辆充电端口提供电力。使用该电力,高压总线被预充电,并且在完成后,接触器闭合,从而允许电力从EVSE流到牵引电池。
如果在步骤204处为是,则开关122将由于其偏压而自动被闭合。将开关122闭合类似于将开关116闭合,因此,车辆将与EVSE建立通信,并且电力将可用于充电端口。在步骤208处,内部内务操作电力供应装置从EVSE接收电力,从而允许控制器启动。所述方法在步骤210处循环,直到控制器可操作为止。一旦控制器启动,在步骤212处,车载充电器上电并且准备好转换电力。在步骤214处,充电器将输出设置为HV电池电压并供给高压总线。DC/DC电路将唤醒并开始通过LV总线212对辅助电池30充电。一旦DC/DC转换器28或158开始转换电力,LV总线212将超过阈值,并且现在控制转到步骤218。在步骤218处,开关122由于电压超过阈值而断开,并且同时控制器命令开关116闭合,因此不存在将中断来自EVSE的AC电力的导频信号变化。在开关116闭合并且LV总线212可以由DC/DC转换器通过AC源支持之后,可以建立正常HV充电序列,并且BECM控制器将命令高压接触器闭合,使得牵引电池可以由充电器通过EVSE充电。辅助电池30将继续充电直到实现期望的荷电状态为止。
上述硬件和控制允许具有低或耗尽辅助电池的车辆与EVSE连接,以对辅助电池和牵引电池两者充电。这消除了在从EVSE向车辆提供电力之前首先使用单独的充电器对辅助电池充电的需要。上述车辆为用户简化了过程,使得他们能够仅插入EVSE并允许车辆进行其余的工作。
虽然上文描述了示例性实施例,但这些实施例并不意图描述权利要求所涵盖的所有可能形式。在说明书中使用的词语是描述词语而非限制性词语,并且应理解,在不脱离本公开的精神和范围的情况下,可以做出各种改变。如先前所述,各种实施例的特征可以组合以形成可能未明确描述或示出的本发明的另外的实施例。尽管各种实施例可能已经被描述为就一个或多个期望的特性而言提供优点或优于其他实施例或现有技术实现方式,但是本领域普通技术人员认识到,可以折衷一个或多个特征或特性以实现期望的整体系统属性,这取决于具体应用和实现方式。这些属性可包括但不限于成本、强度、耐久性、生命周期成本、可销售性、外观、包装、大小、可维护性、重量、可制造性、易组装性等。因此,就一个或多个特性而言被描述为不如其他实施例或现有技术实现方式期望的实施例处在本公开的范围内,并且对于特定应用来说可能是期望的。
根据本发明,提供了一种车辆,所述车辆具有:牵引电池;辅助电池;充电端口,所述充电端口被配置为与充电站的连接器配合,所述充电端口包括导频管脚;以及控制导频电路,所述控制导频电路包括:第一开关,所述第一开关布置在所述导频管脚与接地之间;控制器,所述控制器由所述辅助电池供电并且被配置为响应于(i)接收到由所述充电站产生的导频信号和(ii)所述辅助电池的电压大于阈值,使用来自所述辅助电池的电力来闭合所述第一开关以在所述导频信号中引起第一电压变化;以及第二开关,所述第二开关布置在所述导频管脚与所述接地之间,所述第二开关被配置为响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压小于所述阈值而闭合以在所述导频信号中引起所述第一电压变化,并且响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压超过所述阈值而断开。
根据实施例,所述控制导频电路还包括与所述第一开关相关联的第一电阻器和与所述第二开关相关联的第二电阻器,其中所述第一开关被配置为当闭合时将所述第一电阻器连接到所述接地,并且所述第二开关被配置为当闭合时将所述第二电阻器连接到所述接地。
根据实施例,所述第一电阻器和所述第二电阻器具有相同的电阻。
根据实施例,所述电阻为1.3千欧姆。
根据实施例,所述第二开关是晶体管。
根据实施例,所述第二开关是P型金属氧化物半导体(PMOS)晶体管。
根据实施例,所述控制导频电路还包括连接在所述导频管脚与所述接地之间的电阻器。
根据实施例,本发明的特征还在于:高压电池充电电路,所述高压电池充电电路将所述充电端口的至少一个电力管脚连接到所述牵引电池。
根据实施例,所述高压电池充电电路包括至少一个接触器,所述至少一个接触器当闭合时将所述至少一个电力管脚电连接到所述牵引电池。
根据实施例,所述控制器还被配置为基于所述导频信号来命令所述接触器闭合。
根据实施例,所述导频信号是脉冲宽度调制信号。
根据本发明,提供了一种用于控制在车辆的牵引电池与充电站之间的充电过程的控制导频电路,所述控制导频电路具有:导频管脚,所述导频管脚支撑在车辆充电端口中并且被配置为接收来自所述充电站的导频信号;第一开关,所述第一开关布置在所述导频管脚与接地之间;控制器,所述控制器由所述车辆的辅助电池供电并且被配置为响应于(i)接收到所述导频信号并且(ii)所述辅助电池的电压大于阈值,使用来自所述辅助电池的电力来闭合所述第一开关以在所述导频信号中引起第一电压变化;以及第二开关,所述第二开关布置在所述导频管脚与所述接地之间,所述第二开关被配置为响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压小于所述阈值而闭合以在所述导频信号中引起所述第一电压变化,并且响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压超过所述阈值而断开。
根据实施例,所述控制导频电路还包括与所述第一开关相关联的第一电阻器和与所述第二开关相关联的第二电阻器,其中所述第一开关被配置为当闭合时将所述第一电阻器连接到所述接地,并且所述第二开关被配置为当闭合时将所述第二电阻器连接到所述接地。
根据实施例,所述第一电阻器和所述第二电阻器具有相同的电阻。
根据实施例,所述第二开关是晶体管。
根据实施例,所述第二开关是P型金属氧化物半导体(PMOS)晶体管。
根据实施例,所述控制导频电路还包括连接在所述导频管脚与所述接地之间的电阻器。
根据实施例,所述导频信号是脉冲宽度调制信号。
根据本发明,一种用车辆充电站对辅助电池充电的方法包括:响应于接收到来自所述充电站的导频信号并且所述辅助电池的电压小于阈值,通过将车辆充电端口的导频管脚通过第一开关连接到接地来在所述导频信号中引起第一电压变化,所述第一开关被配置为当所述辅助电池的所述电压小于所述阈值时闭合;用从所述车辆充电站接收的电力对所述辅助电池充电;以及响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压超过所述阈值,闭合由来自所述辅助电池的电力操作的第二开关并断开所述第一开关,其中闭合所述第二开关也在所述导频信号中引起第一电压降。
在本发明的一个方面,所述第一开关是P型金属氧化物半导体(PMOS)晶体管。

Claims (15)

1.一种车辆,其包括:
牵引电池;
辅助电池;
充电端口,所述充电端口被配置为与充电站的连接器配合,所述充电端口包括导频管脚;以及
控制导频电路,所述控制导频电路包括:
第一开关,所述第一开关布置在所述导频管脚与接地之间,
控制器,所述控制器由所述辅助电池供电并且被配置为响应于(i)接收到由所述充电站产生的导频信号和(ii)所述辅助电池的电压大于阈值,使用来自所述辅助电池的电力来闭合所述第一开关以在所述导频信号中引起第一电压变化,以及
第二开关,所述第二开关布置在所述导频管脚与所述接地之间,所述第二开关被配置为
响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压小于所述阈值而闭合以在所述导频信号中引起所述第一电压变化,并且
响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压超过所述阈值而断开。
2.如权利要求1所述的车辆,其中所述控制导频电路还包括与所述第一开关相关联的第一电阻器和与所述第二开关相关联的第二电阻器,其中所述第一开关被配置为当闭合时将所述第一电阻器连接到所述接地,并且所述第二开关被配置为当闭合时将所述第二电阻器连接到所述接地。
3.如权利要求1所述的车辆,其中所述第一电阻器和所述第二电阻器具有相同的电阻。
4.如权利要求3所述的车辆,其中所述电阻是1.3千欧姆。
5.如权利要求1所述的车辆,其中所述第二开关是晶体管。
6.如权利要求5所述的车辆,其中所述第二开关是P型金属氧化物半导体(PMOS)晶体管。
7.如权利要求1所述的车辆,其中所述控制导频电路还包括连接在所述导频管脚与所述接地之间的电阻器。
8.如权利要求1所述的车辆,其还包括:
高压电池充电电路,所述高压电池充电电路将所述充电端口的至少一个电力管脚连接到所述牵引电池。
9.如权利要求8所述的车辆,其中所述高压电池充电电路包括至少一个接触器,所述至少一个接触器当闭合时将所述至少一个电力管脚电连接到所述牵引电池。
10.如权利要求9所述的车辆,其中所述控制器还被配置为基于所述导频信号来命令所述接触器闭合。
11.如权利要求1所述的车辆,其中所述导频信号是脉冲宽度调制信号。
12.一种用于控制在车辆的牵引电池与充电站之间的充电过程的控制导频电路,所述控制导频电路包括:
导频管脚,所述导频管脚支撑在车辆充电端口中并且被配置为接收来自所述充电站的导频信号;
第一开关,所述第一开关布置在所述导频管脚与接地之间;
控制器,所述控制器由所述车辆的辅助电池供电并且被配置为响应于(i)接收到所述导频信号并且(ii)所述辅助电池的电压大于阈值,使用来自所述辅助电池的电力来闭合所述第一开关以在所述导频信号中引起第一电压变化,以及
第二开关,所述第二开关布置在所述导频管脚与所述接地之间,所述第二开关被配置为
响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压小于所述阈值而闭合以在所述导频信号中引起所述第一电压变化,并且
响应于所述辅助电池的所述电压超过所述阈值而断开。
13.如权利要求12所述的控制导频电路,其中所述控制导频电路还包括与所述第一开关相关联的第一电阻器和与所述第二开关相关联的第二电阻器,其中所述第一开关被配置为当闭合时将所述第一电阻器连接到所述接地,并且所述第二开关被配置为当闭合时将所述第二电阻器连接到所述接地。
14.如权利要求12所述的控制导频电路,其中所述第一电阻器和所述第二电阻器具有相同的电阻。
15.如权利要求12所述的控制导频电路,其中所述第二开关是P型金属氧化物半导体(PMOS)晶体管。
CN202110187748.7A 2020-02-17 2021-02-18 用于利用充电站对车辆充电的导频控制电路 Pending CN113263931A (zh)

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