CN113088714A - 一种二次铝灰火法脱氟脱氮的方法 - Google Patents
一种二次铝灰火法脱氟脱氮的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种二次铝灰火法脱氟脱氮的方法,通过配料、混磨、焙烧、尾气吸收处理等手段,实现了二次铝灰中氮化铝、氟化物毒性组分的无害化解毒处理,所得高铝渣初产品可作为氧化铝生产、耐火材料制备等行业的优质原料;含氟尾气经吸收处、稳定固化后得到无害的氟渣,同时实现吸收液的循环使用。本发明为铝行业产生的铝灰危废的无害化处理和高值化利用开辟了一条新的处理途径。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及铝灰回收利用技术领域,具体涉及一种二次铝灰火法脱氟脱氮的方法。
背景技术
铝灰是氧化铝电解及原铝或再生铝熔炼过程中产生的固体废弃物。据文献报道,每生产1t原铝将产生30~50kg的铝灰。2019年我国原铝、铝材和再生铝产量分别达到3593万吨、3450万吨和700万吨。以此估算,我国每年的毒性铝灰产生量高达200余万吨。铝灰中主要成分为金属铝、氧化铝及部分金属氧化物、电解质盐等,二次铝灰是指经过金属铝提取后剩余的残渣,主要由金属氧化物和电解质盐组成。二次铝灰由于经过提铝处理,其粒度一般较小,又因为其中含有较高的氯盐、氮化铝、氟化物等毒害等特点,使得二次铝灰对环境的污染危害较大。
CN112077124A公开了一种二次铝灰无害化综合利用的处理方法,步骤为:铝灰渣磨筛初次加工、二次铝水浸脱氨、二次铝离心脱水、氧化焙烧和二次铝杂质进一步处理。CN112093814A公开了一种利用铝灰无渣化制备氧化铝的方法,主要步骤为:按比例将氯气通入铝灰,控制反应温度与时间,完成一次除氮后,通入水蒸汽,脱除剩余的氮以及氟和氯,获得除杂铝灰和吸附蒸汽,吸附蒸汽冷凝形成吸附溶液;向吸附溶液中加入相应量石灰,反应获得脱氟溶液后,加入SO2,中和反应获得硫酸铵溶液,浓缩得到硫酸铵产品;对除杂铝灰进行碱溶处理,获得液相与渣相;另取拜耳法溶液,与碱溶液相合流后,经晶种分解与焙烧后得到氧化铝产品。
现有技术对铝灰进行无害化处理主要采用湿法水洗工艺进行脱氨脱氟,该类方法存在氮化铝水解不彻底、微难溶氟化物不易洗脱、工艺流程长、效率低、工艺废水不易处理等缺点。
CN110548753A公开了一种高效清洁的二次铝灰无害化处理方法,该发明将二次铝灰加入脱氟剂以及重金属脱除剂后进行粉磨均化,随后进行高温焙烧,焙烧后得到的熟料为高铝无机材料;然后通过除尘装置捕集焙烧过程中产生的粉尘,除尘之后过滤出来的烟气经湿法吸收脱氟、臭氧脱硝后达标排放;捕集的粉尘使用水溶解后,进行蒸发结晶处理得到结晶盐。该发明采用高温焙烧的方式处理二次铝灰,工艺简单,但是处理工程中需要添加铝灰质量5%-80%的脱氟剂和3%-20%的重金属脱除剂,且焙烧过程产生的尾气还需进行脱氟、脱硝处理,尾气处理过程产生的废液处理问题也为进行说明。
发明内容
本发明提出了一种二次铝灰火法脱氟脱氮的方法,通过氧化焙烧,实现了铝灰中氮化铝组分的完全氧化分解,同时在高温条件下,借助添加剂中的硅元素,使得铝灰中存在的冰晶石、氟化铝、氟化钠等氟化物组分发生化学反应,生成气态的SiF4而挥发脱除。
实现本发明的技术方案是:
一种二次铝灰火法脱氟脱氮的方法,将二次铝灰与硅添加剂配料、混磨、氧化焙烧处理。
具体步骤如下:
(1)配料:二次铝灰为原料,将二次铝灰和硅添加剂进行配料;
(2)混磨:将混合物料加入球磨机内,进行充分磨细;
(3)氧化焙烧:将混磨后的粉料加入高温炉内,在氧化性气氛内进行高温氧化焙烧,焙烧反应后的固体为高铝渣初产品;所得高铝渣可作为氧化铝生产、耐火材料制备等行业的优质原料;
(4)尾气吸收:将焙烧过程产生的尾气通入装有吸收剂的反应釜内,进行尾气吸收处理;
(5)吸收液再生:在经过吸收反应后的吸收液内加入稳定剂,经充分反应后进行过滤分离,分离后的固体即为氟渣产品,滤液可作为吸收液循环使用。
所述步骤(1)中硅添加剂为二氧化硅、石英砂或微硅粉,二次铝灰和硅添加剂的质量比为100:(0-5)。
所述步骤(2)中球磨后物料粒度为100~350目以下。
所述步骤(3)中焙烧温度为900℃~1200℃,焙烧过程通入空气或氧气,保持焙烧时间0.5~3h。
所述步骤(3)中焙烧产生的尾气利用吸收剂进行尾气吸收处理。
所述吸收剂为水、氢氧化钠溶液或氢氧化钙乳液。
本发明中所利用的主要化学反应包括:
一、焙烧过程:
(1)金属铝、氮化铝氧化反应
4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3 ①
4AlN + 3O2 = 2Al2O3 + 2N2 ②
(2)氟化物(冰晶石、氟化钠、氟化铝)与二氧化硅复分解反应:
Na3AlF6 = 2NaF + NaAlF4 ③
3NaAlF4 = Na3AlF6 + 2AlF3 ④
6NaF + 3SiO2 = Na2SiF6 + 2Na2SiO3 ⑤
4AlF3 + 3SiO2 = 3SiF4↑+ 2Al2O3 ⑥
3SiO2 + 4Na3AlF6 = 3SiF4↑+ 12NaF + 2Al2O3 ⑦
(3)尾气吸收、稳定化过程:
SiF4 + 4H2O(g) = Si(OH)4 + 4HF ⑧
Si(OH)4 = SiO2 + 2H2O ⑨
2HF + Ca(OH)2 = CaF2↓+ 2H2O ⑩
本发明的有益效果是:发明采用氧化焙烧技术使氮化铝发生氧化分解,生成无毒无害的氮气;同时将二次铝灰中残余的金属铝成分进行充分氧化,减少了金属铝在储存过程因与酸碱液反应释放氢气而带来的安全隐患;铝灰中氟化物在高温反应中生成SiF4而挥发,挥发气体经碱液吸收处理后变成稳定的CaF2产物,吸收液循环再用,在此过程中金属铝完成氧化,减少了储存过程中的安全隐患。本发明完成了铝灰中毒害组分的完全解毒,添加剂廉价易得且添加量小,工艺流程简单,处置效果显著,处理过程产生的气液成分均得到有效处置和回收利用,具有显著的经济效益和环境效益。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明二次铝灰XRD物相组成分析。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例,对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有付出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明选取自巩义某地的二次铝灰为原料,对其进行化学组成分析可知,其中主要物相为氧化铝,还含有10%左右的单质铝,毒害组分主要为氮化铝、冰晶石等组分,具体检测结果如下:
(1)二次铝灰化学成分组成分析
二次铝灰XRD物相组成分析见图1。
实施例1
称取100g上述二次铝灰样品和3g微硅粉原料,混合料一并加入球磨机中进行充分磨细,经10min球磨后,出料粒度d90≤100目。将充分混合磨细的粉体加入高温炉内,炉内持续通入空气,保持炉内为氧化性气氛,将炉温升至900℃后保温焙烧2.5h。焙烧完成后对炉料进行浸出成分分析和毒性分析,检测铝灰脱氟脱氮效果。焙烧过程产生的尾气经集气管引入吸收釜内,吸收釜配有搅拌装置,釜内装有固含量为10%的石灰乳液,监测釜内浆液pH值,当浆液pH<10时对浆液进行过滤分离,分离后的滤液与生石灰复配后重新用于尾气吸收。对焙烧完成后对炉料进行浸出成分分析,分析结果如下表所示:
经分析,焙烧后的铝灰中金属铝和氮化物含量为零,焙烧后的铝灰样品用水打湿后,密封放置72h无氨气释放,说明氧化焙烧效果非常彻底。焙烧后样品中还含有少量氟化物,通过与原料对比可知,该部分氟化物应该氟化钙,由于氟化钙较为稳定,高温焙烧过程中不易脱除,仍旧留存于铝灰样品中。对样品进行浸出毒性检测,氟离子浸出浓度为57.26mg/L,浓度低于GB 5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别》标准中氟离子100mg/L的浓度限值,达到了铝灰无害化处理的技术目标。
实施例2
称取100g二次铝灰样品和1.8g二氧化硅原料,混合后一并加入球磨机中进行充分磨细,经30min球磨后,出料粒度d90≤200目。将充分混合磨细的粉体加入高温炉内,炉内持续通入空气,保持炉内为氧化性气氛,将炉温升至1000℃后保温焙烧1.5h。焙烧过程产生的尾气经集气管引入吸收釜内,釜内加入纯水作为吸收液,吸收完成后再向釜内加入氧化钙作为稳定剂,在50℃温度条件反应1h,反应结束会后过滤分离,滤液返回釜内进行下次吸收。对焙烧完成后对炉料进行浸出成分分析,分析结果如下表所示:
经分析,焙烧后的铝灰中金属铝和氮化物含量为零,氟离子浸出浓度为13.22mg/L,浓度低于GB 5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别》标准中氟离子100mg/L的浓度限值,达到了铝灰无害化处理的技术目标。
实施例3
称取100g二次铝灰样品加入球磨机中进行充分磨细,经30min球磨后,控制出料粒度d90≤200目。将充分混合磨细的粉体加入高温炉内,炉内持续通入空气,保持炉内为氧化性气氛,将炉温升至1100℃后保温焙烧1.5h。焙烧完成后对炉料进行浸出成分分析和毒性分析,检测铝灰脱氟脱氮效果。焙烧过程产生的尾气经集气管引入吸收釜内,釜内装加入固含量为10%的石灰乳液,监测釜内浆液pH值,当浆液pH<10时对浆液进行过滤分离,分离后的滤液与生石灰复配后重新用于尾气吸收。对焙烧完成后对炉料进行浸出成分分析,分析结果如下表所示:
经分析,焙烧后铝灰中的金属铝和氮化物含量为零,对样品进行浸出毒性检测,氟离子浸出浓度为48.19mg/L,浓度低于GB 5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别》标准中氟离子100mg/L的浓度限值,达到了铝灰无害化处理的技术目标。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种二次铝灰火法脱氟脱氮的方法,其特征在于:将二次铝灰与硅添加剂配料、混磨、氧化焙烧处理。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,具体步骤如下:
(1)配料:二次铝灰为原料,将二次铝灰和硅添加剂进行配料;
(2)混磨:将混合物料加入球磨机内,进行充分磨细;
(3)氧化焙烧:将混磨后的粉料加入高温炉内,在氧化性气氛内进行高温氧化焙烧,焙烧反应后的固体为高铝渣初产品。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中硅添加剂为二氧化硅、石英砂或微硅粉,二次铝灰和硅添加剂的质量比为100:(0-5)。
4.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(2)中球磨后物料粒度为100~350目。
5.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(3)中焙烧温度为900℃~1200℃,焙烧过程通入空气或氧气,保持焙烧时间0.5~3h。
6.根据权利要求2-5任一项所述的方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(3)中焙烧产生的尾气利用吸收剂进行尾气吸收处理。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于:所述吸收剂为水、氢氧化钠溶液或氢氧化钙乳液。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于:向经过吸收尾气后的吸收液中加入稳定剂,反应后过滤得到氟渣产品,滤液作为吸收液循环使用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于:所述稳定剂为氧化钙、氢氧化钙或碳酸钙。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于:所述稳定剂的用量按照吸收液中氟离子浓度的1-2倍添加。
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