CN113210003A - 复合型可见光催化剂石墨烯量子点/石墨相碳化氮的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种复合型可见光催化剂石墨烯量子点/石墨相碳化氮的制备方法,解决了g‑C3N4可见光下降解NO效率较低的问题。本发明以一水合柠檬酸CA为原料,热解制备了GQDs;再以三聚氰胺melamine为原料,煅烧制备了CN;接着运用一步水热法制备出含有石墨烯量子点GQDs的g‑C3N4复合光催化剂GQDs/CN。相较于单纯的g‑C3N4光催化剂,GQDs/CN降解NO的能力提高且生成NO3‑的选择性增强。为石墨烯量子点掺杂半导体催化剂应用在环境净化领域提供了新的思路。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种复合可见光催化剂制备,具体说是复合型可见光催化剂石墨烯量子点/石墨相碳化氮(GQDs/CN)的制备方法。
背景技术
随着工业的快速发展,全球空气污染日益严重。氮氧化物(NOx)和VOC气体是危害极大的空气污染物,它导致了各种环境问题,并且对人类健康极为有害;一氧化氮(NO)占NOx的95%,且不溶于水。另外,随着人们生活水平的提高,大众对卫生的要求越来越高,因此细菌的灭除也成为一大关注话题。因此,有必要开发高效去除一氧化氮、VOC气体和灭菌的技术。
王淑勤(能源与环境,2021,(02))一文中提到目前广泛使用的脱硝技术(选择性催化还原),不仅不能去除较低浓度的一氧化氮,而且操作复杂,存在二次污染。常用于去除VOC气体的方法是吸附法,这存在吸附效果差且吸附剂需要频繁更换的问题。现存的大多数灭除空气中细菌的产品也都大都存在有微毒的问题。
相比之下,光催化是一种高效、低成本、绿色的污染物去除技术。一些半导体催化剂已经应用在了光催化技术中。二维(2D)石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)因其稳定性、低成本、可见光响应和化学改性的表面灵活性成为一种备受关注的材料。
g-C3N4相较于大多数半导体催化剂来说具有窄的带隙,这使得g-C3N4可以响应可见光,但是纯g-C3N4并不具备很好的电子空穴分离能力。因此,过去很多研究者着重于使用金属掺杂、非金属掺杂、贵金属沉积、半导体耦合等方法来修饰g-C3N4。目前,零维(0D)石墨烯量子点(GQDs)因其量子限制、优异的分散性、更丰富的活性位点而受到极大的关注。Xie的团队(APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE,2018,448,655-661)公开了一种将GQDs负载到氧化锡(SnO2)的技术,这显著改善了催化剂可见光吸收并促进了催化剂的电子和空穴的分离效率。Lei的团队(APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL,2017,216,59-69)公开了一种在CdS/GQDs纳米杂化物中的技术,GQDs可以作为有效的电子受体,这增加了复合催化剂的产氢效率。
此外,还有一些研究表明用0D材料修饰g-C3N4时,复合催化剂的光催化性能被大大提升。Jian的团队(NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY,2021,6,3067-3078)公开了一种用含有氟-二氧化钛量子点修饰g-C3N4的技术,修饰后的催化剂其氧化性、还原性和界面电荷转移能力大大提高。基于以上研究,表明GQDs对提高g-C3N4的光催化能力有着极大的指导意义。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,克服现有技术存在的缺陷,提供一种复合型可见光催化剂石墨烯量子点/石墨相碳化氮的制备方法。本方法操作工程简单,易于操作,所制备的GQDs/CN光催化剂在降解NO和HCHO中具有很高的光催化性能,并且表现出较强的灭菌作用。
本发明为实现发明目的而提出的复合型可见光催化剂石墨烯量子点/石墨相碳化氮的制备方法,具体步骤为:
步骤1.制备GQDs:将一水合柠檬酸(CA)200℃油热解30min,产物最终为明亮的橘色。将产物冷却,加入0.25mol/L的NaOH溶液调节PH为7,将最终得到的液体放于4℃下保存,命名为GQDs溶液。
步骤2.制备g-C3N4:将三聚氰胺550℃煅烧4h,将煅烧得到的固体冷却至室温后研磨成粉末,命名为CN。
步骤3.制备GQDs/CN:将一定量0.2-0.6g的CN与不同体积(1-15ml)的GQDs溶液混合在一起,室温下搅拌30min,将混合液倒入100ml的聚四氟乙烯反应釜中,180℃下反4h。
步骤4.将步骤3中得到的产物冷却至室温后倒入离心管中,离心去除上清液,接着用去离子水和无水乙醇分别清洗后,再烘干,得到的固体即为复合型可见光催化剂石墨烯量子点/石墨相碳化氮(GQDs/CN)。
比较CN和GQDs/CN催化剂的可见光催化活性
光催化实验步骤:
将0.08g左右的催化剂置于10ml的去离子水中,超声分散2min,用移液枪将分散好的悬浊液转移到洗净的10×5×0.1cm3的玻璃片上,在60℃的烘箱中烘至水分完全挥发;
将负载有光催化剂的玻璃片放置在光催化反应器中,通入以N2做平衡气含有一定浓度NO(或者HCHO)和5%O2的气流,气体流速为200ml/min;
通入气体后,进行物理吸附,直至催化剂对气流中NO吸附饱和,采用带有紫外光滤波片的300W氙灯(λ>380nm)作为灯源透过石英玻璃照射玻璃片,在反应器尾端连接傅里叶变换红外光谱分析仪(烟气分析仪)检测不同时间NO和NO2的浓度;
灭菌实验是在培养皿内进行的,设置实验组和对照组,实验组中含有催化剂处于可见光照射条件下,对照组不含有催化剂处于可见光照射条件下,照射两小时后,将实验组和对照组中细菌的浓度进行对比。
本发明中采用热解,煅烧和水热法制备催化剂,发明中将GQDs与g-C3N4在180℃水热环境下复合时,复合催化剂的形貌相对于纯的g-C3N4片层结构来说有了更多的孔结构,GQD修饰g-C3N4后极大地提升了复合催化剂对NO的降解能力。在光催化反应进行时,GQDs的负载,使得复合催化剂的电子和空穴分离效率提高,复合效率降低。更重要的是,本发明水热法不仅方法简便,而且溶剂是水,也不会生成对环境有害的物质,符合环境友好的理念。
附图说明
图1:(a)CN的SEM图;(b-d)GQDs/CN的SEM图;
图2是各实例中催化剂的XRD图;图中a、b、c和d分别为实例1、实例2、实例3和实例4催化剂的XRD图;
图3:(a)为实例1中CN的TEM图,(b)为实例4中GQDs/CN的TEM图;
图4(a)光催化降解NO的浓度变化示意图;(b)光催化反应中NO2的生成浓度。(a)中曲线a、b、c和d分别为实例1、实例2、实例3和实例4的NO降解曲线;(b)中e、f、g和h分别为实例1、实例2、实例3和实例4的NO2生成浓度曲线;
图5是实例3降解7ppm HCHO时40min内的浓度变化示意图;
图6时实例三在可见光下灭除大肠埃希氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的效果示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例,对本发明作进一步详细说明。
实例1.纯g-C3N4光催化剂的制备与测试。
步骤一:称取10g左右的三聚氰胺置于瓷舟中,550℃煅烧4h。
步骤二:冷却至室温后,用玛瑙研钵将煅烧得到的固体研磨成细密的粉末,得到的为纯g-C3N4(CN)。
步骤三:0.08g左右的催化剂置于10ml的去离子水中,超声分散5min,用移液枪将悬浊液转移到10×5×0.1cm3的玻璃片上,在60℃的烘箱中烘干。
步骤四:将负载有光催化剂的玻璃片放置在光催化反应器中,通入以N2做平衡气含有20ppm NO和5%O2的气流,气体流速为200ml/min。
步骤五:通入气体后,进行物理吸附,直至催化剂对气流中NO吸附饱和,采用带有紫外光滤波片的300W氙灯(λ>380nm)作为灯源透过石英玻璃照射玻璃片,在反应器尾端连接傅里叶变换红外光谱分析仪检测不同时间NO和NO2的浓度。
实例2.GQDs/CN复合光催化剂的制备与测试。
步骤一:与实例1步骤一和步骤二一致。
步骤二:称取2g的一水合柠檬酸(CA)置于圆底烧瓶中,在200℃油浴加热30min,CA最终变为明亮的橘色。将产物稍作冷却,加入一定量的0.25mol/L的NaOH调节溶液PH为7,得到GQDs溶液。
步骤三:称取0.4g步骤一中的CN与1ml步骤二中的GQDs溶液混合在一起,再加入高纯水将溶液体积变为40ml左右,室温下搅拌30min。
步骤四:将混合液倒入100ml的聚四氟乙烯反应釜中,180℃下反应4h。
步骤五:将步骤四中得到的产物冷却至室温后,将反应釜中物质倒入离心管中,离心去除上清液,接着用去离子水和无水乙醇各洗三遍,在70℃烘箱中放置过夜,得到的固体即为1GQDs/CN。
步骤六:与实例1中步骤三一致。
步骤七:与实例1中步骤四一致。
步骤八:与实例1中步骤五一致。
实例3.GQDs/CN复合光催化剂的制备与测试。
步骤一:与实例2中步骤一一致。
步骤二:与实例2中步骤二一致。
步骤三:称取0.4g步骤一中的CN与9ml步骤二中的GQDs溶液混合在一起,再加入高纯水将溶液体积变为40ml左右,室温下搅拌30min。
步骤四:与实例2中步骤四一致。
步骤五:与实例2中步骤五一致。
步骤六:与实例1中步骤三一致。
步骤七:与实例1中步骤四一致。
步骤八:与实例1中步骤五一致。
步骤九:将NO气体改为HCHO气体进行光催化实验。
步骤十:取一定的催化剂粉末进行灭菌实验,实验组中含有催化剂处于可见光照射条件下,对照组不含有催化剂处于可见光照射条件下。
实例4.GQDs/CN复合光催化剂的制备与测试。
步骤一:与实例2中步骤一一致。
步骤二:与实例2中步骤二一致。
步骤三:称取0.4g步骤一中的CN与15ml步骤二中的GQDs溶液混合在一起,再加入高纯水将溶液体积变为40ml左右,室温下搅拌30min。
步骤四:与实例2中步骤四一致。
步骤五:与实例2中步骤五一致。
步骤六:与实例1中步骤三一致。
步骤七:与实例1中步骤四一致。
步骤八:与实例1中步骤五一致。
以上所述,仅为本发明创造较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,其应用领域可涉及光催化降解有机废水,光催化降解SO2,光催化还原CO2、光催化裂解水产氢等。任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明披露的技术范围内,根据本发明创造的技术方案及其发明构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (1)
1.一种复合型可见光催化剂石墨烯量子点/石墨相碳化氮的制备方法,其步骤如下:
步骤1.制备GQDs:
将一水合柠檬酸200℃±5℃油热解30-35min;将产物冷却,加入NaOH溶液调节PH为7,将最终得到的液体放于4℃下保存,命名为GQDs溶液;
步骤2.制备g-C3N4:
将三聚氰胺500-550℃煅烧4-6h,将煅烧得到的固体冷却至室温后研磨成粉末,命名为CN;
步骤3.制备GQDs/CN:
将0.2-0.6g的CN与1-15ml的GQDs溶液混合在一起,室温下搅拌30-60min,将混合液倒入聚四氟乙烯反应釜中,180℃±5℃下反应4h±0.1h;
步骤4.将步骤3中得到的产物冷却至室温后,离心去除上清液,接着用去离子水和无水乙醇分别清洗后,再烘干,得到的固体即为复合型可见光催化剂石墨烯量子点/石墨相碳化氮GQDs/CN。
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