CN113100002B - Soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica one-year three-season planting and breeding mode - Google Patents
Soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica one-year three-season planting and breeding mode Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
The invention discloses a soybean-clanis bilineata larva one-year three-season planting and breeding mode in the field of artificial breeding of resource insects, and the field management, clanis bilineata larva breeding, one-year three-season soybean planting and clanis bilineata larva breeding related to the clanis bilineata larva breeding aspect are discussed in detail and comprehensively. The soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica one-year three-season breeding mode provided by the invention improves the clanis bilineata tsingtauica output from one time to three times in one year in the past, improves the annual output and net profit of clanis bilineata tsingtauica on unit soil, prolongs the marketing time of fresh clanis bilineata tsingtauica, and relieves the current situation of insufficient supply of the current clanis bilineata tsingtauica market. In addition, the method is simple, has lower operation cost, is harmless to human bodies and environment, and has important significance for efficient and standardized artificial breeding of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of artificial breeding of resource insects, and particularly relates to a soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica one-year three-season breeding mode in a clanis bilineata tsingtauica breeding process.
Background
The soybean hawkmoth (Clanis bilineata) belongs to the family of lepidoptera hawkmoth, and the larva is commonly called Clanis bilineata, which is one of the main pests of soybean. The 1-2 instar larvae mainly damage the tops of soybean plants, bite leaves into holes or bite the edges of the leaves into notches, and generally do not migrate; when the larvae are 3-4 instars, the food intake of the larvae begins to increase, and the larvae can be transformed into harmful plants; the 5 th instar is the binge feeding instar of the larvae, and the feeding amount of the larvae in the period accounts for about 90 percent of the total feeding amount of the larvae. The damage is serious in the soybean fields with good growth, luxuriant and low-lying terrain, and the soybean production is seriously influenced.
However, the clanis bilineata tsingtauica is also an insect source food with development potential, has the characteristics of high protein, low fat, multiple vitamins and the like, has the efficacy of reducing blood pressure and blood fat, is loved by people, and has become a common delicious dish on dining tables of people in the northern part of Jiangsu.
With the continuous improvement of the living standard of people, the market demand of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica is increased year by year, and the economic quantity is continuously increased, thereby bringing considerable economic benefits to the market. However, most of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica sold on the market at present comes from field collection or extensive artificial breeding. An efficient breeding technical system is not formed, so that the problems of low yield of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica, outstanding contradiction between supply and demand, inconsistent quality of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica and the like are caused. At present, individual farmers mostly adopt a soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica planting mode one season in a year, the market supply time is only from the beginning of 7 months to the middle of 9 months every year, and the market supply window period is quite long. In order to prolong the market supply time of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica and improve the yield of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica, a three-season soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica planting and breeding mode in one year is developed, and the planting and breeding mode in three seasons in one year is briefly introduced in the following for the first time.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a one-year three-season planting and breeding mode of soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica, which is characterized in that the artificial breeding technology of clanis bilineata tsingtauica larvae (clanis bilineata tsingtauica) is improved and standardized. The traditional clanis bilineata tsingtauica is not bred in a large scale, is relatively extensive in breeding, is characterized in that a small amount of clanis bilineata tsingtauica eggs are properly placed on soybean plants on the basis of soybean production, so that a small amount of clanis bilineata tsingtauica eggs are produced and sold on the premise of not influencing the yield of soybeans basically, only one season is bred in one year, and the efficiency is low. The mode carries out bold innovation on the clanis bilineata tsingtauica breeding, discusses in detail and comprehensively from field management, clanis bilineata tsingtauica seed production, three-season soybean planting in one year and clanis bilineata tsingtauica breeding, mainly produces clanis bilineata tsingtauica and produces soybeans as assistance, and improves the annual economic benefit of the land on unit area. Provides theoretical basis and technical guarantee for the artificial breeding of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica, and achieves the aims of high efficiency and standardization of the artificial breeding of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica.
The supporting facilities of the soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica one-year three-season planting and breeding mode are characterized in that a special heating chamber and a clanis bilineata tsingtauica breeding insect-prevention greenhouse are required. Heating the 2-month clanis bilineata tsingtauica larva in a special heating chamber to 28 deg.C, placing 100 heads of larva per square meter of heating chamber, and adjusting the heating chamber area according to larva scale. The field cultivation of the bean hawk moth-killing greenhouse is provided with a special insect-preventing greenhouse, and the diameter of an insect-preventing net covered on the greenhouse is 1.5 mm, so that the damage of natural enemies in the growth process of the bean hawk moth-killing greenhouse is prevented.
The soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica one-year three-season planting and breeding mode is characterized by being used for efficient large-scale artificial breeding of clanis bilineata tsingtauica.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following excellent effects: the soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica one-year three-season breeding mode provided by the invention changes the conventional artificial extensive breeding into artificial efficient large-scale breeding, unifies and standardizes breeding links, and provides technical reference for artificial clanis bilineata tsingtauica breeding. The yield of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica is improved from one time per year to three times per year in the past, the annual yield and the net profit of clanis bilineata tsingtauica on a unit area soil are improved, the marketing time of fresh clanis bilineata tsingtauica is prolonged, and the current situation that the market supply of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica is insufficient is relieved. In addition, the method is simple, has lower operation cost, is harmless to human bodies and environment, and has important significance for efficient and standardized artificial breeding of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows a comparison of annual yields of Doudan per acre of land for two planting modes of one season and three seasons of a year for soybean-Doudan;
FIG. 2 shows a comparison of the annual net income per acre of land for two planting modes of soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica one season and three seasons.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings and examples, but the practice of the invention is not limited thereto.
Example 1 Soybean planting technology
1.1 selection of soybean varieties: generally, the soybean varieties with tall plants, round leaves and more branches are selected. The common varieties in production include soybean (Dongxin No. 3, Xudou series, Zhou Dou series), green bean and black bean. The first two seasons of soybean varieties can be planted, and the third season of planting is better in selecting green beans with long growth period and low temperature resistance.
1.2 producing area environment: selecting areas without pesticide pollution and with good ecological environment. The soil is fertile, loose and convenient to irrigate and drain.
1.3 pretreatment: screening seeds, drying in the sun (non-solarisation) for 2-3 days, and dressing the seeds with a medicament; after the fertilizer is prepared by soil according to a certain proportion, a small amount of clear water is sprayed to moisten the soil, the soil is covered and sealed by a film, and the sowing can be carried out after 2 days.
1.4 sowing: the sowing suggests machine drilling, the row spacing is 40cm, and the plant spacing is 20 cm. In case of drought, water needs to be added in time to form soil moisture for sowing; if the water is too big, drainage and irrigation are needed in time, the seeding quality is improved, and the uniform, complete and strong seedlings are ensured.
1.5 seedling management: for field with high soybean density, timely thinning is required. And (4) carrying out artificial thinning before two pairs of single leaves are unfolded until one compound leaf is unfolded. Weak seedlings, diseased seedlings and mixed seedlings are removed intermittently, large seedlings, strong seedlings and pure seedlings are remained, and the seedlings are settled once according to the planned density, and 2-3 seedlings are planted in each hole.
1.6 temperature management: directly sowing soybean in the facility, wherein the temperature of the soybean is controlled to be (15-25) DEG C in the daytime and not lower than 10 ℃ at night when the soybean is exposed from the first true leaf, closing the greenhouse within 5 days after dibbling, and not lower than 8 ℃ at night when the first true leaf of the soybean is exposed. In fine weather, when the temperature of the air in the shed is too high, proper ventilation is needed.
1.7 illumination management: after the seedlings come out of the soil, the illumination intensity and time are increased as much as possible, and a new plastic film is needed for the greenhouse and the mulching film to keep the film surface clean.
1.8 fertilizer and water management: watering once after seedling emergence (enough), and watering as little as possible before blooming and fructification if soil moisture content is good, maintaining soil moisture content (60-65%), and increasing irrigation amount after initial blooming.
EXAMPLE 2 Clanis bilineata larva breeding technology
2.1 Clanis bilineata tsingtauica seed selection: digging out 5-year-old mature larva of bean hawkmoth cultured by soybean in the third season after being planted in soil and diapause every 11 months, and selecting non-damaged, non-black spots, worm body looping and viable bean hawkmoth as breeding seed worms.
2.2 overwintering conservation: the preferred Clanis bilineata larva is stored in a wood box with prepared substrate (prepared by local soil and wood chips according to a ratio of 2: 1) in a delivery room, the wood box is 100cm multiplied by 200cm, about 5kg of 5-instar larva is placed in the wood box, the soil humidity is kept about 20% during overwintering, and Clanis bilineata larva dead due to dehydration or infection is selected.
2.3 warming and seed warming: the time is 2 months later, the seed warming temperature is 28-30 ℃, and the temperature can be adjusted according to the growth condition of the soybeans. If the power of the warming facility is insufficient, the warming needs to be properly advanced. During the seed warming period, the humidity of the heating chamber is kept, and the window is opened to ventilate for 30min every afternoon except in rainy days.
2.4 mating and spawning: after the effective accumulated temperature is reached, the Clanis bilineata larva begins to pupate and eclose into a moth, the Clanis bilineata moth is placed in a mating room for male and female mating, 6 o' clock every morning, paired moths in mating are collected and sent into a pair room for airing, the common requirements of the pair room are met, and the temperature is 20-25 ℃, calm and ventilated. And (3) disassembling pairs at 16 pm, sending male moths back to a mating room, intensively putting female moths into a spawning cage to spawn, spawning overnight, collecting worm eggs in the spawning cage in the afternoon on the next day, and uniformly storing the collected worm eggs.
2.5 disinfecting worm eggs: generally, the worm eggs are disinfected after being received for 4 days, 36 percent formalin is adopted for disinfection, the disinfection temperature is 20-22 ℃ according to the ratio of the formalin to clean water being 1:11, the disinfection time is 30 minutes, the worm eggs are washed by clean water after disinfection until no formalin smell exists, and the worm eggs are taken out and dried in the shade.
2.6 hanging eggs: the method comprises the steps of firstly, uniformly placing eggs on wood pulp kraft paper, soaking the wood pulp kraft paper with a small amount of water, cutting the wood pulp kraft paper into egg cards with the width of 2-3cm and the length of 4-5cm, and controlling the number of eggs on each egg card to be 30-40. Binding egg card with egg side facing upwards to the back of bean leaf with stapler, and average density is about 30 grains/m 2 . The small red bean is eaten by oneself after being hatched.And recording the egg hanging date.
Example 3 Clanis bilineata tsingtauica larva cultivation and field management
And (5) observing the hatching rate of the worm eggs 2 days after egg hanging, and ensuring the base number of hatched larvae. During the breeding period, birds are mainly prevented from entering the greenhouse to harm the larva of the Clanis bilineata, a large number of lepidoptera pests, such as prodenia litura, beet armyworm, inchworm and the like, can appear in the greenhouse after 8 months, have strong competitive relationship with the larva of the Clanis bilineata, and particularly when the larva of the prodenia litura occurs greatly, the larva of the Clanis bilineata generally does not take food and stops growing until the larva dies. Therefore, a proper short-acting low-toxicity insecticide is sprayed on the bean leaves 15 days before the clanis bilineata tsingtauica eggs are thrown, so that the population base of pests is reduced. Meanwhile, irrigation and water supplement are carried out in time according to soil moisture content. The clanis bilineata tsingtauica is peeled twice, namely the clanis bilineata tsingtauica can be automatically transferred to other leaves after growing to 3 years, the clanis bilineata tsingtauica can be transferred to adjacent plants after 5 years, if the clanis bilineata tsingtauica leaves are found to be not eaten, the clanis bilineata tsingtauica can be manually transferred to a sparse part with worm openings, and the clanis bilineata tsingtauica leaves are timely collected after being found to be eaten.
Example 4 Soybean-Clanis bilineata tsingtauica planting and breeding process
4.1 first season Soybean planting
In the middle ten days of every year, soybeans are planted in the greenhouse in the first season, and after sowing, mulching films are laid for heat preservation. Meanwhile, the breeding chamber begins to warm up the seeds. A small amount of worm eggs can be obtained in the middle and last 3 months. When the soybean grows to 4-5 compound leaves, hanging the disinfected worm eggs to be hatched on the back of the upper bean leaves of the soybean plants, and harvesting 5-instar larvae in the last ten days of 5 months for sale. During the first season, the first generation of ova are produced by the bean hawkmoth which is pupated and feather-formed into moths in advance after the breeding chamber is artificially heated, and the extra ova are sold. The first season breeding time is early, the natural temperature is unstable, the holding time is needed for hanging worm eggs, the effect of hanging worm eggs in the morning is the best when the worm eggs are completely developed and mature and are going to be hatched, the greenhouse ventilation and heat preservation work is needed for hanging the worm eggs, the growth vigor of the bean haws in the season is slow, the survival rate is low, the selling price of the bean haws is highest, the income is good, and fine management is needed. The natural temperature difference is large during the first-season cultivation period, the survival rate of worm eggs is low, the yield per mu can reach 100 jin, the general market price is more than 100 yuan/jin, the output value is 10000 yuan, and the pure income is about 5000 yuan.
4.2 second season Soybean planting
After the soybean pellets are harvested in the last ten days of the month 5, the soybean plants in the greenhouse are cleaned in time for soybean planting. And (3) worm eggs: the spring breeding chamber has different warming time, worm eggs can be provided from 3 months to the bottom of 6 months generally, and the worm eggs are still adopted in the spring. In the middle ten days of 6 months, when the soybeans grow to 4-5 compound leaves, eggs to be hatched are hung on the back of the upper soybean leaves of the soybean plants, the temperature is high in 6-7 months, the growth of the insects is fast, the insects can be harvested within about 25 days, a part of the green insects can be reserved to be in-situ buried for pupation, and the rest of the green insects can be harvested and sold in time. The moth begins to grow out in about 1 month, and then the summer worm eggs can be collected. The clanis bilineata tsingtauica is sold in the second ten-day season of about 7 months, and the clanis bilineata tsingtauica is still mainly bred and has better price. During the second-season cultivation period, the natural temperature and humidity are suitable for bean red-earth growth, the survival rate of worm eggs is high, the yield per mu can reach about 180 jin, the market price is about 35 yuan/jin, the yield per mu value is 6300 yuan, and the pure income is about 4300 yuan.
4.3 third season Soybean planting
In the late 7 th month, after the harvest of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica is finished, timely cleaning soybean plants in the greenhouse, planting soybeans in the third season, then hanging the last batch of worm eggs on the back surfaces of the soybean leaves from the bottom of 8 months to the beginning of 9 months, harvesting the last batch of 5-instar larvae for sale or seed reservation from the bottom of 9 months to the middle 10 th month, harvesting soybeans in the third season, wherein the soybeans in the third season can be harvested, and due to the late planting time and the damage of the dietary leaves of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica, the soybean grains are small, and the yield can be influenced to a certain extent. After the soybeans are harvested, the buried mature larvae can be dug out, healthy individuals are selected and placed in a heating chamber, and the clanis bilineata tsingtauica is cultured in the next year according to the operation. In the third season, the used worm eggs are worm eggs in the later stage of summer, most of the Clanis bilineata walkers are sold in the market in the sale period of the Clanis bilineata walkers, the source of goods is in short supply, and the price of the Clanis bilineata walkers and the worm eggs is high. The natural temperature difference is large during the third-season cultivation period, food competition with a large amount of other lepidoptera pests exists, the yield per mu is low, generally about 50 jin, the market price is about 50 yuan/jin, the yield per mu is 2500 yuan, the pure income is 1000 yuan, and the soybean yield is about 300 yuan.
From the time of the bean hawks to the market in different modes (table 1), the first time of the three-season cultivation mode in one year is the time of the first batch of bean hawks to the market in the first month of the whole year from 4 to 5 to middle of the month, the time of the second time of the three-season cultivation mode is from 7 to the beginning of the month to 7, the wild bean hawks are just listed in the market, and the time of the third time of the three-season cultivation mode is from 9 to 10 to middle of the month, at this time, the bean hawks and the wild bean hawks produced in one year are also finished, the yield of the three-season mode bean hawks in one year is generally in the time period with less bean hawks in the market, the time of the bean hawks to the market is staggered, the market price is better, and the income is better. Therefore, the soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica herb planting and breeding mode is low in production cost and high in yield value, can effectively make up the current situation that supply and demand of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica herb market are not met, is suitable for large-scale popularization, can promote artificial standardization and fine breeding of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica herb, and can promote healthy and good development of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica herb industry.
TABLE 1 Main time period for the Clanis bilineata tsingtauica to be marketed under different breeding modes
Claims (2)
1. A soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica one-year three-season planting and breeding mode is characterized by comprising a soybean planting process, a clanis bilineata tsingtauica planting process and a soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica planting and breeding process; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1.1 selection of soybean varieties: selecting soybean varieties with tall plants, round leaves and multiple branches, wherein the soybean varieties comprise soybeans, green beans and black beans, the soybeans are Dongxin No. 3, Xudou series and Zhou bean series, the soybeans are planted in the first two seasons, and the green beans with long growth period and low temperature resistance are planted in the third season;
1.2 producing area environment: selecting a field which is fertile, loose and convenient to drain and irrigate in an area without pesticide pollution and with a good ecological environment;
1.3 pretreatment: screening seeds, drying in the sun for 2-3 days, and dressing the seeds with a medicament; after preparing fertilizer in the soil according to a certain proportion, spraying clear water to moisten the soil, covering and sealing the soil by using a film, and sowing the seeds after 2 days;
1.4 sowing: the sowing adopts machine drilling, the row spacing is 40cm, the planting spacing is 20cm, and when drought occurs, water is required to be poured in time to make soil moisture for sowing; when meeting heavy water, the water needs to be drained, drained and irrigated in time, the seeding quality is improved, and the seedlings are neat, complete and strong;
1.5 seedling management: timely thinning soybean in field with high density, manually thinning before two pairs of single leaves are spread to one compound leaf, removing weak seedlings, diseased seedlings and mixed seedlings, remaining big seedlings, strong seedlings and pure seedlings, and setting seedlings at one time according to planned density, wherein each hole is 2-3 seedlings;
1.6 temperature management: directly sowing soybeans in a facility, wherein the soybeans are exposed from sowing to a first true leaf, temperature management is controlled to be 15-25 ℃ in the daytime, the temperature is not lower than 10 ℃ at night, a greenhouse is closed within 5 days of dibbling, when the first true leaf of the soybeans is exposed, the temperature is not lower than 8 ℃ at night, and ventilation is carried out in sunny days when the temperature in the greenhouse is too high;
1.7 illumination management: after seedlings come out of the soil, the illumination intensity and time are increased, the greenhouse and the mulching film are covered, and a new plastic film is adopted to keep the film surface clean;
1.8 fertilizer and water management: after seedling emergence, the water is watered enough once, and then the water is watered less before flowering and fructification if the soil moisture content is good, so that the water content of the soil is kept between 60 and 65 percent, and the irrigation amount is increased after the initial flowering period;
the method for planting the clanis bilineata tsingtauica comprises the following steps:
2.1 Clanis bilineata tsingtauica seed selection: digging out 5-year-old mature larva of bean hawkmoth cultured by soybeans in the third season of diapause in 11 months every year, and selecting non-damaged, non-black spots, worm body looping and viable bean hawkmoth as breeding seed worms;
2.2 overwintering conservation: storing Clanis bilineata larva in a delivery room to prepare a matrix, placing local soil and wood dust in a wood box prepared according to a ratio of 2:1, wherein the wood box is 100cm multiplied by 200cm, placing 5kg of 5-instar larvae, keeping the soil humidity at 20% in the overwintering process, and selecting the Clanis bilineata larva dead due to dehydration or infection;
2.3 warming and seed warming: the time is 2 months at the end of the next year, the seed warming temperature is 28-30 ℃, the temperature can be adjusted correspondingly according to the growth condition of the soybeans, the humidity of a heating chamber is kept during the seed warming period, and the window is opened in the afternoon every day for ventilation for 30min except in rainy days;
2.4 mating and spawning: mating female and male, collecting mated moths in mating at 6 am every day, sending the mated moths into a pair airing chamber, carrying out quiet and ventilation at 20-25 ℃, separating the pairs at 16 pm, sending male moths back to the mating chamber, intensively placing the female moths into a spawning cage for spawning, spawning overnight, collecting eggs in the spawning cage in the afternoon, and uniformly storing the collected eggs;
2.5 disinfecting worm eggs: disinfecting the worm eggs for 4 days, adopting 36 percent formalin for disinfection, according to the ratio of the formalin to the clean water being 1:11, the disinfection temperature being 20-22 ℃, the disinfection time being 30 minutes, flushing the disinfected worm eggs with the clean water until no formalin smell exists, taking out the worm eggs and drying the worm eggs in the shade;
2.6 hanging eggs: firstly, uniformly placing eggs on wood pulp kraft paper, soaking the egg paper with a small amount of water, cutting the eggs into egg cards with the width of 2-3cm and the length of 4-5cm, controlling the number of eggs on each egg card to be 30-40, binding the egg side of each egg card to the back of bean leaves by a stapler, wherein the average density is about 30/m 2, automatically taking food after hatching red bean, and recording the egg hanging date;
the soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica breeding process comprises the following steps:
planting soybeans in the first season:
in the middle ten days of every year 2 months, the first season soybeans are planted in the greenhouse, mulching films are laid for heat preservation after the soybeans are sowed, meanwhile, the breeding chamber starts to heat and warm the seeds, a small amount of worm eggs can be obtained in the middle and last ten days of 3 months, when the soybeans grow to 4-5 compound leaves, the sterilized worm eggs to be hatched are hung on the back of the upper bean leaves of the soybean plants, and 5-year-old larvae are harvested and sold in the last ten days of 5 months;
planting soybeans in the second season
After the harvest of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica is finished in the last ten days of month 5, cleaning soybean plants, planting soybeans and worm eggs in the greenhouse: the spring breeding chamber has different heating time, the worm eggs are generally provided from 3 months to the bottom of 6 months, the spring worm eggs are adopted in the spring breeding chamber, the soybeans grow to 4-5 compound leaves in the middle ten days of 6 months, the worm eggs to be hatched are hung on the back of the soybean leaves on the upper part of the soybean plant, the worm eggs can be harvested in 6-7 months after about 25 days, the green worms are reserved in situ and are put into soil to pupate, and the rest are harvested and sold in time;
planting soybean in the third season
In late 7 months, after the harvest of the clanis bilineata tsingtauica, cleaning soybean plants in the greenhouse, planting soybeans in the third season, then hanging the last batch of worm eggs on the back surfaces of bean leaves from the bottom of 8 months to the beginning of 9 months, harvesting the last batch of 5-instar larvae for sale or seed reservation from the bottom of 9 months to the middle 10 days, harvesting soybeans in the third season, digging out the aged larvae which are in the soil after the soybeans are harvested, selecting healthy individuals, putting the individuals into a heating chamber, and performing the operation to breed clanis bilineata tsingtauica in the next year, wherein the worm eggs used in the third season are worm eggs in the later summer period.
2. The three-season planting and breeding mode of the soybean-clanis bilineata tsingtauica according to claim 1, wherein a special heating chamber and a clanis bilineata tsingtauica breeding insect-prevention greenhouse are adopted, clanis bilineata tsingtauica is heated in the special heating chamber in 2 months, the temperature reaches 28 ℃, 100 insects are placed in the heating chamber per square meter, the building area of the heating chamber is adjusted according to the insect scale, the clanis bilineata tsingica field breeding greenhouse is provided with the special insect-prevention greenhouse, and the diameter of an insect-prevention net covered on the greenhouse is 1.5 mm.
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