CN113016513B - Sesame and saffron intercropping and interplanting method - Google Patents
Sesame and saffron intercropping and interplanting method Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/08—Immunising seed
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
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- A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
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- A01N43/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom rings with more than six members
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/54—1,3-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-diazines
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
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- A01N43/647—Triazoles; Hydrogenated triazoles
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- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
- A01N47/10—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof
- A01N47/18—Carbamic acid derivatives, i.e. containing the group —O—CO—N<; Thio analogues thereof containing a —O—CO—N< group, or a thio analogue thereof, directly attached to a heterocyclic or cycloaliphatic ring
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- A01N51/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds having the sequences of atoms O—N—S, X—O—S, N—N—S, O—N—N or O-halogen, regardless of the number of bonds each atom has and with no atom of these sequences forming part of a heterocyclic ring
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- A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
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- Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop planting, and particularly relates to a sesame and saffron intercropping and interplanting method which comprises the following steps: land preparation and fertilization, harvesting of saffron, breeding of saffron field seedballs, growth management of saffron, corm dormancy of saffron, sowing of sesame, growth management of sesame and harvesting of sesame. According to the method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus in an intercropping manner, sesame with a short growth period is reasonably interplanted in the dormancy period of the saffron crocus, so that the growth of weeds can be inhibited, the loss of soil nutrients can be reduced, the sesame is harvested on the premise that the yield of the saffron crocus is not affected, the labor cost is saved, and the economic benefit of a grower is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop planting, and particularly relates to a sesame and saffron intercropping and interplanting method.
Background
Sesame, also called as "sesame" and "flax", belongs to the genus of sesame of the family of benaceae, is an annual upright herb plant widely cultivated in temperate and tropical regions and is also an important high-quality edible oil source in our country. Sesame is particularly rich in nutrition, and grains are rich in fatty acid, protein, sugar, trace elements, vitamins, lecithin, sesamol, sesamin, sesamolin and the like. The content of multiple unsaturated fatty acid in the fatty acid accounts for 43 percent, is an effective component for preventing and treating coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorder, and is also an essential nutrient for normal growth and development of human beings; sesamol is a natural antioxidant and has a great effect of delaying senescence; iron and vitamin E contained in sesame are important components for preventing anemia, activating brain cells and eliminating vascular cholesterol; lecithin can prevent the formation of gallstones; the epidermis of black sesame contains natural melanin, which is a strong free radical scavenger. Sesame is also an important spice, pharmaceutical and chemical raw material. In recent years, with the improvement of living standard and the enhancement of health consciousness of people, the consumption of sesame and products thereof tends to increase. However, the cultivated land area of China is limited, and the increase of the yield of the sesame by simply enlarging the single cropping area of the sesame is relatively difficult. Therefore, the development of the interplanting of the sesame seeds according to local conditions is an effective way for vigorously developing the production of the sesame seeds on the basis of ensuring the production land of other crops.
Saffron is a rare Chinese medicinal material, is a perennial herb of iridaceae, is taken as a pistil flower column and a pistil stigma, has the effects of promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, dispersing stagnation and resolving masses, cooling blood and detoxifying and the like on dry stigma, and is mainly used for clinically treating melancholy, chest and diaphragm stuffiness, hematemesis, typhoid fever, palpitation with fear, absentmindedness, woman amenorrhea, postpartum blood stasis and abdominal pain, traumatic injury and swelling and pain and the like. Saffron is also used in a great number of industries such as daily chemicals, food, dyes and the like, and enjoys the most three world: the most expensive medicinal plants, the best dyes and the highest grade spices are known as 'red gold' by spain. Saffron is only applied to the stigma, and the yield is very low, which causes resource shortage and high price. The long breeding stage of the crocus sativus peanuts is from the middle and last ten days of 9 months to the end of 4 months and the beginning of 5 months in the next year, the whole growth period is about 200-220 days, and the middle and last ten days of 5 months to the last ten days of 9 months are the dormancy period of the crocus sativus. If the saffron is not intercropped with autumn crops in the dormancy stage, the grass waste, the loss of nutrient components and water and soil and the resource waste are easily caused.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a method for intercropping sesame and saffron crocus, which makes full use of the complementarity of the matching of sesame and saffron crocus in the tall and short crops and the growth period and reduces the resource waste.
The invention provides a method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus in an intercropping manner, which comprises the following steps of:
s1, land preparation and fertilization are performed;
s2, sowing saffron:
selecting the saffron corms without plant diseases and insect pests after flowers are picked indoors from the beginning of 10 months to the beginning of 11 months, removing lateral buds, leaving 1-2 terminal buds, and sowing after seed soaking;
s3, saffron growth management:
in the growth process of the saffron, topdressing, irrigation, weeding and pest control are carried out on the saffron, when the saffron enters a dormancy stage from 4 months to 5 months, the corm of the saffron and the overground part are covered with soil for covering and over-summer, and the soil covering thickness is 3-5 cm;
s4, sowing sesame:
in the middle and late ten days of the next 5 months, after the saffron crocus enters the dormancy stage, sowing sesame seeds in the soil moisture;
s5, sesame growth management:
in the growth process of the sesame, the sesame is subjected to final singling, additional fertilizer and pest control;
s6, harvesting sesame in the middle and late ten days of 8 months in the next year;
s7, in the next 9 months, the saffron sealed underground starts to germinate, germinate and emerge;
s8, collecting saffron from 10 months to 11 top ten days in the next year.
Preferably, in S1, the soil preparation and fertilization are performed according to the following steps: deep ploughing and turning soil 15-20 days before sowing, and applying 600-750 kg/hm of 45wt% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N: P: K =15 2 1200-1500 kg/hm of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 2 Applying decomposed livestock and poultry manure or cake fertilizer 30-45 t/hm 2 Preparing a base fertilizer; then ditching and ridging are carried out, wherein the width of the ridge surface is 40-80 cm, the width of the furrow is 20-60 cm, and the depth of the furrow is 20-30 cm.
Preferably, the soil is sandy loam with a pH of 5.5-6.5.
Preferably, the seeding rate of the saffron corms is 6-9 t/hm 2 。
Preferably, the saffron corms are sown with the furrow depth of 10cm, the row spacing of 10-20 cm and the plant spacing of 8-15 cm.
Preferably, in S3, the top dressing is carried out in the following year for 1-2 months by dressing 45wt% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N: P: K =15 2 And additional application of 15t/hm for seedlings with poor growth 2 Human and animal manure; spraying 800-1000 times of solution of 99wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaf surfaces from the middle ten days of the next month to the middle ten days of the next month;
the irrigation is respectively carried out before winter, after the green of the saffron in the next 2 months turns green and in the next 4 months of the crocus sativus in the long vigorous period;
the specific operation process of the saffron pest control comprises the following steps: soaking seeds for 2-5 min by using 1000 times of 50wt% carbendazim wettable powder and 3000 times of dicofol (20 wt% missible oil) for seed ball treatment; spraying and preventing aphid with 1000-1500 times of 10wt% imidacloprid; the rot disease is prevented and treated by spraying with 800 times of liquid of 75wt% chlorothalonil or 50wt% carbendazim powder.
Preferably, in S3, the corms are harvested after the saffron crocus is continuously cultivated for 2 to 3 years, and then the corms without plant diseases and insect pests are selected to be sowed again in new stubble fields.
Preferably, in S4, the sowing mode of the sesame is drill sowing, and the sesame is sun-sown for 2-3 days 1 week before sowing.
Preferably, the sesame seeds are mixed with 25wt% carbendazim wettable powder according to the seed ratio of 1: 25-3 before sowing.
Preferably, in S5, the final singling is performed by first thinning when 2-3 pairs of true leaves grow out of the sesame, final singling is performed when 4-5 pairs of true leaves grow out, and the distance between the remaining seedlings is 15-20 cm;
after the buds of the sesame appear, the top dressing is carried out by spraying the leaf surfaces once by using 800-1000 times of 99wt% monopotassium phosphate solution or 1500-2000 times of 99wt% boric fertilizer solution;
the sesame pest control is to select 28wt% of 80-100 times liquid of validamycin-carbendazim, 10w t% of 1000-2500 times liquid of imidacloprid and 2.5wt% of 1000-3000 times liquid of deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate to spray once before final singling (for example, the solution is rained in middle rain or above, and the solution is sprayed once after rain); after the flowering phase, spraying the 32.5wt% of the 4 00-500 times of the suspension emulsion of the benzyl azoxystrobin and the 2.5wt% of the 2000-3000 times of the cyhalothrin emulsifiable solution once (if the rainfall is above medium rain, the spraying is carried out once after rain); after the final flowering, spraying control is carried out by using 40wt% of difenoconazole 800-1000 times liquid, 5wt% of methylamino abamectin 700-800 times liquid and 0.01wt% of brassinolide 800 times liquid.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the sesame and saffron intercropping and interplanting method provided by the invention, sesame with a short growth period is reasonably interplanted in a saffron dormant period, tall and short stem crops are matched in space, and the complementarity of the growth periods of the two crops is fully utilized in time, so that the planting areas of the two crops are enlarged, and the nutritional requirements of the two crops are complementary, so that natural resources such as photo-thermal water fertilizer and fertilizer can be fully utilized, the growth of weeds can be inhibited, and the loss of soil nutrients can be reduced;
2. according to the method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus in an intercropping mode, the traditional two-stage type cultivation of saffron crocus is improved into open continuous cultivation, so that not only is the labor saved, but also the equipment investment is reduced, and the cost is saved;
3. according to the invention, the method of intercropping sesame and saffron crocus is adopted, so that the sesame yield is increased on the premise of not influencing the normal growth and yield of saffron crocus, and the condition of large gap in sesame market can be relieved to a certain extent;
4. the pesticide used in the prevention and control of diseases, pests and weeds is a green high-efficiency low-toxicity pesticide, and the pollution to the environment can be reduced by the green pest prevention and control technology, the prevention and control pesticide and the reduced application of chemical fertilizers.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood and enable those skilled in the art to practice the present invention, the following embodiments are further described, but the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
Example 1
A sesame and saffron intercropping and interplanting method comprises the following steps:
selecting high-quality seed balls of saffron crocus with no diseases and insect pests, wherein the seed balls are preferably 23-25g in size;
s1, land preparation and fertilization
Selecting land: the soil of the test field is sandy loam, is convenient to drain and irrigate and has the pH value of 5.5-6.5;
land preparation: deeply ploughing soil 20 days before sowing, applying a 45wt% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N: P: K =15:15 2 1200kg/hm of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 2 And applying 30t/hm of decomposed livestock and poultry manure 2 The fertilizer can be used as a base fertilizer,ditching and ridging, wherein the ridge surface is 40cm wide, the furrow width is 40cm, and the furrow depth is 20cm;
s2, sowing saffron:
11, 9 days in the month, immediately sowing seeds in a field after the indoor flowering bulbs are harvested, wherein the seed consumption of the seed bulbs is 6.5t/hm 2 ；
Before transplanting seed balls, removing side buds, only leaving 1-2 terminal buds, after peeling off seed ball bract coats, soaking the seed balls for 2 minutes by using 1000 times of 50wt% carbendazim wettable powder and 3000 times of dicofol (20 wt% missible oil);
symmetrically ditching in the middle of the ridge surface before sowing, transplanting with the depth of 10cm, the row spacing of 10cm and the plant spacing of 8cm, enabling the bud heads of bulbs to be upward during sowing, covering soil for 6cm, watering once after sowing to penetrate root water, and keeping soil moist;
s3, the whole growth cycle of saffron is 200-220 days, and growth management is required during the whole growth cycle, wherein the growth management comprises the following steps:
topdressing: the bulb begins to expand in the next 2 months, additional fertilizer is applied according to the growth condition of the seedlings, and a 45wt% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N: P: K =15 2 In 3 middle of the next month, 1000 times of solution of 99wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution is sprayed for foliage dressing to promote seedball growth;
irrigation: because of rain shortage and drought in winter, the crocus is watered to prevent freezing before winter, the crocus is watered after turning green in the next 2 months, and the crocus needs to be watered again when the crocus grows vigorously in the next 4 months so as to meet the needs of the nutritional growth of the crocus;
weeding: when weeding, the principle of removing small grass in the early stage is adhered to, the large grass is mainly removed by hand, and the blades are not turned as much as possible when weeding;
and (3) pest control: the main pest and disease damage in the planting process of saffron is aphid and rot, and in 16 days after 2 months, 10wt% imidacloprid 1000 times liquid and 50wt% carbendazim 800 times liquid are sprayed to prevent and control the aphid and rot;
in the middle ten days of the next 4 months, the overground part of the saffron begins to wither, after leaves completely wither, old grass on the ridge surface is pulled out in 12 days in 5 months, soil is uniformly taken from the ditch to cover the corm of the saffron and the overground part together under the soil, and the covering soil thickness is 5cm (the soil is selected to cover the corm of the saffron instead of wheat bran, straws and the like because the materials such as the wheat straws, the wheat bran and the like have poor sealing effect and high cost and are easy to breed pests), and the cornstalk is sealed for summer; harvesting the bulbs after continuous cultivation for 2-3 years, classifying, and then carrying out 'two-stage' cultivation;
s4, in the last ten days of month 5, completely withering branches and leaves on the ground, putting saffron into a dormant period, and sowing sesame seeds in a soil moisture-saving mode in 23 days of month 5:
selecting high-yield, stable-yield, disease-resistant and stain-resistant single-rod sesame variety Zhouzhi No. 12, sun-planting for 1 week before sowing, sun-planting for 2 days, mixing with 25wt% carbendazim wettable powder according to a seed ratio of 1: 25, air-drying after uniformly stirring, drilling, symmetrically sowing 2 rows of sesame in a furrow, and keeping a row spacing of 30cm;
s5, growth management of sesame
And (3) final singling among the sesames: thinning for the first time when 2-3 pairs of true leaves grow out of sesame, thinning seedlings, fixing seedlings when 4-5 pairs of true leaves grow out, and keeping the distance between seedlings to be 15cm;
topdressing: selecting sunny weather after the sesame buds, and spraying the solution 1000 times of 99wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaf surfaces once;
and (3) sesame pest control: before final singling, 28wt% of jinggang-carbendazim 100-fold liquid, 10wt% of imidacloprid 1000-fold liquid and 2.5wt% of deltamethrin emulsifiable solution 1000-fold liquid are selected for spraying once to prevent and control cutworms, cotton bollworms, spodoptera exigua, cricket, aphids and the like, and simultaneously prevent and control stem blight, blight and damping off; after the flowering period, spraying the 500-time solution of 32.5wt% of the benzyl azoxystrobin suspension emulsion and the 2000-time solution of 2.5wt% of the cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate once to prevent and control cotton bollworms, asparagus caterpillars and the like and simultaneously prevent and control stem blight and blight; after the final flowering, spraying and controlling by using 40wt% of difenoconazole 1000-fold liquid, 5wt% of emamectin benzoate 800-fold liquid and 0.01wt% of brassinolide 800-fold liquid, and controlling cotton bollworm and beet armyworm and simultaneously controlling fungal diseases;
s6, harvesting sesame in the middle and late ten days of 8 months in the next year;
s7, in the next 9 months, the underground sealed saffron starts rooting, sprouting and seedling emergence;
s8, harvesting the saffron from late 10 to early 11 months, wherein the harvesting comprises flower harvesting, processing and storing;
flower picking: the saffron flowers in the late 10 th to the early 11 th of the month, the flowering period is 15-20 days, the flowering period is centralized, the full-bloom period is short, and therefore the saffron is collected in time; saffron begins to bloom in 9-10 am, the duration is short, and the saffron is completely opened in 1-2 hours generally, so the saffron is collected at 8-11 am every day to ensure the quality of flowers; the specific method comprises collecting whole flower together with tubular corolla barrel when the stigma croci Sativi petal is half-opened, the stigma exserts out of petal, and has red and bright color and fragrant smell;
processing: picking the flowers on the day of flowering, wherein the flowers are picked first and then peeled off on the day of harvesting; removing petals with fingers, separating pistil, petal and stamen, and taking out red filament; drying the stripped filament on the same day, firstly spreading the filament on white paper to form a thin layer, then covering a layer of paper with good air permeability, and finally placing the paper on slow fire at 40 ℃ to dry for 5 hours until the filament is dried;
and (3) storage: storing the dried saffron crocus in a light-proof and sealed dryer.
Example 2
The sesame and saffron intercropping and interplanting method comprises the following steps of:
selecting high-quality seed balls of saffron crocus with no diseases and insect pests, wherein the seed balls are preferably 23-25g in size;
s1, land preparation and fertilization
Land selection: the soil of the test field is sandy loam, is convenient to drain and irrigate and has the pH value of 5.5-6.5;
land preparation: soil is deeply ploughed 20 days before sowing, and 750kg/hm of 45wt% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N: P: K =15 =15 2 1500kg/hm of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 2 And applying 45t/hm of decomposed livestock and poultry manure 2 Preparing base fertilizer, ditching and ridging, wherein the ridge surface is 80cm wide, the furrow width is 60cm, and the furrow depth is 30cm;
s2, sowing saffron:
11, 9 days in the month, immediately sowing seeds in a field after the indoor flowering bulbs are harvested, wherein the seed consumption of the seed bulbs is 6.5t/hm 2 ；
Before transplanting seed balls, removing side buds, only leaving 1-2 terminal buds, after peeling off seed ball bract coats, soaking the seed balls for 2min by using 1000 times of 50wt% carbendazim wettable powder and 3000 times of dicofol (20 wt% missible oil);
symmetrically ditching in the middle of the ridge surface before sowing, wherein the furrow depth is 10cm, the row spacing is 10cm, and the plant spacing is 8cm, transplanting is carried out, the bud heads of bulbs are upward during sowing, soil is covered for 6cm, root water needs to be watered once after sowing, and soil is kept moist;
s3, the whole growth cycle of saffron crocus is about 200-220 days, and growth management is required during the period, wherein the growth management comprises the following steps:
topdressing: and (3) in the next year, the bulb begins to expand 2 months, reasonable additional fertilizer is applied according to the growth condition of seedlings, and 225kg/hm of 4-5 wt% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N: P: K =15 2 In 3 rd middle ten days of the next year, 1000 times of 9wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution is sprayed for foliage dressing to promote seedball growth;
irrigation: because of rain shortage and drought in winter, the crocus sativus is watered to prevent freezing before winter, the crocus sativus is watered after turning green in the next 2 months, and the crocus sativus needs to be watered again when the crocus sativus grows vigorously in the first 4 months so as to meet the requirement of nutritional growth of the crocus sativus;
weeding: when weeding, the principle of removing small grass in the early stage is adhered to, the large grass is mainly removed by hand, and the leaves are not turned as much as possible;
and (3) pest control: the main pest and disease damage in the planting process of saffron crocus is aphid and rot, and after 2 months and 16 days, the imidacloprid 1500-fold liquid and 75wt% chlorothalonil 800-fold liquid are sprayed to prevent and control the aphid and the rot;
in 4 middle ten days of the next year, the overground part of the saffron begins to wither, after leaves completely wither, the old grass on the ridge surface is pulled out in 5 months and 12 days, soil is uniformly taken from the ditch, the corm of the saffron and the overground part are covered under the soil, the soil covering thickness is 5cm, and the covering is carried out for summer; harvesting the corms after continuously cultivating for 2-3 years, classifying, and then carrying out two-stage cultivation;
s4, in the last ten days of month 5, completely withering branches and leaves on the ground, putting saffron into a dormant period, and sowing sesame seeds in a soil moisture-saving mode in 23 days of month 5:
selecting high-yield, stable-yield, disease-resistant and stain-resistant single-rod sesame variety Zhou Zhi No. 12, performing sun-seeding 1 week before sowing for 2 days, mixing seeds with 25wt% carbendazim wettable powder according to the seed ratio of 1: 25, stirring uniformly, drying in the air, performing drilling, and symmetrically sowing 2 rows of sesame in furrows at a row spacing of 30cm;
s5, sesame growth management:
thinning and final singling: thinning for the first time when 2-3 pairs of true leaves grow out of sesame, thinning seedlings, and fixing seedlings when 4-5 pairs of true leaves grow out, wherein the distance between seedling plants is kept to be 20cm;
topdressing: after the sesame buds, spraying 1000 times of solution of 99wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaf surface once in the sunny day;
and (3) sesame pest control: before final singling, 28wt% of 100-fold liquid of validamycin-carbendazim, 10wt% of 1500-fold liquid of imidacloprid and 2.5wt% of 1500-fold liquid of deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate are sprayed once to prevent and control cutworms, cotton bollworms, spodoptera exigua, crickets, aphids and the like, and simultaneously prevent and control stem blight, blight and damping off; after the flowering phase, spraying a 400-fold solution of 32.5wt% of the azoxystrobin suspension and a 2500-fold solution of 2.5wt% of the cyhalothrin missible oil once to prevent and control cotton bollworms, spodoptera exigua and the like and simultaneously prevent and control stem blight and wilt; after the final flowering, spraying and controlling by using 40wt% of difenoconazole 900-fold liquid, 5wt% of emamectin 700-fold liquid and 0.01wt% of brassinolide 800-fold liquid, and controlling cotton bollworm and beet armyworm and simultaneously controlling fungal diseases;
s6, harvesting sesame in the middle and late ten days of 8 months in the next year;
s7, in the next 9 months, the underground sealed saffron corms begin to root, sprout and emerge;
s8, beginning to collect the saffron from late 10 to early 11, and specifically comprising flower collection, processing and storage;
flower picking: the saffron flowers from late 10 to middle 11 months, the flowering period is 15-20 d, the flowering period is centralized, the full-bloom period is short, and therefore the saffron is collected in time; saffron begins to bloom in the morning of 9-10 hours, the duration is short, and the saffron is completely opened in 1-2 hours generally, so the saffron is collected at 8-11 am every day to ensure the quality of flowers; the specific method comprises collecting whole flower together with tubular corolla barrel when the stigma croci Sativi petal is half-opened, the stigma exserts out of petal, and has red and bright color and fragrant smell;
processing: picking on the day of flowering, picking when picking, picking first and then peeling off, peeling off the day of picking, removing petals by fingers when peeling off filaments, separating pistils, petals and stamens, taking out red filaments, drying the peeled filaments on the day, spreading the filaments on white paper for a layer, covering a layer of paper with good air permeability, and finally placing on slow fire at 40 ℃ for drying for 5 hours until the filaments are dried;
and (3) storage: storing the dried saffron crocus in a light-proof and sealed dryer.
Example 3
The difference between the sesame and saffron intercropping method and the embodiment 1 lies in that the sowing method of saffron seed balls is different, and specifically comprises the following steps: symmetrically ditching in the middle of the ridge surface before sowing, transplanting with the depth of 10cm, the row spacing of 20cm and the plant spacing of 15cm, enabling the bud heads of bulbs to be upward during sowing, covering soil for 8cm, watering once after sowing, and keeping the soil moist.
Example 4
The difference between the sesame and saffron intercropping and interplanting method and the embodiment 1 lies in the difference of the topdressing amount of saffron, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: and (2) dressing a 45wt% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N: P: K = 15) 300kg/hm 2 In 3 middle of the month of the next year, 1000 times of solution of 99wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution is sprayed for foliage dressing to promote seedball growth.
Example 5
The difference between the sesame and saffron intercropping and interplanting method and the embodiment 1 is that the covering soil thickness of the saffron covered and sealed is 3cm.
Example 6
A method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus is different from that in example 1 in that the variety of sesame is Zhou 1 0J5.
Example 7
The difference between the method and the embodiment 1 is that the method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus in an intercropping manner is different from the method for dressing seeds of the sesame before sowing by using a medicament, and specifically comprises the following steps: 1 week before sowing, sunning seeds for 2 days, and dressing seeds with 25wt% carbendazim wettable powder according to the seed ratio of 1: 30.
Example 8
The difference between the sesame and saffron intercropping and interplanting method and the embodiment 1 lies in that the sesame topdressing method is different from the sesame topdressing method, and specifically comprises the following steps: after the buds of the sesame appear, the leaves are sprayed once by 2000 times of solution of 99wt% boron fertilizer in sunny weather.
Comparative example 1
A planting method of saffron crocus comprises the following steps:
selecting high-quality seed balls of saffron crocus with no diseases and insect pests, wherein the seed balls are preferably 23-25g in size;
s1, soil preparation and fertilization
Selecting land: the soil of the test field is sandy loam, is convenient to drain and irrigate and has the pH value of 5.5-6.5;
land preparation: the soil is deeply ploughed 20 days before sowing, and 600kg/hm of 45wt% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N: P: K =15 2 1200kg/hm of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 2 And applying 30t/hm of decomposed livestock and poultry manure 2 Making base fertilizer, ditching and ridging, wherein the width of a ridge surface is 40cm, the width of a furrow is 40cm, and the depth of the furrow is 20cm;
s2, sowing
Before transplanting seed balls, removing side buds, only leaving 1-2 terminal buds, after peeling off seed ball bract coats, soaking the seed balls for 2 minutes by using 1000 times of 50wt% carbendazim wettable powder and 3000 times of dicofol (20 wt% missible oil);
11, 9 days in the month, immediately sowing seeds in a field after the indoor flowering bulbs are harvested, wherein the seed consumption of the seed bulbs is 6.5t/hm 2 ；
Symmetrically ditching in the middle of the ridge surface before sowing, wherein the furrow depth is 10cm, the row spacing is 10cm, and the plant spacing is 8cm, transplanting is carried out, the bud heads of the bulbs are upward during sowing, the soil is covered for 6cm, root penetrating water is required to be poured once after sowing, and the soil is kept moist;
s3, field management
Topdressing: the bulb begins to expand in the next 2 months, reasonable additional fertilizer is applied according to the growth condition of the seedlings, and 225kg/hm of 4-5 wt% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer (N: P: K =15 2 In 3 middle of the next year, 1000 times of solution of 99wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution is used for top dressing of the page to promote the enlargement of the seed balls;
irrigation: because of rain shortage and drought in winter, the crocus sativus is watered to prevent freezing before winter, the crocus sativus is watered after turning green in the next 2 months, and the crocus sativus needs to be watered again after the crocus sativus grows vigorously in 4 months so as to meet the requirement of nutritional growth of the crocus sativus;
weeding: when weeding, the principle of removing small grass in the early stage is adhered to, the large grass is mainly removed by hand, and the blades are not turned as much as possible when weeding;
and (3) pest control: the main pest and disease damage in the planting process of saffron is aphid and rot, and in 16 days after 2 months, 10% imidacloprid 1000-fold liquid and 50wt% carbendazim 800-fold liquid are sprayed to prevent and control the aphid and the rot;
in the middle ten days of the next 4 months, the overground part of the saffron begins to wither, after the leaves are completely withered, the old grass on the ridge surface is pulled out in 12 days in 5 months, soil is uniformly taken from the ditch, the corm of the saffron and the overground part are covered under the soil, the soil covering thickness is 5cm, and the covering is carried out for summer passing;
in 9 months, the saffron preserved in the underground begins to root, sprout and emerge.
Entering flowering phase from late 10 th to last 11 th, and harvesting the saffron crocus, which is specifically divided into flower harvesting, processing and storing;
flower picking: the saffron flowers from late 10 to middle 11 months, the flowering period is 15-20 d, the flowering period is centralized, the full-bloom period is short, and therefore the saffron is collected in time; saffron begins to bloom in the morning of 9-10 hours, the duration is short, and the saffron completely blooms in 1-2 hours generally, so the saffron is collected at 8-11 am every day to ensure the quality of flowers; the specific method comprises collecting whole flower together with tubular corolla barrel when the stigma croci Sativi petal is half-opened, the stigma exserts out of petal, and has red and bright color and fragrant smell;
processing: picking the flowers on the day of flowering, wherein the flowers are picked first and then peeled off on the day of harvesting; removing petals with fingers, separating pistil, petal and stamen, and taking out red filament; drying the stripped filament on the same day, firstly spreading the filament on white paper to form a thin layer, then covering a layer of paper with good air permeability, and finally placing the paper on slow fire at 40 ℃ to dry for 5 hours until the filament is dried;
and (3) storage: storing the dried saffron crocus in a light-proof and closed dryer;
comparative example 2
A sesame planting method comprises the following steps:
land selection: the soil of the test field is sandy loam, is convenient to drain and irrigate and has the pH value of 5.5-6.5;
land preparation: rotating the machine for 2 times, harrowing for 3 times, so as to achieve the purpose of onto the surface, onto the lower part, onto the surface, digging drainage ditches in the test field and around the test field, ensuring that the drainage ditches are matched, and keeping no water in the field in rainy seasons;
seed selection: the sesame is selected from a single-rod sesame variety Zhouzhi No. 12 with high and stable yield, disease resistance and stain resistance;
seed treatment: 1 week before sowing, drying seeds in the sun for 2 days, mixing the seeds with 25wt% carbendazim wettable powder according to the seed ratio of 1: 25, stirring uniformly, drying in the air and sowing later;
sowing: drilling sesame seeds at a row spacing of 40cm;
weeding: after sowing, evenly spraying 960 g/L30 times of the Jindu emulsifiable solution on the soil surface for soil sealing treatment to prevent and kill weeds;
thinning and final singling: thinning and final singling sesame, thinning and opening seedlings for the first time when 2-3 pairs of true leaves grow out of the sesame, thinning and final singling when 4-5 pairs of true leaves grow out of the sesame, and keeping the distance between the seedlings to be 15cm;
topdressing: after the buds of the sesame appear, spraying the leaves once by using 1000 times of solution of 99wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the sunny day;
and (3) pest control: before final singling, 28wt% of 100-fold liquid of validamycin-carbendazim, 10wt% of 1000-fold liquid of imidacloprid and 2.5wt% of 1000-fold liquid of deltamethrin emulsifiable concentrate are sprayed once to prevent and control cutworms, cotton bollworms, spodoptera exigua, crickets, aphids and the like, and simultaneously prevent and control stem blight, blight and damping off; after the flowering period, spraying the 500-time solution of 32.5wt% of the benzyl azoxystrobin suspension emulsion and the 2000-time solution of 2.5wt% of the cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate once to prevent and control cotton bollworms, asparagus caterpillars and the like and simultaneously prevent and control stem blight and blight; after the final flowering, spraying and controlling by using 40wt% of difenoconazole 1000-fold liquid, 5wt% of emamectin benzoate 800-fold liquid and 0.01wt% of brassinolide 800-fold liquid, and controlling cotton bollworm and beet armyworm and simultaneously controlling fungal diseases;
harvesting at proper time: harvesting sesame in the middle and last ten days of 8 months;
and (3) airing: harvesting sesame, airing in small bundles, preferably 20-30 sesame seeds, threshing after airing, and timely airing and screening to improve the quality of sesame commodities, and storing in a dry and ventilated room.
Comparative example 3
The difference between the sesame and saffron intercropping method and the embodiment 1 is that the saffron seed balls are only cultivated in a traditional two-stage mode, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: selecting proper bulbs to dig in sunny days after overground part is completely withered, paying attention to not damage the bulbs when digging, spreading out, drying in the air, cutting off branches and leaves and residual roots, screening out damaged disease bulbs, conveying the bulbs to the room, spreading the bulbs in a shady place, and periodically turning over. The storage chamber needs complete doors and windows, sufficient light, good ventilation and no mouse damage, and is preferably a mud land; meanwhile, the incomplete and rotten bulbs are removed. Finally, the bulbs are classified and placed according to the weight of each bulb, more than 35 g, 25-35 g, 15-25 g and less than 15 g. And in 10-11 months, sowing seeds in the field after flowers are harvested indoors.
The statistical results of the yields of saffron and sesame in the methods provided in the above examples and comparative examples are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 statistical results of annual saffron and sesame yields
| Grouping | Saffron (g/mu) | Sesame (kg/mu) |
| Example 1 | 52.3 | 98.7 |
| Example 2 | 53.6 | 93.8 |
| Example 3 | 51.4 | 96.3 |
| Example 4 | 50.8 | 86.7 |
| Example 5 | 49.3 | 89.5 |
| Example 6 | 51.8 | 92.6 |
| Example 7 | 48.5 | 91.8 |
| Example 8 | 47.9 | 88.3 |
| Comparative example 1 | 39.7 | - |
| Comparative example 2 | - | 71.5 |
| Comparative example 3 | 42.3 | 54.5 |
According to the results, the method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus improves the two-stage type cultivation of saffron crocus into open continuous cultivation, not only saves the labor for indoor storage, but also reduces the equipment investment for indoor storage and saves the cost; on the other hand, the intercropping method can fully utilize natural resources such as light, heat, water, fertilizer and the like, increase the yield of the sesame and improve the economic benefit.
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely preferred embodiments for fully illustrating the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. The equivalents and modifications of the present invention which may occur to those skilled in the art are within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The sesame and saffron intercropping and interplanting method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
s1, land preparation and fertilization;
s2, sowing saffron:
selecting the saffron corms without plant diseases and insect pests after flowers are picked indoors from the beginning of 10 months to the beginning of 11 months, removing lateral buds, leaving 1-2 terminal buds, and sowing after seed soaking;
s3, saffron growth management:
in the growth process of the saffron, topdressing, irrigation, weeding and pest control are carried out on the saffron, when the saffron enters a dormant period from 4 th late ten days to 5 th early days in the next year, the corm of the saffron and the overground part are covered with soil and sealed for summer, and the soil covering thickness is 3-5 cm;
s4, sowing sesame:
in the middle and late ten days of 5 months in the next year, after the saffron crocus enters a dormancy stage, sowing sesame seeds in a furrow;
s5, sesame growth management:
in the growth process of the sesame, the sesame is subjected to final singling, additional fertilizer and pest control;
s6, harvesting sesame in the middle and late ten days of 8 months in the next year;
s7, in the next 9 months, the underground sealed saffron starts rooting, sprouting and seedling emergence;
s8, collecting saffron from 10 late months to 11 early days in the next year.
2. The method for intercropping between sesame and saffron crocus according to claim 1, wherein in S1, the soil preparation and fertilization are performed according to the following steps: deep ploughing and turning 15-20 days before sowing, and applying 600-750 kg/hm of 45wt% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 2 1200-1500 kg/hm of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 2 Applying decomposed livestock and poultry manure or cake fertilizer 30-45 t/hm 2 Preparing a base fertilizer; then ditching and ridging are carried out, wherein the width of the ridge surface is 40-80 cm, the width of the furrow is 20-60 cm, and the depth of the furrow is 20-30 cm.
3. The method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus in an intercropping manner according to claim 1, wherein the soil for sowing the saffron crocus is sandy loam with the pH value of 5.5-6.5.
4. The method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus according to claim 1, wherein the seeding rate of the saffron crocus corms is 6-9 t/hm 2 。
5. The method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus according to claim 4, wherein the saffron crocus corms are sown with a furrow depth of 10cm, a row spacing of 10-20 cm and a plant spacing of 8-15 cm.
6. The method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step S3, 45wt% of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 225-300 kg/hm is additionally applied in 1-2 months in the next year 2 And planting 15t/hm for seedling with poor growth 2 Human and animal manure; spraying 800-1000 times of solution of 99wt% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaf surface from middle ten days of the next month to middle ten days of the next month from 3 months;
the irrigation is respectively carried out before winter, after the green turning of saffron crocus in the next 2 months and during the long-term vigorous period of the crocus sativus in the next 4 months;
the specific operation process of the saffron pest control comprises the following steps: soaking seeds for 2-5 min by using 1000 times of 50wt% carbendazim wettable powder and 3000 times of dicofol; spraying and preventing aphid with 1000-1500 times of 10wt% imidacloprid liquid; the rot disease is prevented and treated by spraying 800 times of liquid of 75wt% chlorothalonil or 50wt% carbendazim powder.
7. The method for interplanting sesame and saffron according to claim 1, wherein in S3, the corms are harvested after 2 to 3 years of continuous cultivation of saffron, and then the corms without plant diseases and insect pests are selected and reseeded in new stubble plots.
8. The method for intercropping between sesame and saffron crocus according to claim 1, wherein in S4, the sowing mode of the sesame is drill sowing, and the seeds are sun-sowed for 2-3 days 1 week before sowing.
9. The method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the sesame is seed-dressed with 25wt% carbendazim wettable powder at a seed ratio of 1: 25-30 before sowing.
10. The method for interplanting sesame and saffron crocus according to claim 1, wherein in S5, said final singling is a first final singling when 2-3 pairs of true leaves grow out from sesame, and a final singling when 4-5 pairs of true leaves grow out, with a spacing of 15-20 cm;
after the buds of the sesame appear, the top dressing is carried out by spraying the leaf surface once by using 800-1000 times of 99wt% monopotassium phosphate solution or 1500-2000 times of 99wt% boron fertilizer solution;
the sesame pest control is to spray once by using 80-100 times of 28wt% of validamycin-carbendazim solution, 10wt% of imidacloprid solution 1000-2500 times and 2.5wt% of deltamethrin emulsifiable solution 1000-3000 times before final singling; after the flowering phase, spraying 32.5wt% of the 400-500 times of the suspension emulsion of the azoxystrobin and 2.5wt% of the 2000-3000 times of the cyhalothrin emulsifiable concentrate once; after the final blossom, spraying and preventing are carried out by using 40wt% of 800-1000 times liquid of difenoconazole, 5wt% of 700-800 times liquid of emamectin benzoate and 0.01wt% of 800 times liquid of brassinolide.
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