CN112971143B - 一种改性玉米醇溶蛋白制备微胶囊包埋dha的方法 - Google Patents
一种改性玉米醇溶蛋白制备微胶囊包埋dha的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112971143B CN112971143B CN202110395839.XA CN202110395839A CN112971143B CN 112971143 B CN112971143 B CN 112971143B CN 202110395839 A CN202110395839 A CN 202110395839A CN 112971143 B CN112971143 B CN 112971143B
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种改性玉米醇溶蛋白制备微胶囊包埋DHA的方法,属于保健食品及医药制剂辅料加工技术领域,具体为以低聚糖(葡萄糖、麦芽糖浆等)对玉米醇溶蛋白的湿法糖基化改性作为壁材包埋DHA制备微胶囊的方法。玉米醇溶蛋白本身具有良好的成膜性,改性后的其阻水、阻氧阻氧性都得到提高,制备出得到的微胶囊可有效遮蔽DHA的腥味,防止油脂氧化延长产品的货架期,该产品具有肠溶释放效果,为该方法添加活性成分提供保证。本发明全部采用食品级原料制得,工艺简单,安全性好。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于保健食品及医药制剂辅料加工技术领域,具体涉及一种改性玉米醇溶蛋白制备微胶囊包埋DHA的方法。
背景技术
DHA (二十二碳六烯酸)属于W-3型多不饱和脂肪酸,是人体不能自身合成,只能通过食物摄取的必需脂肪酸。二十二碳六稀酸(Docosahexaenoic acid,DHA),对人体具有多种重要的生理和药理功能,如提高神经系统活性、促进脑部、视网膜发育、抑制肥胖、防治心血管疾病、炎性疾病和癌症等。
目前国内外保健品和功能性食品所含的DHA大多来源为鱼油,但是从鱼油中提取的DHA,胆固醇含量高,有腥味,且受污染率高,极大影响了产品的品质。DHA藻油自海洋微藻中提取,未经食物链的传递,相对更安全。因此从微藻中提取的藻油DHA是替代鱼油的最佳营养补充,作为营养强化剂将藻油DHA添加到食品中有助于提升食品的营养和强化产品功能的作用。
本发明的原料DHA作为重要的功能性食品营养补充剂,由于DHA多不饱和脂肪酸的特性,其结构和性质很不稳定,且不溶于水中。同时,DHA对光线、温度、空气及金属离子等外界环境有较高的敏感性,这些外界因素能加速藻油的氧化,破坏藻油的氧化稳定性,容易导致食品酸败,又由于DHA带有鱼腥味,添加到食品中会造成产品风味和口感变差,在食品加工方面的应用有较大的局限性,因此在贮藏、应用过程中使其稳定,保持原有生理活性是极其重要的。
采用微胶囊化微藻油可以解决上述问题,首先,由壁材保护的芯材微藻油,大大减少了与外界环境的接触,不仅可以掩蔽腥味,提高可接受性,还可防止氧气、水分、光照等造成的氧化变质,起到了保护DHA的生理功能的作用。尤其是藻油微胶囊化后,由液态变成粉末状,便于食品加工和贮藏。
目前婴幼儿奶粉、老年营养粉等特医食品大多使用大豆蛋白、乳清蛋白麦芽糊精或酪蛋白作为DHA藻油的微胶囊壁材,然而在风味遮盖、产品氧化程度效果方面仍然不能令人满意,究其原因是微胶囊壁材阻氧阻汽性达不到要求,依然要添加油脂抗氧化剂,如BHA(丁基羟基茴香醚)、BHT(2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚)、PG(没食子酸丙酯)、TBHQ(特丁基对苯二酚)、TP(硫代二丙酸二月桂酯)等。寻找具有良好成膜性、膜的阻氧阻气性能好的壁材逐渐成为研究的热点。
玉米醇溶蛋白是玉米湿法生产淀粉的副产物,具有良好的成膜性,该膜还具有优异的稳定性和抗氧化作用,同时,还具有防潮、保香、阻油阻氧、防静电等特性,且不易被胃酸消化,可较好地保护芯材免受胃液的侵蚀,确保其主要在小肠内被消化,从而释放芯材。然而玉米醇溶蛋白膜膜质较脆,无法商业化应用。
因此,发明一种新的方法制备微胶囊包埋DHA具有重要的现实意义。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种改性玉米醇溶蛋白制备微胶囊包埋DHA的方法,该方法利用湿法糖基化改性玉米醇溶蛋白作为壁材采用反溶剂法制备包埋DHA的微胶囊,提高了玉米醇溶蛋白膜阻湿、阻氧、阻油和肠溶效果,是一种简单的、不需要塑化剂的改性玉米醇溶蛋白工艺,采用的反溶剂法较常见的喷雾干燥法具有工艺简单,能耗低、包埋效果好,可明显遮蔽异味,防止油脂氧化。
本发明解决其技术问题所采用的技术方案是:一种改性玉米醇溶蛋白制备微胶囊包埋DHA的方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)壁材的制备
称取纯度>85%的玉米醇溶蛋白,用60~90%的乙醇溶液溶解,制得最终玉米醇溶蛋白的浓度为5~20%的溶液,按照4~20:1(m玉米醇溶蛋白:m葡萄糖溶液)的比例加入浓度为2~10%葡萄糖溶液(m / m),在300~500W超声功率下,分散2~10min,加热磁力搅拌55~80℃,糖基化反应20~40min,于4℃冰浴,结束反应,得到湿法改性玉米醇溶蛋白样品,糖基化产物接枝度为50~70%,将此浓度的改性玉米醇溶蛋白液作为微胶囊的壁材备用;
(2)芯材的制备
选择蔗糖脂肪酸酯、单脂肪酸甘油酯作为DHA复配的乳化剂,二者的配比为1:0.6~4(m蔗糖脂肪酸酯:m单脂肪酸甘油酯),加入装有一定质量的藻油DHA或鱼油DHA于容器中,并置于60-80℃水浴锅中,不断加水搅拌乳化,乳化剂最终浓度为1~6%,DHA最终浓度为1~8%,搅拌20min后得到乳化液,然后均质压力15~30 MPa下,均质3次,冷却至室温,备用;
(3)微胶囊的制备
按照1:1~2(m芯材:m壁材)的芯壁比,分别称取芯材和壁材溶液,首先将芯材经换热冷却至0~6℃左右,而后经泵注入罐中,然后将改性玉米醇溶蛋白溶液(壁材溶液)20-80mL/min注入含有芯材溶液中,边加边搅拌,待完全注入后,静置20~40min,此时包埋了芯材的壁材不断沉积得到微胶囊颗粒,经200目滤布过滤即得到藻油DHA微胶囊,经冷冻干燥后得到冻干粉。
(4)微胶囊包埋率的测定
包埋率%=[(总油含量-表面油含量)/总油含量]×100%
其中:①微胶囊表面油测定:准确称取 2g 样品(准确至 0.001g)m 至恒重的三角瓶 m1中,加入 15 mL 石油醚,不时振荡,提取 10 min,用滤纸过滤样品,浸提 3次后用 10mL 石油醚洗涤三角瓶和滤纸,合并滤液于已干燥称重的蒸发瓶中,于30 ℃真空旋干,冷却称重 m2。
表面油含量%=(m2-m1)/m×100
②总油测定:准确称取2g DHA藻油微胶囊,溶于10 mL 60 ℃70%的无水乙醇,60℃水浴 10 min,释放藻油,冷却后加入氯仿/甲醇 (15/30 mL)混合液,振荡10min后,加入15 mL 氯仿振荡 2 min,加入 15 mL70%的无水乙醇振荡5 min,倒入离心杯中在 4200 r/min 下离心 5min,取下层液置于已干燥称重的圆底烧瓶,30 ℃真空旋干。
本实验采用玉米醇溶蛋白作为壁材,具有天然阻氧阻油性,可很好地保护芯材免受环境中氧气、光照等不利条件的影响,本发明经过研究,湿法改性的玉米醇溶蛋白的阻氧性有所提高,可有效的防止油脂氧化延长产品的货架期,而且经过湿法改性的玉米醇溶蛋白包埋率大于未改性的包埋率,可提高约4%左右。
目前藻油DHA微胶囊大多采用喷雾法。由于玉米醇溶蛋白粘度较大,文献中可知采用喷雾干燥法得到的产品产率较低。在喷雾干燥过程中,高温使微胶囊内部水分快速蒸发,造成塌陷,形成的微胶囊颗粒表面有凹陷和皱痕。同时高温对芯材不利,易造成藻油DHA氧化。
本实验采用的反溶剂法相较其它包埋方法,制备条件较为温和,生产效率高,制备的微胶囊具有较好的环境耐受性和可控释放能力,同时包埋率有所提高。本研究经湿法改性的玉米醇溶蛋白的包埋率可达94.24%。
例如:夏琪娜以冻干后的发酵乳清分离蛋白抗氧化肽和微藻油DHA作为芯材,WPI90和阿拉伯胶作为壁材,选用喷雾干燥法制备的微胶囊,包埋效率达89.67%。微胶囊平均粒径38.72μm,微观结构表面有褶皱和凹陷。
张毓瑜证明以酪乳单独作为壁材和酪乳混合麦芽糊精1∶1作为壁材包埋33%藻油,喷雾干燥制备藻油微胶囊粉,包埋率达95.5%,表面呈规则而光滑的球形,稳定性好,但遮蔽腥味的效果较差,仍有鱼腥味存在。
曹少谦等人以阿拉伯胶/β-环糊精/玉米糖浆为壁材,以鱼油为芯材,采用喷雾干燥法制备鱼油微胶囊,包埋率达92.66%。但制备的微胶囊抗氧化性差,仍需添加抗氧化剂。
本发明的有益效果是:
1、传统DHA微胶囊壁材大多采用大豆蛋白、乳清蛋白麦芽糊精或酪蛋白作为DHA藻油的微胶囊壁材,然而在风味遮盖、产品氧化程度以及肠溶释放效果等方面仍然不能令人满意。根据食品安全国家标准等要求,将DHA作为重要的功能性食品营养补充剂,然而传统方法包埋的DHA添加到食品中会造成产品风味和口感变差,影响产品的摄入。玉米醇溶蛋白具有天然的阻水、阻氧、阻油和肠溶性能。
2、传统DHA微胶囊大多采用喷雾干燥法,然而纯玉米醇溶蛋白作为壁材直接进行包埋具有粘性较大,喷雾效果差,包埋率低,产品质量较差等缺陷。蛋白质分子的适度变性形成立体网络结构可影响膜的性能。因此,为了改善膜的性能,应当强化分子间的作用力,促使其形成更致密均匀的网络结构。糖基化改性是一种天然蛋白质改性的有效方法,本发明通过玉米醇溶蛋白和葡萄糖等小分子还原糖,通过适当的糖基化改性条件能够在玉米醇溶蛋白氨基酸侧链导入糖基成分,使周围形成立体网络结构,通过这种方式对玉米醇溶蛋白糖基化改性,可提高其阻水、阻氧、阻油性和肠溶效果,该方法与文献资料中的玉米醇溶蛋白微胶囊壁材制造方法相比,无需添加塑化剂等抗氧化剂,即可达到微胶囊阻湿、阻氧、阻油和肠溶性等要求,过氧化值为0.43±0.01c g/100g,透油系数为0 g·mm/cm2·d,水蒸气透过系数(即阻气率)由约60 g·mm/Pa·h·m2下降至39 g·mm/Pa·h·m2左右,采用模拟体外实验发现改性后的玉米醇溶蛋白制备的微胶囊在胃中不释放,在肠液中释放。
本发明采用反溶剂法通过乳化使得DHA更好的分散在芯材中,为后期反溶剂包埋提供条件。本发明Zein分子经改性后,其α-螺旋结构改性后减少约12%左右,Zeinβ-折叠结构得以增加,β-折叠结构由于疏水作用以及在氢键作用下,慢慢地反向排列,形成长带状结构,继而卷曲成圆盘结构,并层层向中间聚集,直至填充整个结构,此时芯材与 Zein 形成的颗粒高度结合,最终形成球状结构,此时包埋率达到94.24%,且包埋后的产品无腥味。因此改性玉米醇溶蛋白作为壁材对DHA进行包埋可很好解决上述问题。
同时,本发明采用的反溶剂法可改善喷雾干燥带来的大量蒸汽消耗弊端,更节能。尽管目前研究报道的DHA微胶囊化方法各有优缺点,但没有兼顾油脂氧化、气味遮蔽和经济可行,本发明是一种适用于工业化生产的微胶囊化方法。
3、本发明以湿法糖基化改性玉米醇溶蛋白为壁材,保留了其肠溶特性,避免了传统肠溶胶囊需添加高分子合成材料如邻苯二甲酸乙酸纤维素、丙烯酸树脂类等物质,无化学残留,保证了产品的安全性。
附图说明
图1为本发明的工艺流程图。
图2为zein膜和改性zein膜阻水效果比较。
图3玉米醇溶蛋白与改性玉米醇溶蛋白的微胶囊包埋率比较。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明进一步说明。
实施例1
步骤1:称取纯度>85%的玉米醇溶蛋白,用65%的乙醇溶液溶解,制得最终玉米醇溶蛋白的浓度为16%的溶液,按照4:1(m玉米醇溶蛋白:m葡萄糖溶液)的比例加入浓度为8%葡萄糖溶液(m /m),在400W超声功率下,分散3min,加热磁力搅拌55℃,糖基化反应25min,于4℃冰浴,结束反应,得到湿法改性玉米醇溶蛋白样品,糖基化产物接枝度为54.31%,将此浓度的改性玉米醇溶蛋白液作为微胶囊的壁材备用;
步骤2:选择蔗糖脂肪酸酯、单脂肪酸甘油酯作为DHA复配的乳化剂,二者的配比为1:0.6(m蔗糖脂肪酸酯:m单脂肪酸甘油酯),加入装有一定质量的藻油DHA或鱼油DHA于容器中,并置于65℃水浴锅中,不断加水搅拌乳化,乳化剂最终浓度为2%,DHA最终浓度为1%,搅拌20min后得到乳化液,然后均质压力15MPa下均质,冷却至室温,得到芯材备用;
步骤3:按照1:1(m芯材:m壁材)的芯壁比,分别称取芯材和壁材溶液,首先将芯材经换热冷却至4℃左右,而后经泵注入罐中,然后将改性玉米醇溶蛋白溶液(壁材溶液)30mL/min注入含有芯材溶液中,边加边搅拌,待完全注入后,静置20min,此时包埋了芯材的壁材不断沉积得到微胶囊颗粒,经200目滤布过滤即得到DHA微胶囊,经冷冻干燥后得到冻干的微胶囊粉。
实施例2
步骤1:取纯度>85%的玉米醇溶蛋白,用75%的乙醇溶液溶解,制得最终玉米醇溶蛋白的浓度为12%的溶液,按照9:1(m玉米醇溶蛋白:m葡萄糖溶液)的比例加入浓度为6%葡萄糖溶液(m /m),在450W超声功率下,分散5min,加热磁力搅拌60℃,糖基化反应30min,于4℃冰浴,结束反应,得到湿法改性玉米醇溶蛋白样品,糖基化产物接枝度为57.14%,将此浓度的改性玉米醇溶蛋白液作为微胶囊的壁材备用;
步骤2:选择蔗糖脂肪酸酯、单脂肪酸甘油酯作为DHA复配的乳化剂,二者的配比为1:2(m蔗糖脂肪酸酯:m单脂肪酸甘油酯),加入装有一定质量的藻油DHA或鱼油DHA于容器中,并置于70℃水浴锅中,不断加水搅拌乳化,乳化剂最终浓度为4%,DHA最终浓度为3%,搅拌30min后得到乳化液,然后均质压力25MPa下均质,冷却至室温,得到芯材备用;
步骤3:按照1:1.2(m芯材:m壁材)的芯壁比,分别称取芯材和壁材溶液,首先将芯材经换热冷却至4℃左右,而后经泵注入罐中,然后将改性玉米醇溶蛋白溶液(壁材溶液)40mL/min注入含有芯材溶液中,边加边搅拌,待完全注入后,静置30min,此时包埋了芯材的壁材不断沉积得到微胶囊颗粒,经200目滤布过滤即得到DHA微胶囊,经冷冻干燥后得到冻干的微胶囊粉。
实施例3
步骤1:取纯度>85%的玉米醇溶蛋白,用80%的乙醇溶液溶解,制得最终玉米醇溶蛋白的浓度为10%的溶液,按照14:1(m玉米醇溶蛋白:m葡萄糖溶液)的比例加入浓度为4%葡萄糖溶液(m /m),在450W超声功率下,分散3min,加热磁力搅拌70℃,糖基化反应30min,于4℃冰浴,结束反应,得到湿法改性玉米醇溶蛋白样品,糖基化产物接枝度为58.19%,将此浓度的改性玉米醇溶蛋白液作为微胶囊的壁材备用;
步骤2:选择蔗糖脂肪酸酯、单脂肪酸甘油酯作为DHA复配的乳化剂,二者的配比为1:1.2(m蔗糖脂肪酸酯:m单脂肪酸甘油酯),加入装有一定质量的藻油DHA或鱼油DHA于容器中,并置于75℃水浴锅中,不断加水搅拌乳化,乳化剂最终浓度为6%,DHA最终浓度为5%,搅拌20min后得到乳化液,然后均质压力25MPa下均质,冷却至室温,得到芯材备用;
步骤3:按照1:1.6(m芯材:m壁材)的芯壁比,分别称取芯材和壁材溶液,首先将芯材经换热冷却至0~6℃左右,而后经泵注入罐中,然后将改性玉米醇溶蛋白溶液(壁材溶液)60mL/min注入含有芯材溶液中,边加边搅拌,待完全注入后,静置350min,此时包埋了芯材的壁材不断沉积得到微胶囊颗粒,经200目滤布过滤即得到DHA微胶囊,经冷冻干燥后得到冻干的微胶囊粉。
实施例4
步骤1:取纯度>85%的玉米醇溶蛋白,用85%的乙醇溶液溶解,制得最终玉米醇溶蛋白的浓度为5%的溶液,按照18:1(m玉米醇溶蛋白:m葡萄糖溶液)的比例加入浓度为2%葡萄糖溶液(m /m),在400W超声功率下,分散4min,加热磁力搅拌80℃,糖基化反应30min,于4℃冰浴,结束反应,得到湿法改性玉米醇溶蛋白样品,糖基化产物接枝度为61.27%,将此浓度的改性玉米醇溶蛋白液作为微胶囊的壁材备用;
步骤2:选择蔗糖脂肪酸酯、单脂肪酸甘油酯作为DHA复配的乳化剂,二者的配比为1:3.5(m蔗糖脂肪酸酯:m单脂肪酸甘油酯),加入装有一定质量的藻油DHA或鱼油DHA于容器中,并置于80℃水浴锅中,不断加水搅拌乳化,乳化剂最终浓度为7%,DHA最终浓度为6%,搅拌20min后得到乳化液,然后均质压力30MPa下均质,冷却至室温,得到芯材备用;
步骤3:按照1:2(m芯材:m壁材)的芯壁比,分别称取芯材和壁材溶液,首先将芯材经换热冷却至0~6℃左右,而后经泵注入罐中,然后将改性玉米醇溶蛋白溶液(壁材溶液)80mL/min注入含有芯材溶液中,边加边搅拌,待完全注入后,静置40min,此时包埋了芯材的壁材不断沉积得到微胶囊颗粒,经200目滤布过滤即得到DHA微胶囊,经冷冻干燥后得到冻干的微胶囊粉。
实验数据:
市售PE保鲜膜材质为聚乙烯(1丝),这类保鲜膜具有适度的透氧性和透湿度,从而调节被保鲜品周围的氧气和水分的含量,阻隔灰尘,达到延长食品保鲜期的效果。通过对三种膜的过氧化值的考察,结果表明:保鲜膜的过氧化值为0.55 ± 0.03 g/100 g,zein膜和zein-glu膜的过氧化值分别为0.49 ± 0.02 g/100 g和0.43 ± 0.01g/100 g,均低于市售保鲜膜,说明zein膜和zein-glu膜具有良好的阻氧性,且经湿法改性膜的阻氧性更好。市售藻油包埋的壁材(麦芽糊精和酪蛋白)膜不具备阻氧阻油性,需要包埋时额外添加抗氧化剂。因此本发明以改性的玉米醇溶蛋白为壁材,采用反溶剂法制备的藻油DHA微胶囊可有效的提高其包埋率、抗氧化性,而且能遮蔽腥味。
图2为zein膜和zein-glu膜的水蒸气透过率变化图。
由表1和图2可以看出,本发明通过玉米醇溶蛋白和葡萄糖等小分子还原糖,通过适当的糖基化改性条件能够在玉米醇溶蛋白氨基酸侧链导入糖基成分,使周围形成立体网络结构,通过这种方式对玉米醇溶蛋白糖基化改性,可提高微胶囊的阻水、阻氧、阻油性和肠溶效果,该方法与文献资料中的玉米醇溶蛋白微胶囊壁材制造方法相比,无需添加塑化剂等化学试剂,即可达到微胶囊阻湿、阻氧、阻油和肠溶性等要求,过氧化值为0.43±0.01cg/100g,透油系数为0 g·mm/cm2·d,水蒸气透过系数(即阻气率)由约60 g·mm/Pa·h·m2下降至39 g·mm/Pa·h·m2左右。
选用葡萄糖湿法糖基化改性的玉米醇溶蛋白做壁材制备的微胶囊在阻湿、阻氧、阻油和肠溶等方面有显著的优势,尤其是气味遮蔽效果以及抗氧化性都得到了提高,满足了产品货架期的要求。
本发明根据壁材的特点选择反溶剂法得到的DHA微胶囊包埋率在92%以上。如图3所示,在相同条件下,经湿法糖基化改性后的玉米醇溶蛋制备的微胶囊的包埋率明显高于未改性的包埋率,最优条件下经湿法改性的玉米醇溶蛋白的包埋率可达94.24%。
Claims (1)
1.一种改性玉米醇溶蛋白制备微胶囊包埋DHA的方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1:取纯度>85%的玉米醇溶蛋白5~20g,用60~90%的乙醇溶液溶解,制得玉米醇溶蛋白溶液的浓度为5~20%,再加入质量浓度为2~10%的葡萄糖溶液,所述玉米醇溶蛋白溶液与葡萄糖溶液的质量比为4~20:1,在300~500W超声功率下,分散2~10min,加热磁力搅拌55~80℃,糖基化反应20~40min,于4℃冰浴,结束反应,得到湿法改性玉米醇溶蛋白样品,糖基化产物接枝度为50~70%,得到壁材溶液备用;
步骤2:选择蔗糖脂肪酸酯、单脂肪酸甘油酯作为DHA复配的乳化剂,二者的质量配比为1:0.6~4,在所述复配乳化剂中加入一定质量的藻油DHA或鱼油DHA,并置于60-80℃水浴锅中,不断加水搅拌乳化,乳化剂最终浓度为1~6%,DHA最终浓度为1~8%,搅拌20min后得到乳化液,然后在均质压力15~30MPa下进行均质,冷却至室温,得到芯材备用;
步骤3:按照质量比1:1~2的比例分别称取芯材和壁材溶液,首先将芯材经换热冷却至0~6℃,而后经泵注入罐中,然后将壁材溶液以20-80mL/min注入芯材中,边加边搅拌,待完全注入后,静置20~40min,此时包埋了芯材的壁材不断沉积得到微胶囊颗粒,经200目滤布过滤即得到DHA微胶囊,经冷冻干燥后得到冻干的微胶囊粉。
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