CN113208012A - 一种加州鲈诱食促消化功能性饲料添加剂 - Google Patents
一种加州鲈诱食促消化功能性饲料添加剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种具有诱食促消化且能显著降低体脂肝脂、提高鱼体免疫力的加州鲈功能性饲料添加剂，包括如下重量百分含量的组分：二甲基‑β‑丙酸噻亭盐酸盐(DMPT)7.0％，大蒜素6.0％，L‑缬氨酸10.0％，甜菜碱盐酸盐7.0％，胍基乙酸8.5％，溶血磷脂粉16.0％，L‑肉碱盐酸盐5.0％，杜仲提取物17.0％，其余为载体沸石粉23.5％。应用方法为在生产过程中，每吨加州鲈配合饲料添加0.3‑0.9％本发明所述的添加剂。本发明提供的饲料添加剂各成分均为天然绿色产品，质量稳定，无毒无害无残留，添加量低，易于推广。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产饲料添加剂领域，具体涉及一种加州鲈诱食、促消化且具有降低体脂肝脂、提高鱼体免疫力的功能性饲料添加剂。
背景技术
加州鲈，即大口黑鲈，隶属鲈形目，太阳鱼科，黑鲈属，原产于北美洲，是一种生长快、抗病力强、肉质鲜美、耐低温、营养较为丰富的肉食性鱼类，深受广大消费者的喜爱。据2020年中国渔业统计年鉴公布的数据，全国加州鲈年产量已由2012年的24.3万吨增长至2019年的47.8万吨，是近年来我国养殖产量增长最快的淡水养殖品种之一。当前，加州鲈产区主要集中在我国南部，特别是广东和江浙地区，2019年两地的养殖总产量分别占全国总产量的58.6％(产量为279952吨)和21.8％(产量为104041吨)，其后是四川、湖北、江西等地。
目前加州鲈养殖过程中经常出现的各种肝脏疾病(如脂肪肝、肝硬化、肝肿大等)、“大肚子”现象等，不但使加州鲈的生长性能严重下降，影响养殖效益，而且也降低了加州鲈的免疫和抗应激能力，缺乏对外源或自身携带的病菌如诺卡氏菌的抵抗能力，一旦遇到如过饥饿过饱食或水温骤变骤高等条件刺激，则会快速爆发大面积感染，增加了养殖户的成本和风险。
导致以上情况出现的原因，一是与市面上各种加州鲈配合饲料的营养配比或品质参差不齐有关，第二方面则是与加州鲈本身的生理特性有关。加州鲈自身对脂肪的利用效率很低，饲料中过高的脂肪含量会造成鱼体代谢系统紊乱、肝脏中脂蛋白合成或分泌发生障碍，致使肝脏内聚集大量甘油三酯，超过肝脏的脂肪贮藏负荷，最终形成脂肪肝。同时由于加州鲈自身相关糖类代谢酶的缺乏，又使其对糖类的代谢能力严重不足，最终摄入的糖类会以脂肪的形式沉积在肝脏中，进一步加重了肝脏的负担。长此以往，进入养殖后期加州鲈会明显表现出摄食欲望低、吐饲料甚至厌食的行为。另一方面，随着肝脏储积脂肪含量的增加，加州鲈通过增大肝脏脂肪细胞体积来容纳更多的脂肪，其结果就是肝体比升高；进一步地肝脏中过量的脂肪也会被加州鲈储存在腹腔中，这也是导致加州鲈养殖过程中出现“大肚子鱼”的原因之一。
发明内容
针对目前加州鲈养殖过程中存在的上述问题，本发明的目的旨在提供一种既能促进加州鲈摄食和消化吸收，亦能保证肝脏健康并提高机体免疫机能和抗应激能力的饲料添加剂。即：能够在提高加州鲈摄食量的基础上，进一步地提高蛋白和脂肪消化吸收率，不但能满足加州鲈快速生长的需求，提高产量，而且也能节约蛋白和鱼油的用量，降低了饲料的成本。与此同时，也会显著降低加州鲈体脂、肝脂和脏体比，增加加州鲈的可食用部分，优化加州鲈的肥满度使其更加符合消费者的审美，还能提高机体的免疫机能和抗应激能力，降低肝胆疾病的发生，保证了加州鲈的快速生长和机体健康。
为实现上述发明目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：
一种具有诱食促消化且能显著降低体脂肝脂、提高鱼体免疫力的加州鲈功能性饲料添加剂，包括如下重量百分含量的组分：二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭盐酸盐(DMPT)7.0％，大蒜素6.0％，L-缬氨酸10.0％，甜菜碱盐酸盐7.0％，胍基乙酸8.5％，溶血磷脂粉16.0％，L-肉碱盐酸盐5.0％，杜仲提取物17.0％，其余为载体沸石粉23.5％。将所有的原料按照质量百分比混合搅拌均匀即得到本发明所述的功能性饲料添加剂。
本发明所述饲料添加剂的各成分熔点均在100度以上或经过特殊处理后可耐受高温(如大蒜素包膜处理)，高温制粒过程不会破坏其有效成分从而使得定量使用本添加剂的预期作用能够完整发挥出来。应用方法为在生产过程中，每吨加州鲈配合饲料添加0.3-0.9％本发明所述的添加剂。
二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭盐酸盐(DMPT)特有的气味对鱼、虾、蟹具有强烈的诱食作用，其效果比谷氨酰胺高2倍多；DMPT能够增强鱼类的抗热应激能力及对渗透压激变的耐受力；DMPT还能改善鱼类产品的肉质，使淡水品种呈现海产风味。
大蒜素(有效含量>＝25％)除了可改善饲料的适口性外，还具有杀菌作用，替代抗生素的使用；可增强细胞代谢，促进动物机体溶菌酶的大量释放，增强机体的非特异性免疫功能。
鱼类嗅觉、味觉感受器对不同氨基酸具有显著不同的敏感性和识别能力，这是由不同的氨基酸分子的结构差异造成的。DL-蛋氨酸、DL-丙氨酸、L-缬氨酸、甘氨酸等均对加州鲈具有明显的诱食作用，其中L-蛋氨酸和L-缬氨酸最为显著，而L-精氨酸和L-谷氨酸则无诱食作用。
甜菜碱能刺激鱼类的嗅觉和味觉，同样具有很好的诱食作用。同时甜菜碱还能调节细胞渗透压，减少鱼体的应激反应；甜菜碱也是一种高效的甲基供体，参与蛋氨酸循环过程中的甲基传递功能，可降低鱼体对外源蛋氨酸的需求量，并起到节约胆碱的作用。
胍基乙酸作为肌酸的前体物，可在体内高效转化为肌酸。肌酸仅在肌肉、神经组织中大量存在，脂肪组织中含量甚微，故可以促使能量向肌肉组织中转移，促进肌肉合成，改善鱼体肥满度，增加蛋白沉积，促进鱼体生长。肌酸能减少线粒体的自由基产生，加速肌肉中的ATP合成，显著降低鱼体在捕捞、运输等过程中的应激反应。但肌酸不稳定，且价格昂贵，难以在饲料中推广应用，而胍基乙酸是合成肌酸的前体，不但稳定且能被机体高效吸收。胍基乙酸最终以肌氨酸酐形式被动物机体代谢出体外，机体内无残留。
溶血磷脂即在卵磷脂基础上通过磷脂酶(常用的为磷脂酶A2)切掉甘油上的第二个碳的脂肪酸后所得。而正因为溶血磷脂特殊的结构，使其在乳化耐热性、耐酸性、抗盐性等方面均大幅优于普通磷脂。研究表明，溶血磷脂在75℃条件下保持4小时的乳化能力依然高达86％，而普通磷脂在同样条件下的乳化能力已降低到22％。溶血磷脂可形成更小的乳糜微粒，使食糜更均匀，能显著提高吸收效率，达到促进脂肪转运吸收的目的。溶血磷脂还具有抗氧化性和广谱抗菌性。
在生物的细胞里，当脂肪新陈代谢产生能量时，左旋肉碱是把脂肪酸从胞质溶胶运送到线粒体内所必需的，以防止脂肪酸积聚在细胞内。同时左旋肉碱可促进线粒体内的长链脂肪酸的氧化；可促进酮素的生成，避免肌肉降解，起到节约葡萄糖、糖原及蛋白质的作用；可以影响机体的脂肪代谢，使其消耗的速度与比例大于肌肉的流失速度。
杜仲提取物具有广谱抑菌、抗氧化、清除自由基和提高免疫力等作用，是一种能代替抗生素的绿色饲料添加剂。其主要成分绿原酸是一种有效的酚型抗氧化剂，具有比抗坏血酸(VC)、咖啡酸和生育酚(VE)更强的自由基清除效果；绿原酸能够显著的刺激胆汁的分泌，具有利胆保肝的功效。
沸石粉在本发明所述的饲料添加剂中主要作为载体使用，兼具补充鱼体所需的各种有益矿物元素。
具体实施方式：
实施例1
一种具有诱食促消化且能显著降低体脂肝脂、提高鱼体免疫力的加州鲈功能性饲料添加剂，包括如下重量百分含量的组分：二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭盐酸盐(DMPT)5.0％，大蒜素10.0％，L-缬氨酸5.0％，甜菜碱盐酸盐10.0％，胍基乙酸5％，溶血磷脂粉15.0％，L-肉碱盐酸盐5.0％，杜仲提取物20.0％，其余为载体沸石粉。将所有的原料按照质量百分比混合搅拌均匀即得。
实施例2
一种具有诱食促消化且能显著降低体脂肝脂、提高鱼体免疫力的加州鲈功能性饲料添加剂，包括如下重量百分含量的组分：二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭盐酸盐(DMPT)10.0％，大蒜素5.0％，L-缬氨酸10.0％，甜菜碱盐酸盐5.0％，胍基乙酸10％，溶血磷脂粉10.0％，L-肉碱盐酸盐5.0％，杜仲提取物15.0％，其余为载体沸石粉。将所有的原料按照质量百分比混合搅拌均匀即得。
实施例3
一种具有诱食促消化且能显著降低体脂肝脂、提高鱼体免疫力的加州鲈功能性饲料添加剂，包括如下重量百分含量的组分：二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭盐酸盐(DMPT)7.0％，大蒜素6.0％，L-缬氨酸10.0％，甜菜碱盐酸盐7.0％，胍基乙酸8.5％，溶血磷脂粉16.0％，L-肉碱盐酸盐5.0％，杜仲提取物17.0％，其余为载体沸石粉23.5％。
实施例4
一种具有诱食促消化且能显著降低体脂肝脂、提高鱼体免疫力的加州鲈功能性饲料添加剂，包括如下重量百分含量的组分：二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭盐酸盐(DMPT)6.0％，大蒜素7.0％，L-缬氨酸8.0％，甜菜碱盐酸盐8.0％，胍基乙酸7％，溶血磷脂粉18.0％，L-肉碱盐酸盐6.0％，杜仲提取物15.0％，其余为载体沸石粉。
实施例5
一种具有诱食促消化且能显著降低体脂肝脂、提高鱼体免疫力的加州鲈功能性饲料添加剂，包括如下重量百分含量的组分：二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭盐酸盐(DMPT)8.0％，大蒜素5.0％，L-缬氨酸10.0％，甜菜碱盐酸盐6.0％，胍基乙酸10.0％，溶血磷脂粉14.0％，L-肉碱盐酸盐4.0％，杜仲提取物20.0％，其余为载体沸石粉。
1.实验设计与实验饲料
本实验以进口鱼粉、豆粕、谷朊粉等为主要蛋白源，鱼油为主要脂肪源配制基础饲料(对照组)，在基础饲料中分别添加0.3％，0.5％，0.7％和0.9％本发明(按照实施例3的配比)所述的添加剂共得到5种等氮等脂配合饲料(粗蛋白含量50.0％，粗脂肪含量11.0％)。各饲料均添加0.05％三氧化二钇作为消化率测定的指示剂。饲料配方如表1所示。该基础配方仅作为本次对比实验用，不代表专利权人公司实际生产销售的加州鲈配合饲料所含原料种类及配比。
表1加州鲈实验饲料配方及化学组分
2.实验鱼的养殖与管理
整个养殖实验在室内可控温循环水养殖系统进行，其中包括生长实验65天及随后的消化率实验14天。实验鱼先在室内水泥池中进行为期2周的暂养与驯化，期间仅投喂基础饲料(对照组饲料)。正式实验前对加州鲈进行饥饿24小时处理后，挑选体重一致、体型均匀、体表健康的900尾加州鲈(初始体重21.27±0.15g)随机分配到15个1000L的养殖缸中，每缸60尾。每种饲料设置三个平行缸。
养殖过程中24小时不间断气石供氧，光照周期设置为14小时光照和10小时黑暗。水温控制在22-25℃，溶氧>5.5mg/L，pH值7.0-8.0，氨氮<0.2mg/L、亚硝酸盐<0.1mg/L。生长实验开始后，每日投喂3次(8:00，14:00，20:00)，以每缸实验鱼不再进行摄食(即达到表观饱食，用时约1小时)为止。每次投喂后统计残饵量，计算每缸每天净摄食量。每缸每天投喂量为在该缸前三日平均净摄食量的基础上增加10％。
3.实验结果
3.1摄食与生长
由表2结果可知，投喂添加0.3-0.9％本发明所述添加剂的饲料处理组显著提高了加州鲈的净摄食量(P<0.05)，表明本添加剂中各诱食成分的配伍和用量能够显著改善饲料的诱食性和适口性，添加量达到0.7％时具有最佳的诱食效果。各实验组的增重率和特定生长率也显著高于对照组，饲料系数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)，说明本发明所述的添加剂可显著促进加州鲈的生长，同时降低饲料成本；诱食效果的显著提高可减少饲料在水体中的滞留时间，最大程度避免由于饲料营养成分的溶失对养殖水体造成的污染和浪费。
表2不同饲料处理组对加州鲈生长性能的影响(X±SEM，以下各表同)
注：各处理组数据标有不同字母上标的表示差异显著(P<0.05)，标有相同字母上标或无字母上标的表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。以下各表同。
3.2全鱼组分及形体指标
由表3可知，投喂实验组饲料的加州鲈全鱼粗蛋白比对照组有显著的提高，而全鱼粗脂肪、脏体比和肥满度则表现为显著降低(P<0.05)。该结果表明本添加剂可显著提高加州鲈全鱼组分的蛋脂比例，进行体脂重分配，显著降低内脏团的占比，不但增加了加州鲈的可食用部分，而且也在一定程度上改善了加州鲈的短胖体型或“大肚鱼”问题。这从肥满度的显著降低也可看出，投喂实验组饲料的加州鲈没有出现明显偏瘦长或短胖的体型。
表3不同饲料处理组对加州鲈全鱼组分和形体指标的影响
3.3部分营养素的消化率和储积率
由表4可知，投喂实验组饲料的加州鲈对饲料粗蛋白和粗脂肪的消化率、粗蛋白和可消化总必须氨基酸的储积率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，且随着添加量的增加而增加。该结果表明本添加剂在提高加州鲈摄食量的同时，也能显著提高饲料营养素尤其是脂肪的消化和吸收能力；而粗蛋白和可消化总必需氨基酸储积率的增加，从侧面也证明了加州鲈鱼对脂肪的利用效果明显高于对照组，促进了蛋白质的合成，起到了蛋白质节约作用。
表4不同饲料处理组对加州鲈部分营养素消化率和储积率的影响
3.4血清主要生化指标
血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)的活性反映鱼体的营养状况和肝脏的健康状况，是鱼体内蛋白质合成和分解代谢强弱的重要体现。通常，这两种酶存在于肝脏中，ALT参与谷氨酸与丙酮酸的转氨作用，AST参与谷氨酸与草酰乙酸的转氨基作用。正常的生理状况下，血清ALT活性极低，只有在肝功能发生障碍或肝细胞受损时，ALT才会被释放到血液中，并表现出较高的血清ALT活性；当心脏或者机体的肌肉组织发生障碍时，血清中AST活性显著上升。如表5所示，饲喂实验组饲料的加州鲈的血清ALT和AST活性均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)，且随着添加剂含量的增加而降低。该结果表明加州鲈饲料中添加本发明所述的添加剂后，在高摄食量的情况下，不但没有对加州鲈的肝脏造成损伤，而且随着添加量的增加，对肝脏还具有一定的保护和修复作用。
总蛋白(TP)和甘油三酯(TG)是蛋白质和脂质在血液中的主要存在状态，它们的含量一定程度上可以反映肝脏的健康程度和饲料的质量状况，也可以反映鱼体的营养代谢状况。由表5可知，饲喂实验组饲料的加州鲈血清中TP和TG含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，表明本发明所述添加剂的使用可显著提高加州鲈血清中的TP和TG含量，而血清中高水平的TP、TG值意味着鱼体的合成代谢旺盛，从而能满足其快速生长的需求。琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)是参与TCA循环过程的关键酶，其活力大小可以反映鱼体有氧代谢能力的高低。丙酮酸激酶(PK)是糖酵解途径的主要限速酶，它能作用于磷酸烯醇丙酮酸和ADP生成丙酮酸和ATP。由表5可知，饲喂实验组饲料的加州鲈的血清SDH和PK活性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)，表明本发明所述的添加剂能显著促进机体的有氧代谢和糖酵解从而促进和改善鱼体的生长性能。这与本实验中关于添加剂对加州鲈生长性能的影响结果是一致的。
肌酸激酶(CK)可以调节糖酵解循环，同时血液中CK值是衡量鱼体应激反应的一个重要指标，CK值升高说明鱼体受到了一定刺激。本实验中饲喂实验组饲料的加州鲈的血清CK活性显著低于对照组，说明本发明所述的添加剂可以显著增强加州鲈的抗应激能力。
表5不同饲料处理组对加州鲈血清几种主要生化指标的影响
3.5肝脏及其非特异性免疫指标
添加剂中的甜菜碱和左旋肉碱均可促进细胞线粒体内的长链脂肪酸的氧化，促进脂肪分解，降低肝脏脂肪和体脂沉积，促进蛋白质的合成。由表6可知，饲喂实验组饲料的加州鲈肝脏粗脂肪含量和肝体比均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)，且随着添加量的增加而降低。添加剂的使用保证了加州鲈的高摄食量的情况下，依然能够维持肝脏中脂蛋白的正常合成与分泌，避免了甘油三酯在肝脏中的聚集，预防了脂肪肝的发生，促进了加州鲈对饲料中脂肪的充分利用。
肝脏中SOD活性和MDA含量常作为鱼类非特异性免疫指标。SOD是生物体内重要的抗氧化酶，具有清除鱼体内自由基的能力，可增强鱼体吞噬细胞的吞噬活性，促进与免疫相关蛋白的合成。鱼肝脏MDA含量，常用来指示机体内脂质的过氧化程度，MDA含量的高低也间接反应机体细胞受氧自由基攻击的程度。由表6可知，饲喂实验组饲料的加州鲈肝脏中SOD活性显著高于对照组，而肝脏MDA含量则显著低于对照组(P<0.05)，表明本发明所述添加剂可显著提高加州鲈的抗氧化胁迫能力，促进加州鲈的非特异性免疫应答，增强加州鲈的疾病预防能力。
表6不同饲料处理组对加州鲈肝脏及其非特异性免疫指标的影响
以上所述仅为本发明的较优实施例，并不用以限制本发明。对于本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，还可以做出若干简单推演或替换，如对添加剂各原料比例进行不同程度的调整和改进，或将该添加剂微调后用于其它水产养殖种类进行申报，或改变添加剂在不同水产养殖种类饲料中的添加量，或将该添加剂调整后作为动保产品使用等，都应当视为属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (5)
1.一种加州鲈功能性饲料添加剂，其特征在于包括如下重量百分含量的组分：二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭盐酸盐(DMPT)5.0-10.0％，大蒜素5.0-10.0％，L-缬氨酸5.0-10.0％，甜菜碱盐酸盐5.0-10.0％，胍基乙酸5.0-10.0％，溶血磷脂粉10.0-20.0％，L-肉碱盐酸盐5.0-10.0％，杜仲提取物10.0-20.0％，载体沸石粉适量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的饲料添加剂，其特征在于包括如下重量百分含量的组分：二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭盐酸盐(DMPT)6.0-8.0％，大蒜素5.0-7.0％，L-缬氨酸8.0-10.0％，甜菜碱盐酸盐6.0-8.0％，胍基乙酸7.0-10.0％，溶血磷脂粉14.0-18.0％，L-肉碱盐酸盐4.0-6.0％，杜仲提取物15.0-20.0％，载体沸石粉适量。
3.根据权利要求1所述的饲料添加剂，其特征在于包括如下重量百分含量的组分：二甲基-β-丙酸噻亭盐酸盐(DMPT)7.0％，大蒜素6.0％，L-缬氨酸10.0％，甜菜碱盐酸盐7.0％，胍基乙酸8.5％，溶血磷脂粉16.0％，L-肉碱盐酸盐5.0％，杜仲提取物17.0％，其余为载体沸石粉23.5％。
4.权利要求1-3所述饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征在于将所有的原料按照质量百分比混合搅拌均匀即得。
5.权利要求1-3所述饲料添加剂作为加州鲈功能性添加剂的应用。
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