CN113105277A - Preparation method of functional earthworm cast with Pb and Cd adsorption performance - Google Patents
Preparation method of functional earthworm cast with Pb and Cd adsorption performance Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of functional earthworm cast with Pb and Cd adsorption performance, belonging to the field of resource utilization of solid wastes. The functional wormcast has good Pb and Cd removal characteristics, the organic matter content is about 40%, and the total nutrient is about 5%. Preparation method thereof, and bagThe method comprises the following steps: (1) constructing an earthworm reactor by taking cow dung as a main material and shell powder modified material as a mineral auxiliary material; the addition amount of mineral auxiliary materials of the mineral earthworm reactor is 2-10 percent; (2) after the substrate is fermented for 7 days, inoculating active earthworms into an earthworm reactor, and culturing for 30-42 days to obtain functional earthworm casts. The functional earthworm cast provided by the invention has good Pb2+、Cd2+The soil conditioner has the advantages of good removal capability, capability of well repairing Pb and Cd pollution of soil, rich organic matter base and nutrient elements, large specific surface area and rich pores, capability of improving soil fertility and improvement on physical properties of soil.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of resource utilization of solid wastes, and particularly relates to a preparation method of functional earthworm casts with Pb and Cd adsorption performance.
Background
With the large-scale development of livestock and poultry breeding industry in China, a large amount of livestock and poultry manure is generated. The livestock and poultry manure production in China at the end of 2020 is reported to be as high as 42.44 hundred million t, and the discharge of a large amount of manure causes serious pollution to the environment. The cow dung accounts for the highest proportion in the composition of the livestock and poultry dung, so that the treatment and resource utilization of the cow dung are necessary. The earthworm compost is formed by the combined action of earthworms and microorganisms, so that organic waste can be treated more efficiently, and the recycling harmless treatment of cow dung can be realized.
Meanwhile, environmental pollution related to heavy metals caused by various artificial activities such as mining, automobile exhaust, application of pesticides and fertilizers and the like is receiving wide attention. According to the report, the exceeding standard rate of heavy metal in the cultivated land soil of China is about 35%, and the cultivated land area polluted by heavy metal reaches 2000 kilohm2And accounts for about 20 percent of the total area of cultivated land in China. The total amount of heavy metal polluted grains in China reaches 0.12 hundred million t every year, and the direct economic loss is up to 200 million yuan. Pb and Cd as common pollutants in farmland soil have the characteristics of high toxicity, easy migration and the like, and cause serious harm to crop growth and human safety. Shi and the like summarize thousands of published articles, evaluate the pollution conditions of Pb and Cd in agricultural soil in China, and find that the pollution conditions of Pb and Cd in the soil in Yunobu plateau and the south area of Yangtze river in China are particularly prominent. Therefore, the method has important theory and current situation on the treatment of Pb and Cd pollution in the environmentThe actual meaning.
Common heavy metal remediation technologies include an electrochemical method, a chemical oxidation method, a biological remediation method, an adsorption method and the like, wherein the adsorption method is widely applied due to high efficiency, simple operation and convenient operation. The key of the adsorption method is to select a proper adsorption material, however, most of the materials are easy to cause secondary pollution due to low treatment efficiency, so that the application of the adsorption method is limited. Therefore, the exploration of novel materials which are efficient, cheap and environmentally friendly for removing Pb and Cd from the environment is urgent. The earthworm cast has larger specific surface area and cation exchange capacity, is rich in functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl and the like, has better affinity to heavy metals, and can be used as a good adsorbent. However, the earthworm cast as a single organic material has relatively limited effect on heavy metal remediation, and therefore, it is necessary to change the properties of the earthworm cast to improve the heavy metal adsorption capacity of the earthworm cast. Meanwhile, the mineral material is regarded as a green material in the 21 st century to be widely applied to soil heavy metal pollution remediation due to the advantages of high efficiency, low cost, environmental protection and the like. Therefore, the organic-inorganic composite material with the earthworm casts and the mineral adsorption performance has important potential and environmental significance for repairing heavy metal pollution.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide the functional earthworm casts for removing Pb and Cd pollutants in soil and the preparation method thereof, which can realize the resource utilization of cow dung and solve the problem that the sustainable utilization of the soil is influenced by Pb and Cd pollution.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the preparation method of the functional earthworm cast with Pb and Cd adsorption performance is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) constructing an earthworm reactor by taking cow dung as a main material and shell powder modified material as a mineral auxiliary material;
2) pre-fermenting a mixture of cow dung and shell powder modified substances in an earthworm reactor at room temperature for 7 days by using the mixture as a matrix;
3) and (3) inoculating the active earthworms into an earthworm reactor, and culturing for 30-42 days to obtain the functional earthworm casts.
Further, the shell powder modified substance in the step 1) is obtained by calcining shell powder at a high temperature of 800-1100 ℃.
Furthermore, the addition amount of the mineral auxiliary materials accounts for 2-10% of the total mass of the matrix, and the mass content of the cow dung is 90-98%.
Further, the substrate humidity is maintained at 70-80% during the pre-fermentation in step 2).
Further, the earthworm species in the step 3) is Eisenia foetida, the inoculation density is 10-60 mg/g, the culture temperature is 15-25 ℃, and the humidity is 60-80%.
Furthermore, the functional earthworm cast has 35-45% of organic matter content, 4-6% of total nutrients and pH of 7.0-8.0, and has good Pb content2+、Cd2+And (4) removing the capacity.
According to the invention, the shell powder modifier is added into the earthworm reactor, so that the aeration rate and the water permeability of the earthworm composting process can be improved, the influence of salinity and pH on earthworms is relieved, the humification and degradation rates are accelerated, and the production efficiency of functional earthworm dung is improved. The functional earthworm cast prepared by the preparation method has rich pores and larger specific surface area, is rich in organic matters and nutrients, can improve the physical properties of soil, enhances the water retention of the soil and improves the soil fertility.
The earthworm feed provided by the invention is prepared from common wastes, has wide sources and low price, and is suitable for large-scale production. Simultaneously realizes the resource utilization of cow dung and shell powder wastes; due to the addition of a proper amount of shell powder modified substances, the composting environment is improved, the humification and degradation rates are accelerated to a certain extent, and the production efficiency of the functional earthworm casts is improved; the functional earthworm cast prepared by the invention has comprehensive nutrients, is rich in organic microbial floras, and is beneficial to improving soil fertility, enhancing crop resistance, reducing crop diseases and promoting plant growth; meanwhile, the fertilizer has good Pb and Cd adsorption capacity, can reduce the effectiveness of stabilizing Pb and Cd in soil, and reduces the enrichment of plants on Pb and Cd.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the functional earthworm cast against Pb2+Adsorption and desorption histogram of (1);
FIG. 2 shows the functional earthworm cast pair Cd2+Adsorption and desorption histogram of (1).
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific examples to better understand the technical solution.
The invention provides a preparation method of functional earthworm cast for removing Pb and Cd pollutants in soil, which comprises the following steps: 1) constructing an earthworm reactor by taking cow dung as a main material and shell powder modified material as a mineral auxiliary material; 2) pre-fermenting the substrate in the earthworm reactor for 7 days at room temperature; 3) and (3) inoculating the active earthworms into an earthworm reactor, and culturing for 30-42 days to obtain the functional earthworm casts.
In the invention, the type and source of the cow dung have no special requirements, and the water content is 60-80%; the mass content of the cow dung is preferably 90-98%.
In the invention, a mineral accessory shell powder modifier is obtained by calcining shell powder at a high temperature of 800-1100 ℃; the shell powder is obtained by mechanically crushing shells and sieving the shells by a sieve of 0.15 mm; the variety and source of the shell have no special requirements; the adding proportion of the mineral auxiliary materials is 2 to 10 percent.
In the invention, the earthworm reactor is designed conventionally, for example, the shape of the earthworm reactor can be cylindrical, the height of the earthworm reactor is 20-40 cm, and the radius of a circular surface is 30-50 cm; a screen is arranged in the earthworm reactor, the aperture is 0.15mm, and the collection of functional earthworm casts is facilitated; the upper part of the earthworm reactor is provided with a screen with the aperture of 0.15mm, so that earthworms are prevented from escaping and gas exchange is facilitated. The distance between the plurality of earthworm reactors is 10 cm-30 cm.
The reactor is set up according to the actual needs and the adjustment is easy to be realized by the skilled person, for example, if the cultivation is carried out in an outdoor greenhouse, the shape and the size of the reactor can be adjusted. Preferably, the shape of the strip is 10-60 cm thick, 1-100 m long and 1-3 m wide. The pre-fermentation time of the substrate can be properly prolonged to 10-40 days; in order to facilitate the cultivation of the greenhouse earthworms, the inoculation density can be adjusted to 0.4-4.0 kg/m2. Collecting functional earthworm dung every 3-8 weeks for outdoor culture and supplementingFilling earthworm bed substrate; preferably, the mass ratio of the collected functional earthworm casts to the supplement substrate is 1: 1-5.
Because the earthworms do not resist high temperature and low temperature, the earthworm reactor is arranged in a climatic chamber; the temperature of the artificial climate chamber is preferably 15-25 ℃. If the greenhouse is used for cultivation, the top end of the greenhouse needs to be shaded and sun-proof in summer, and the top end of the greenhouse needs to be kept warm in winter. The upper end of the earthworm reactor is provided with a water spraying device, and the distance between two water spraying holes is preferably 50-100 cm so as to keep the humidity of the culture bed to be about 75%.
After the cow dung mineral mixed matrix is fermented, earthworms are inoculated into an earthworm reactor to be cultured for 30-42 days, and then functional earthworm dung is obtained. The earthworm is preferably Eisenia foetida (Eisenia foetida) The inoculation density is 10-60 mg/g.
According to the invention, after the earthworms are cultured, the light can be adopted to promote the earthworms to move to the bottom of the reactor, so that the separation of the earthworms and the functional earthworm feces is realized. During collection, the screen inside the reactor may be taken out directly for the next round of culture.
The embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following:
example 1: preparation of functional earthworm cast
1) Taking cow dung as a main material, adding 2.5% of shell powder or a shell modifier as a mineral auxiliary material, fully mixing (300 g of dry weight), placing in an earthworm reactor with a fine mesh bag (the aperture is less than or equal to 0.15mm), wherein the diameter of a barrel opening is 30cm, the barrel height is 20cm, adjusting the water content to 70%, and pre-fermenting at room temperature for about 7 days.
Wherein the cow dung is obtained from certain earthworm breeding factory of Hainin; the mussel shell is taken from an aquaculture farm in Hangzhou city, and is mechanically crushed and sieved by a sieve of 0.15mm to obtain shell powder; the shell powder modifier is obtained by calcining shell powder in a muffle furnace at 1100 ℃ and sieving the calcined shell powder with a 0.15mm sieve.
2) Inoculating Eisenia foetida with similar body weight and obvious clitellum into the earthworm reactor in the step 1), wherein the density of the Eisenia foetida is 40mg/g and about 18 earthworms are obtained, and sealing the earthworm reactor by gauze with the pore diameter of 0.15mm so as to prevent the earthworms from escaping.
3) Placing the earthworm reactor in a climatic chamber with good ventilation, 18 ℃ temperature, 70% humidity and 0 Lux illumination, pouring ultrapure water for 1 time every 2 days to maintain the substrate humidity, and culturing for 42 days to obtain functional earthworm casts.
The experiment set up 6 treatments with 3 replicates each. C: the pure cow dung is not inoculated with the earthworms; CS: mixing cow dung and shell powder without inoculating earthworms; CMS: mixing the cow dung and the shell powder modified substance without inoculating earthworms; v: inoculating earthworms with pure cow dung; VS: mixing cow dung and shell powder and inoculating earthworms; VMS: and (3) mixing the cow dung and the shell powder modified substance and inoculating earthworms.
And (3) characterization of functional earthworm cast: the basic physicochemical property of the functional earthworm cast is measured, and the method mainly comprises the following indexes: pH, cation exchange capacity, specific surface area, organic matter content and total nutrients.
Functional earthworm excrement to Pb2+、Cd2+Adsorption test of (2): weighing a functional earthworm cast sample in a 10mL polypropylene centrifuge tube according to the proportion of 4 g.L-1Adding Pb (NO) in solid-to-liquid ratio3)2Solution and Cd (NO)3)2Solution of Pb in solid phase after adjusting pH to 5.0 + -0.052+The addition amount of (B) is 1000 mg.L-1，Cd2+The addition amount of (B) is 400 mg.L-1After 24 hours of adsorption in a constant temperature shaking chamber, the remaining Pb was measured with a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Shimadzu AA-6800, Japan)2+、Cd2+Concentration and adsorption rate were calculated. Further, 8mL of 0.01 mol. L was added to each centrifuge tube containing the residual solid phase-1NaNO3Desorbing the solution in a constant temperature oscillation box for 24 hours, and then determining Pb in the filtrate2+、Cd2+Concentrations and calculating desorption rates.
TABLE 1 basic physicochemical properties of functional earthworm cast
Note: different lower case letters in table 1 indicate a 5% significant difference level.
As can be seen from Table 1, the pH of each sample ranged from 7.22 to 7.76, both being weakly basic, with the pH of VMS being 7.44. When the cation exchange amount and the specific surface area of each sample are compared, VMS has the highest cation exchange amount and the largest specific surface area. Each sample contains rich organic matter content, which is about 40%. In addition, the total nutrient content of each sample was in the order VMS > VS > V > CMS > CS > C, i.e., VMS had the highest total nutrient content, 4.93%. Therefore, the VMS processing function earthworm cast has good basic physicochemical characteristics and contains rich organic matters and nutrients.
The functional earthworm cast prepared in the embodiment is used for treating Pb2+、Cd2+The adsorption and desorption histograms of (A) are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
As can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, each sample was aligned to Pb2+The absorption rate of the adsorbent is VMS > CMS > VS > V > CS > C in sequence; each sample pair Cd2+The adsorption rates of (A) are VMS > VS > CMS > CS > V > C in the order of magnitude, i.e., V, CS, VS, CMS, VMS for Pb2+、Cd2+Has adsorption rates higher than C and uses VMS to adsorb Pb2+、Cd2+The highest adsorption rates were 80.50% and 59.9%, respectively. Further comparison of Pb of the respective samples2+、Cd2+Order of magnitude of desorption rate, adsorption state Pb2+The desorption rate is VMS < CMS < VS < CS < V < C; adsorption state Cd2+The desorption rate is in the order of VS < VMS < CS < V < CMS < C, namely V, CS, VS, CMS, VMS for Pb2+、Cd2+Has a desorption rate of less than C and is applied to Pb by VMS2+、Cd2+The desorption rates of (A) were all low, 0.167% and 8.72%, respectively. Therefore, the functional earthworm feces obtained by earthworm composting by adding a small amount of shell powder modifier is Pb2+、Cd2+Has relatively highest adsorption rate, and is in a Pb adsorption state2+、Cd2+Are difficult to desorb.
Claims (8)
1. A preparation method of functional earthworm cast with Pb and Cd adsorption performance is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) constructing an earthworm reactor by taking cow dung as a main material and shell powder modified material as a mineral auxiliary material;
2) pre-fermenting a mixture of cow dung and shell powder modified substances in an earthworm reactor at room temperature for 7 days by using the mixture as a matrix;
3) and (3) inoculating the active earthworms into an earthworm reactor, and culturing for 30-42 days to obtain the functional earthworm casts.
2. The method for preparing the functional earthworm casts with the Pb and Cd adsorption performance as claimed in claim 1, wherein the shell powder modifier in the step 1) is obtained by calcining shell powder at a high temperature of 800-1100 ℃.
3. The method for preparing functional earthworm cast with Pb and Cd adsorption performance according to claim 1, wherein the addition amount of mineral auxiliary materials accounts for 2-10% of the total mass of the substrate.
4. The method for preparing functional earthworm casts with Pb and Cd adsorption performance as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the pre-fermentation process in step 2), the substrate humidity is kept at 70-80%.
5. The method for preparing functional earthworm cast with Pb and Cd adsorption performance according to claim 1, wherein the earthworm species in step 3) is Eisenia foetida.
6. The method for preparing functional earthworm cast with Pb and Cd adsorption performance according to claim 1, wherein the inoculation density of earthworms in the step 3) is 10-60 mg/g.
7. The method for preparing functional earthworm cast with Pb and Cd adsorption performance according to claim 1, wherein the earthworm culture temperature in the step 3) is 15-25 ℃ and the humidity is 60-80%.
8. The method for preparing the functional earthworm cast with the Pb and Cd adsorption performance as claimed in claim 1, wherein the functional earthworm cast has 35-45% of organic matter content, 4-6% of total nutrients and 7.0-8.0 of pH.
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