CN113061194A - 荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖的制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖的制备方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及子实体多糖的制备及其应用技术领域。本发明公开了一种荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖的制备方法,包括以下:新鲜干燥的荷叶离褶伞子实体粉碎,得到子实体粉末;向子实体粉末中加入无水乙醇,浸泡过夜;过滤除去无水乙醇,将乙醇提取后残渣干燥;将干燥的残渣用蒸馏水进行提取,浓缩上述水提取液;向上述水提取浓缩液中加入无水乙醇,4℃醇沉过夜;离心上述乙醇沉淀液,将沉淀用蒸馏水复溶,真空冷冻干燥,即得荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖。经动物试验证明,该多糖具有较为明显的减肥保健效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及子实体多糖的制备及其应用技术领域。
背景技术
据世界卫生组织报告,全球大约有2.5亿人患有肥胖症,另外有至少5亿人处于超重状态,肥胖症已然成为危害公共健康的重大问题。肥胖不仅仅涉及到外在的美观问题,影响人们的生活和工作,更为严峻的是肥胖还与一系列的代谢性疾病如糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、非酒精性脂肪肝、高血脂、心脑血管疾病和各样癌症等疾病的发生和发展密切相关。
控制体重是预防和治疗各种代谢性疾病最为引人关注的问题之一,而目前市售的减肥降脂药物奥司利他和利拉鲁肽等都具有一定的毒副作用,这严重限制了其应用。而从食药用真菌出发,寻找高效、低毒和天然的减肥降脂药物分子具有重大的临床意义和科学价值。
发明内容
本发明的第一目的是提供一种荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)新鲜干燥的荷叶离褶伞子实体粉碎,得到子实体粉末;
(2)向子实体粉末中加入无水乙醇,浸泡过夜;
(3)过滤除去无水乙醇,将乙醇提取后残渣用电热鼓风干燥器干燥;
(4)将干燥的残渣用蒸馏水进行提取,浓缩上述水提取液;
(5)向上述水提取浓缩液中加入无水乙醇,4℃醇沉过夜;
(6)离心上述乙醇沉淀液,将沉淀用蒸馏水复溶,真空冷冻干燥,即得荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖。
在本发明的一些具体实施方案中,所述子实体粉末与无水乙醇的比例为1:10--1:30。
在本发明的一些具体实施方案中,所述残渣用蒸馏水提取的残渣与蒸馏水的比例为1:20--1:40,所述提取的温度为90℃,所述提取的时间为1--3h,所述提取的次数为3次。
在本发明的一些具体实施方案中,所述水提取浓缩液中加入无水乙醇的乙醇终浓度为30%。
本发明的第二目的是提供了荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖在制备用于减肥作用的食品或药品中的应用。
本发明的第三目的是提供了荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖在制备调节肠道菌群的食品或药品中的应用。
本发明提供的荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖可以和药剂学上可接受的辅料按传统或现代生产工艺制成临床可以接受的口服剂型。如散剂、茶剂、颗粒剂、胶囊剂、片剂、浓缩丸、滴丸、膜剂、煎膏剂、口服液或口服乳等等。所用的药物辅料可以是淀粉、糊精、乳糖、微晶纤维、明胶、蔗糖、硬脂酸镁,赤藓糖醇、木糖醇、山梨糖醇、甘露糖醇、麦芽糖醇、异麦芽糖醇、氢化淀粉水解物、甜菊苷、甜菊双糖苷、二氢查耳酮、甘草甜素、木糖醇、阿斯巴甜、阿力甜、糖精、甜蜜素、安塞蜜、三氯蔗糖等。临床上需要长期用药,制成固体制剂贮存方便,患者服用便利,也更适应市场需求。优选的剂型是胶囊剂、颗粒剂、片剂。
与现有技术相比,本发明制备的荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖具有以下优点:
本发明实施例制备的荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖可以降低肥胖小鼠的体重和白色脂肪(皮下脂肪,附睾脂肪和肠系膜脂肪)重量。还可以显著改善肥胖小鼠的脂质代谢紊乱症状,降低血浆中总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,降低肝脏中总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。还可以显著改善肥胖小鼠的慢性低度炎症水平,降低肥胖小鼠血浆中TNF-α、IL-6和LPS的水平。还可以改善肥胖小鼠的急性肝损伤症状,降低血浆中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的活力。同时,荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖还可以调节肠道菌群,增加益生菌Lactobacillus_johnsonii、Bacteroides vulgatus和Bacteroides intestinalis等的丰度,改善肠道微环境。
附图说明
图1是各组小鼠在LDP干预0-8周的体重变化图。
图2是各组小鼠在LDP干预8周后益生菌的变化图。
图3是小鼠肠道内的有益菌丰度图。
图4是小鼠肠道内的有益菌丰度图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清晰的展示,下面结合具体实施例对本发明提供的一种具有减肥作用的荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖的制备方法及其应用进行详细描述。
多糖是自然界中含量最丰富的聚合物之一,主要是由数十个到上万个单糖基以糖苷键结合而成的天然大分子物质,它不仅是生物的营养成分,也是构成生命活动的主要物质之一,参与多种生命活动,具有能量储存、结构支持和防御功能,与各种重大疾病密切相关。现代科学研究发现自然界广泛存在的多糖类化合物具有一系列生理活性,包括抗氧化、抗凝血、抗病毒、调节胃肠道健康、降血脂、降血糖、免疫调节和抗肿瘤活性,多糖毒副作用小、安全性高,是新一代的保健食品,其在保健食品和医药领域的研究与开发利用已引起人们的高度重视。
荷叶离褶伞,作为珍稀的食药用真菌,隶属于担子菌纲、伞菌目、口蘑科、离褶伞属,研究表明,荷叶离褶伞子实体中含有丰富的碳水化合物和蛋白质,另外,还含有较多的粗纤维组分和较少的脂肪组分,同时还含有大量人体所必需的氨基酸和维生素等,从荷叶离褶伞子实体出发,研究其减肥作用及其机制,具有重大的意义。
实施例1
提取荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖
本实施例中,提取荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖主要包括以下步骤:
(1)新鲜干燥的荷叶离褶伞子实体粉碎,得到子实体粉末;
(2)向子实体粉末中加入无水乙醇,子实体粉末与无水乙醇的比例为1:20,室温浸泡过夜;
(3)过滤除去无水乙醇,将乙醇提取后的残渣用电热鼓风干燥箱干燥;
(4)将上述干燥的残渣用蒸馏水进行提取,残渣与蒸馏水的比例为1:30,提取温度为90℃,提取时间为3h,提取次数为3次,浓缩上述水提取液;
(5)向上述水提取浓缩液中加入无水乙醇,使乙醇终浓度为30%,4℃醇沉过夜;
(6)离心上述乙醇沉淀液,将沉淀用蒸馏水复溶,真空冷冻干燥,即得荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖。
为方便表述,上述方法提到的荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖,在本申请文件中称为LDP。
实施例2
饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠模型构建
2.1实验动物
SPF级8周龄C57BL/6J雄性小鼠购自北京华阜康生物科技有限公司,在25℃,40%-60%湿度,昼夜12/12h交替条件下适应性饲喂1周,期间自由饮食,自由饮水。
2.2实验动物造模
空白对照组(Control组):C57BL/6J雄性小鼠8只,饲喂普通标准小鼠饲料。
模型组(HFD组):C57BL/6J雄性小鼠24只,饲喂高脂饲料(HFD,60%kcal%fat)。
小鼠按照上述组别饲喂正常标准饲料和高脂饲料,造模时间8周。
实施例3
荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖干预实验
将模型组小鼠随机分为3组,每组8只。其中,一组为模型对照组(Mod),灌胃蒸馏水;另外两组为实验组,灌胃荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖(LDP),高剂量组记为LDP.H组(1g/kg/d),低剂量组记为LDP.L组(0.5g/kg/d),另一组为模型对照组(Con)。多糖干预8周,处死小鼠,取血和脂肪及肝脏等各种脏器组织。
3.1.LDP降低HFD小鼠的体重增加
表1各组小鼠白色脂肪重量
注:#代表与Con相比,p<0.05,##代表与Con相比,p<0.01;
*代表与Mod组相比p<0.05;**代表与Mod组相比p<0.01,以下相同。
如图1A和B所示,LDP可以显著的减轻小鼠的体重增加,从第三周开始,LDP.H就显示出了良好的减肥效果,并且这种作用一直持续到第八周。对解剖的小鼠进行脂肪含量分析,可以发现LDP显著的降低高脂小鼠的皮下脂肪、附睾脂肪以及肠系膜脂肪等白色脂肪组织的重量。
3.2.LDP改善HFD小鼠脂质代谢
表2各组小鼠血浆和肝脏中脂质代谢相关指标
LDP可以显著的降低高脂饮食小鼠血浆中总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平,还可以降低肝脏中总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平,改善高脂饮食小鼠的脂代谢紊乱症状。
3.3.LDP改善HFD小鼠的系统性炎症水平
表3各组小鼠血浆中炎症指标
肥胖常常伴随着慢性低度炎症,荷叶离褶伞多糖可以改善肥胖小鼠的炎症水平,显著降低血浆中TNF-α、LPS和IL-6的水平。
3.4.LDP改善HFD小鼠的急性肝损伤症状
表4各组小鼠血浆中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的水平
如表4所示,LDP可以显著改善HFD小鼠的急性肝损伤症状,显著降低血浆中谷丙转氨酶ALT和谷草转氨酶AST的水平。
3.5.LDP改善肥胖小鼠肠道菌群
3.5.1基因组DNA的提取和PCR扩增
采用CTAB或SDS方法对样本的基因组DNA进行提取,之后利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的纯度和浓度,取适量的样本DNA于离心管中,使用无菌水稀释样本至1ng/μL。
以稀释后的基因组DNA为模板,根据测序区域的选择,使用带Barcode的特异引物,New England Biolabs公司的High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix with GCBuffer,和高效高保真酶进行PCR,确保扩增效率和准确性。
基于细菌16S rRNA基因的扩增子测序分析
采用细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区引物(319F[forward primer],ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG;806R[reverse primer]:GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT)作为测序引物,对粪便DNA进行PCR扩增,并通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳评价DNA扩增质量。
3.5.2 PCR产物的混样和纯化
PCR产物使用2%浓度的琼脂糖凝胶进行电泳检测;根据PCR产物浓度进行等量混样,充分混匀后使用2%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR产物,对目的条带使用qiagen公司提供的胶回收试剂盒回收产物。
3.5.3文库构建和上机测序
3.5.4生物信息学分析
利用Uparse软件(Uparse v7.0.1001,http://www.drive5.com/uparse/)对所有样本的全部Effective Tags进行聚类,默认以97%的一致性(Identity)将序列聚类成为OTUs(Operational Taxonomic Units),同时会选取OTUs的代表性序列,依据其算法原则,筛选的是OTUs中出现频数最高的序列作为OTUs的代表序列。对OTUs序列进行物种注释,用Mothur方法与SILVA138(http://www.arb-silva.de/)的SSUrRNA数据库进行物种注释分析(设定阈值为0.8~1),获得分类学信息并分别在各个分类水平:kingdom(界),phylum(门),class(纲),order(目),family(科),genus(属),species(种)统计各样本的群落组成。使用MUSCLE(Version 3.8.31,http://www.drive5.com/muscle/)软件进行快速多序列比对,得到所有OTUs代表序列的系统发生关系。最后对各样本的数据进行均一化处理,以样本中数据量最少的为标准进行均一化处理。
无度量多维标定法(NMDS,Non-Metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling)统计是一种适用于生态学研究的排序方法。NMDS是基于Bray-Curtis距离来进行分析的非线性模型,根据样本中包含的物种信息,以点的形式反映在二维平面上。其设计目的是为了克服线性模型(包括PCA、PCoA)的缺点,更好地反映生态学数据的非线性结构。应用NMDS分析,根据样本中包含的物种信息,以点的形式反映在多维空间上,而对不同样本间的差异程度,则是通过点与点间的距离体现,能够反映样本的组间和组内差异等。
LEfSe分析使用LEfSe软件,设置LDA Score的筛选值为3。Metastats分析使用R软件在各分类水平(Phylum、Class、Order、Family、Genus、Species)下,做组间的permutationtest,得到p值,然后利用Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate方法对于p值进行修正,得到q值。Anosim,MRPP和Adonis分析分别使用R vegan包的anosim函数,mrpp函数和adonis函数。AMOVA分析使用mothur软件amova函数。组间差异显著的物种分析利用R软件做组间T_test检验并作图。
如图2所示,模型组与多糖干预组之间的微生物组成具有组间差异程度,如图3和图4所示,与模型对照组相比,LDH组显著富集小鼠肠道内的有益菌丰度,包括Lactobacillus属的Lactobacillus_johnsonii,Bacteroides属的Bacteroides vulgatus、Bacteroides intestinalis和Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron,Parabacteroides属的Parabacteroides goldsteinii和Parabacteroides_distasonis等。
本发明实施例制备的荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖可以降低肥胖小鼠的体重和白色脂肪(皮下脂肪,附睾脂肪和肠系膜脂肪)重量。还可以显著改善肥胖小鼠的脂质代谢紊乱症状,降低血浆中总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,降低肝脏中总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。还可以显著改善肥胖小鼠的慢性低度炎症水平,降低肥胖小鼠血浆中TNF-α、IL-6和LPS的水平。还可以改善肥胖小鼠的急性肝损伤症状,降低血浆中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的活力。同时,荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖还可以调节肠道菌群,增加益生菌Lactobacillus_johnsonii、Bacteroides vulgatus和Bacteroides intestinalis等的丰度,改善肠道微环境。
以上所述的具体实施方式,对本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果进行了进一步详细说明,所应理解的是,以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
新鲜干燥的荷叶离褶伞子实体粉碎,得到子实体粉末;
向子实体粉末中加入无水乙醇,浸泡过夜;
过滤除去无水乙醇,将乙醇提取后的残渣干燥;
将干燥的残渣用蒸馏水进行提取,浓缩上述水提取液;
向上述水提取浓缩液中加入无水乙醇,4℃醇沉过夜;
离心上述乙醇沉淀液,将沉淀用蒸馏水复溶,真空冷冻干燥,即得荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述子实体粉末与无水乙醇的比例为1:10--1:30。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述残渣干燥为真空冷冻干燥或电热鼓风干燥。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述残渣用蒸馏水进行提取的残渣与蒸馏水比例为1:20--1:40,所述提取的温度为90℃,所述提取的时间为1--3h,所述提取的次数为3次。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述水提取浓缩液中加入无水乙醇的乙醇终浓度为30%。
6.荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖在制备用于减肥的食品或药品中的应用。
7.荷叶离褶伞子实体多糖在制备用于调节肠道菌群的食品或药品中的应用。
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