CN113197024A - Method for planting sunflower in medium and severe saline-alkali soil by early film-covering, drip irrigation and salt suppression - Google Patents
Method for planting sunflower in medium and severe saline-alkali soil by early film-covering, drip irrigation and salt suppression Download PDFInfo
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- CN113197024A CN113197024A CN202110253294.9A CN202110253294A CN113197024A CN 113197024 A CN113197024 A CN 113197024A CN 202110253294 A CN202110253294 A CN 202110253294A CN 113197024 A CN113197024 A CN 113197024A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for planting sunflowers in medium and severe saline-alkali soil by early film-covering, drip irrigation and salt suppression, and belongs to the technical field of crop planting. The technology adopts a full-mulching machine, and changes the mulching time from the prior mulching before the conventional sowing to the prior autumn before the watering or in early spring and narrow white film into a wide black film and the furrow irrigation in the growth period into drip irrigation on the basis of the normal autumn watering and spring irrigation of the moderate and severe saline-alkali soil. The early covering of the film can lead the soil to be unfrozen in advance, inhibit the soil salt return in spring and provide a low-salt growth state environment for the growth period of the sunflowers. The conventional narrow white film is changed into a wide black film, so that not only can weeds under the film be inhibited from growing thickly, but also the salt return between lines can be effectively prevented. In the growth period of the sunflower, the flood irrigation is easy to cause dead seedlings, the drip irrigation is changed into the drip irrigation, the salinity of a soil plough layer can be reduced, the seedling protection rate is improved, and meanwhile, the matched drip irrigation can timely supplement water and fertilizer according to the water and fertilizer requirement rule of the sunflower. The technical method is beneficial to the application of planting the sunflower in the saline-alkali soil to improve the yield and the utilization rate of the saline-alkali soil.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop planting, in particular to a method for planting sunflowers in medium and severe saline-alkali soil by early film-covering, drip irrigation and salt suppression.
Background
The river-sleeve irrigation area is a typical saline soil development area in China, and the saline soil accounts for 44% of the total cultivated area. In recent years, the degree of secondary salinization of soil tends to be increased. The crops planted in the saline-alkali soil of the river-sleeve irrigation area are mainly sunflowers, and aiming at the problems that the underground water level of the severe saline-alkali soil in the river-sleeve irrigation area is high, the salt surface is seriously accumulated, the salt is seriously returned in the growth period of the crops, the crops are difficult to emerge, seedling is difficult to preserve, the crops are difficult to grow, even the severe saline-alkali soil is abandoned, the input is larger than the output, no economic benefit is generated, and the like, a technical breakthrough is urgently needed to be found, the planting mode is innovated, the salt damage of the crops is reduced, and the productivity level is further improved.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the invention provides a method for planting sunflowers in medium and severe saline-alkali soil by early film-covering, drip irrigation and salt suppression. The time for covering the mulching film is advanced, the mulching film coverage is increased, the evaporation capacity of the ground surface is reduced, and the salt return of the ground surface is inhibited; meanwhile, drip irrigation is matched, the salinity of a crop plough layer is gradually reduced through water dripping, soil nutrients are supplemented, and the purpose of controlling salt and improving soil is achieved.
The invention provides a method for planting sunflowers in medium and heavy saline-alkali soil by early film mulching, drip irrigation and salt suppression, which solves the problems of difficult seedling emergence, difficult seedling preservation, poor growth potential and the like caused by salt damage of the sunflowers planted in the medium and heavy saline-alkali soil, and comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: soil preparation
And (4) selecting saline-alkali soil with flat terrain and drip irrigation conditions, and ploughing in time after harvesting the previous crops.
Step two: film coating
After the crops of previous crops are harvested in the last year (called as autumn mulching film for short) or when the soil in the early spring of the current year is frozen in daytime and disappears in night (called as early spring mulching film for short), a sunflower full-film mulching machine is adopted to complete film mulching and drip irrigation tape laying at one time.
Step three: base fertilizer
10-20 kg/mu of basic fertilizer, namely superphosphate, and 5-8 kg/mu of potash fertilizer with the content of 40% are applied along with the film covering machine according to the soil fertility condition, and special fertilizers for saline-alkali soil can also be applied in a supplementing manner.
Step four: irrigation water
The crops before the last year are harvested, the soil is prepared and covered with the film, the crops are normally watered in autumn, the salt is pressed in spring before sowing, or the crops are watered in spring after the film is covered in early spring of the year and the salt is pressed in spring before sowing.
Step five: transplanting of seedlings
And (3) carrying out plug seedling in advance, carrying out seedling culture and transplantation in time when the soil humidity can be used for field operation after spring irrigation, carrying out 3-line film cultivation, enabling the plant spacing to be 60cm and the planting density to be 1850 plants/mu, and irrigating seedling water by adopting drip irrigation after transplanting according to the soil moisture content.
Step six: management of field
According to soil moisture content, the height of the sunflower plant is 20-30cm, and the water drops are dripped by 20m3Dissolving and topdressing urea 19-23 kg/mu with the water and the fertilization tank; drip irrigation water 15m in flowering period35 kg/mu of urea is applied with water.
Step seven: harvesting
Harvesting in time when the back of the flower disc turns yellow, and threshing in time after the disc is inserted and aired; and (4) cleaning stalks and recovering residual films after harvesting.
Specifically, in the second step, the film covering in early spring is performed before the soil collapses.
Specifically, in the second step, the specification width of the black mulching film is 170cm, and the thickness of the black mulching film is 0.01 mm; the film covering mode is full mulching of a mulching film; laying a film for 2 lines on the drip irrigation tape; if the mulching film is damaged after mulching film covering and before spring irrigation, covering soil and repairing in time.
In the third step, the base fertilizer of the saline-alkali soil is not suitable for applying the nitrogen fertilizer.
In the fourth step, the 'autumn irrigation' follows the principle of deep irrigation, and if the salt and alkali are heavy and the 'spring irrigation' can be performed twice, a low-salt growth environment is provided for sunflower seeding and seedling emergence.
Specifically, in the fifth step, standard seedlings which are 10-12 days old, 12-15cm high and have a pair of true leaves and no pests are selected for field planting.
Specifically, in the seventh step, the plug tray is inclined by 45 degrees after harvesting; the upper part of the stalks are harvested completely, and the stalks are not easy to be connected with each other to influence the mechanical harvest.
The invention has the main advantages that the film is coated in advance, the drip irrigation is carried out, the salt inhibiting effect of the root layer of the crops is obvious, the emergence rate and the seedling protecting rate of the sunflowers are effectively improved, the salt damage suffered by the crops in the growth process is reduced through the drip irrigation, the plants in the mature period grow well, the premature senility rate is reduced, and the yield is improved. The method effectively solves the problems of low productivity, no economic benefit and the like of sunflower planting in saline-alkali soil, and enables the saline-alkali soil to become a tileable planting production field, thereby improving the planting benefit and relieving the pressure of soil tillage.
Drawings
For a better understanding of the present disclosure, reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of early mulching drip irrigation planting of sunflower;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a conventional sunflower planting process;
in the figure, 1-planting position 2-plant spacing 3-drip irrigation zone 4-small row 5-large row.
Detailed Description
Example 1
Test in the Bayan Yan He district dry Xue Zhenban Yan He City saline-alkali soil test field (40 degrees 79 'in northern latitude and 107 degrees 28' in east longitude), the test field selects the saline content of the soil plough layer (measured before the film covering in the last autumn) of 5.86-11.71 g/kg, and the average pH value is 8.9.
The method comprises the following steps: soil preparation
And (5) ploughing and raking after leveling the land after harvesting in autumn in the last year.
Step two: film-covering and drip-laying drip irrigation tape
The film covering time is respectively after soil preparation in autumn of the last year (10 middle ten days) and early spring of the current year (4 early months). Cell area 242m2The cell width is 11m, the cell length is 22m, 3 times of repetition and random arrangement are carried out. Selecting black mulching film with width of 170cm, and adopting special-purposeAnd (4) fully laminating the film, and paving a drip irrigation tape.
Step three: fertilizing
10-20kg of basic fertilizer, namely superphosphate, and 5-8kg of 40% potash fertilizer are applied per mu along with a film covering machine.
Step four: irrigation water
Harvesting crops before the last year, performing soil preparation and normal 'autumn irrigation' after film mulching, and 'spring irrigation' before sowing to press salt; after the film is covered in early spring of the year, the salt is pressed by 'spring irrigation' before sowing.
Step five: transplanting of seedlings
The method comprises the steps of carrying out plug seedling in advance, carrying out seedling culture and transplantation in time when the soil humidity can be used for field operation after spring irrigation, carrying out 3 lines of films, carrying out plant spacing of 60cm, carrying out plant density of 1850 plants/mu, and watering seedling-reviving water by adopting drip irrigation after transplantation, wherein the irrigation quantity is 20m3Per mu.
Step six: management of field
The height of the sunflower plant is 20-30cm, and the drip irrigation water drops 20m3Dissolving and topdressing 20 kg/mu of urea with water in a fertilization tank; drip irrigation water 15m in flowering period35 kg/mu of urea is applied with water.
Step seven: harvesting
Harvesting in time when the back of the flower disc turns yellow, and threshing in time after the disc is inserted and aired; and (4) cleaning stalks and recovering residual films after harvesting.
The comparative example adopts a traditional planting mode. The film covering time is 5 months and 1 day, a black mulching film of 70cm is selected, and 20 kg/mu of diammonium phosphate and 5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate fertilizer are mechanically covered and applied. The water is irrigated in spring in the sowing period and is not irrigated in the whole growing period. The seeds are planted in large and small rows, the large row is 100cm, the small row is 40cm, and the seeding density is 1850 plants/mu.
Compared with the conventional planting, the desalination rates of the autumn mulching film drip irrigation in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the flowering stage and the grouting stage are respectively increased by 29.41 percent, 30 percent and 25 percent by 4.17 percent, the average desalination rate is increased by 22.14 percent, the seedling rate in the grouting stage is increased by 35 percent, and the yield is increased by 57.72 percent; compared with the conventional planting, the early spring mulching and drip irrigation respectively improves the desalination rate by 13.73 percent, 17.14 percent, 27.38 percent and 5.56 percent, the average desalination rate is 15.95 percent, the seedling rate in the grouting period is improved by 23 percent, and the yield is increased by 34.89 percent (table 1).
TABLE 1 mulching and drip irrigation 0-20cm soil salinity, seedling protection and yield table at different time
The autumn film drip irrigation and the early spring film drip irrigation are higher than the conventional planting, the stem thickness and the disc diameter are better, the premature senility rate is respectively reduced by 25 and 22 points than the conventional planting, and the yield is respectively improved by 56.56 percent and 12.72 percent (table 2).
Table 2 drip irrigation demonstration yield performance at different lamination times
In order to solve the problems that the weeds under the mulch grow well and the mulch is broken due to flourishing growth of the weeds when water is irrigated in spring before the sunflowers are sown, the test is carried out by covering mulch films with different colors and different covering modes. The number of weeds, fresh weight, film supporting area and the number of film breaking points are investigated in the sunflower sowing period, and the test result shows that: the comprehensive grass-prevention protective film has the effects that the film is pressed with soil and covered with a black film, the film surface is sprayed with soil and covered with a white film, and the film is pressed with soil and covered with a white film (Table 3).
TABLE 3 questionnaire of weeds under film and protective film effects in different film-coating modes
Claims (7)
1. A method for planting sunflowers in medium and severe saline-alkali soil by early film-covering drip irrigation and salt suppression is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) land preparation: selecting saline-alkali soil with flat terrain and drip irrigation conditions, and ploughing in time after harvesting previous crops;
(2) film covering: after the previous crop is harvested in the last year (autumn mulching film for short) or in the early spring of the current year, the day and night soil is frozen (early spring mulching film for short) and a sunflower full-film mulching machine is adopted to complete film mulching and drip irrigation tape laying at one time;
(3) applying a base fertilizer: 10-20 kg/mu of basic fertilizer, namely superphosphate, and 5-8 kg/mu of potash fertilizer with the net content of 40% are applied along with a film covering machine according to the soil fertility condition, and special fertilizers for saline-alkali soil can also be applied in a supplementing manner;
(4) and (3) irrigation: harvesting crops before the previous year, performing soil preparation and normal 'autumn irrigation' after film mulching, and 'spring irrigation' salt pressing before sowing, or 'spring irrigation' salt pressing before sowing after film mulching in early spring of the year;
(5) seedling and transplanting: the method comprises the following steps of (1) carrying out plug seedling in advance, carrying out seedling culture and transplanting in time when the soil humidity can be used for field operation after spring irrigation, carrying out 3-line mulching, wherein the plant spacing is 60cm, the planting density is 1850 plants/mu, and carrying out drip irrigation to pour seedling water after transplanting according to soil moisture;
(6) field management: according to soil moisture content, the height of the sunflower plant is 20-30cm, and the water drops are dripped by 20m3Dissolving and topdressing urea by combining with a fertilizing tank for 19-23 kg/mu; drip irrigation water 15m in flowering period35 kg/mu of urea is applied;
(7) harvesting: harvesting in time when the back of the flower disc turns yellow, and threshing in time after the disc is inserted and aired; and (4) cleaning stalks and recovering residual films after harvesting.
2. The method for planting the sunflowers by the early mulching drip irrigation and salt suppression in the medium and severe saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, the early spring mulching is performed before the soil collapses.
3. The method for planting the sunflowers by the early mulching drip irrigation and salt suppression in the medium and severe saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the specification of the black mulching film in the second step is 170cm in width and 0.01mm in thickness; the film covering mode is full mulching of a mulching film; laying a film for 2 lines on the drip irrigation tape; if the mulching film is damaged after mulching film covering and before spring irrigation, covering soil and repairing in time.
4. The method for planting the sunflowers by the early mulching, drip irrigation and salt suppression in the medium and severe saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein nitrogen fertilizers are not suitable for being applied to the base fertilizers in the saline-alkali soil in the third step.
5. The method for planting the sunflowers in the medium and severe saline-alkali soil by early mulching drip irrigation and salt suppression according to claim 1, wherein the 'autumn irrigation' in the fourth step follows the principle of deep irrigation, and if the saline-alkali soil is heavily irrigated in the 'spring irrigation', the sunflower can be irrigated twice, so that a low-salt growth environment is provided for the sowing and seedling emergence of the sunflowers.
6. The method for planting the sunflowers in the medium and severe saline-alkali soil by early tectorial membrane drip irrigation and salt suppression according to claim 1, wherein in the fifth step, a pair of true-leaf standard seedlings without pests is selected for field planting, wherein the seedling age is 10-12 days, the plant height is 12-15 cm.
7. The method for planting the sunflowers in the medium and severe saline-alkali soil by early tectorial membrane drip irrigation and salt suppression according to claim 1, wherein in the seventh step, the inserting discs are inclined by 45 degrees after harvesting, the upper stalks are harvested completely, and the stalks are not suitable for silk connection to influence mechanical harvesting.
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