CN112868463B - Method for changing varieties in vineyard - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for changing varieties in a vineyard, and belongs to the technical field of agriculture. The invention comprises the following steps: (1) Collecting new annual grape branches in 11 months in the first year, then conducting stratification, digging out in 3-month middle ten days in the second year, cutting the grape branches into scions with the length of 3-5 cm, and storing the scions at the temperature of 4-7 ℃; (2) Carrying out short-cut treatment on grape seedlings to be renewed in 11 months in the first year, selecting one branch as a stock to carry out topping treatment, and erasing the rest new branches; (3) In late 4 months of the next year, cutting the scions obtained in the step (1) into wedge shapes; (4) grafting in 4 th Laetia of the second year; (5) And after grafting is finished, removing the new buds growing on the rootstocks in time, and managing according to a grape cultivation management mode. The invention can greatly advance the initial fruiting time of the grapes, reduce the cultivation cost and greatly improve the economic and social benefits of grape cultivation; meanwhile, the process of grape variety updating and structure optimization can be accelerated.

Description

Method for changing varieties in vineyard

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of plant seedling culture, and particularly relates to a method for changing varieties in a vineyard.

Background

The grape industry in China is rapidly developed, and the replacement of grape varieties is changed along with the market demand while the planting area is gradually enlarged. The summer black grape is one of main cultivars which are popular for many years, the cultivation area of the grape is very large, but in recent years, the price is reduced and the benefit is reduced. Therefore, grape variety replacement and structure optimization are problems to be solved urgently in current grape production. The sunshine rose is a new variety with extremely excellent quality, is deeply favored by consumers due to the beautiful fruit spike shape, high sugar degree, good flavor and taste and excellent quality, is an excellent new variety which is mainly pushed in the current grape production, and has the tendency of replacing the summer black grape variety. However, if the grape variety is replaced by the conventional method, the grape needs at least 2-3 years from planting to fruiting to form a certain economic yield, the grape plant has a longer growth period, the corresponding cultivation and management cost is increased, and the economic benefit is reduced. If a high grafting and seed changing method is adopted, the old vineyard with the 'sunshine roses' is replaced by the 'summer black' vineyard, so that the advantages of short period, quick response, low cultivation cost and the like are achieved, and the defect of weak growth potential of the 'sunshine roses' can be made up by using the advantage of strong growth potential of the 'summer black' rootstocks. Through 'sunshine rose' to 'summer black' top grafting breed change both quick optimization variety structure, also can promote economic benefits greatly.

Disclosure of Invention

The technical problem is as follows: provides a method for replacing varieties of vineyards with a certain economic yield, and solves the problems of long period, slow effect, high investment cost and the like of common variety replacement methods of vineyards.

The technical scheme is as follows: a method for changing varieties in a vineyard comprises the following steps:

(1) Preparing scions: selecting annual grape branches (such as annual 'sunshine rose' branches) which are robust in growth, high in degree of materialization and full in buds in winter (11 months) in the first year, collecting, bundling the branches at the position of ventilated shady, conducting lamination treatment, digging out in 3 middle ten days in the second year, cutting the branches into scions 3-5 cm long, storing the scions at 4-7 ℃, and grafting the scions for use in 4 last ten days;

the lamination treatment method comprises the following steps:

firstly, soaking river sand, and filling 1/3 of the soaked river sand into a basin with a drain hole at the bottom; soaking the prepared scion, wrapping 2-3 layers of the scion with wet paper by taking 30-50 branches as a bundle, tying two ends of the scion with rubber bands, winding the whole body with a wrap of preservative film, and keeping two ends of the scion in an open state; and finally, putting the wrapped scion into a basin containing soaked river sand, completely covering the basin with the soaked river sand, enabling the sand to be flush with the edge of the flowerpot, covering 2-3 layers of paper on the surface of the flowerpot, fixing the scion with a rope, and putting the scion into a refrigeration house at the temperature of 4-5 ℃.

(2) Preparation of rootstock: cutting off grape seedlings to be updated in 11 months in winter in the first year, cutting off the grape seedlings in the trellis at a position 30-35cm away from the ground, cutting off the grape seedlings in the trellis at a position 20-25cm away from the ground, selecting a robust and well-positioned young tip to perform topping treatment after 5~6 leaves grow out in spring in the second year, reserving the young tip as a stock for use, and erasing the rest of the young tips;

(3) Working before grafting: digging out the cions in the upper year in 3 rd or middle of the next year, selecting parts which are robust in growth, plump in buds and good in lignification degree, cutting the parts into cions with 3-5 cm lengths, 1~2 plump buds in each section of the cions, keeping a certain distance between an upper end cut and a top end bud to prevent the cions from losing water when cutting the cions, cutting the cions into a wedge shape before grafting in 4 th or later month, cutting a long inclined plane with the length of 1.5-2.5 cm on the back of the top end bud, cutting an inclined plane with the length of 1-2 cm on the other side, and keeping the cut parts of the cions to be level when cutting the cions;

(4) Grafting: grafting is carried out in 4 th of the next year, firstly, the edge of the center line of the transverse section of the stock is longitudinally cut, the longitudinal cutting depth reaches 2 to 3 cm, the longitudinal cutting edge needs to be smooth and level as far as possible, then, the cut long inclined plane of the scion is slightly inserted into the stock inwards (namely, the bottom bud grows outwards), the scion and the stock cambium are aligned, and the interface can slightly expose the section of the scion, so that air exchange at the interface is facilitated, namely white exposure is achieved. And finally, wrapping the grafting connector with a film to prevent the grafting survival rate from being influenced by the water loss of the connector. In addition, the top of the scion can be wrapped by a film to prevent the scion from losing water.

(5) And (3) management after grafting: after grafting, the new buds growing on the rootstocks are removed timely. The scions can germinate and grow new buds 7-10 days after general grafting. When the interface is slightly expanded, the dressing film can be removed.

Wherein the short-cut treatment is carried out at a position 20 to 35cm away from the ground.

Wherein the new variety of grape branches are sunshine rose grape branches.

Wherein, the grape nursery stock to be updated is a summer black grape nursery stock.

The invention adopts the method of short-distance grafting of the main stem (which can supply nutrient medium to the scion to promote the growth of the scion), the scion is an annual lignified branch, the bud eye is full (which is beneficial to forming flower buds, and the yield can be formed by the current year of grafting), and the yield can be obtained after the second year of grafting, thus achieving the purpose of quick production. This step is a key innovation of this method.

Has the advantages that:

the invention fully utilizes the nutrient substances accumulated by the existing grapevine bodies in the grapery, utilizes the characteristics of easy survival and faster growth and development of grape grafting, completes the replacement of the culture varieties of the grapery in one year through the grafting technology, and forms a certain economic yield in the next year. Effectively shortens the growth fruiting period of the grapes and reduces the cultivation cost.

In the invention, inflorescences are removed in the first year, the yield of 1500-2000 Kg per mu can be achieved in the second year, the requirement of high quality and high yield can be achieved in the third year, the initial bearing time of grapes can be greatly advanced, the cultivation cost is reduced, and the economic and social benefits of grape cultivation are greatly improved; meanwhile, the process of grape variety updating and structure optimization can be accelerated.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a procedure of a vineyard variety-changing grafting process provided by the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a graph of the growth status and fruiting status of grapevines in a vineyard using the present invention.

Detailed Description

The invention will be better understood from the following examples. It is easily understood by those skilled in the art that the descriptions of the embodiments are only for illustrating the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the present invention as detailed in the claims.

The grafting method comprises the following steps: according to actual production experience, when scions are treated in grafting, two inclined planes are cut at a position 0.5 to 1cm away from a bottom bud along the front side and the rear side of the bud, a long inclined plane with the length of 1.5 to 2.5 cm is cut on the back side of the bud, and an inclined plane with the length of 1 to 2 cm is cut on the other side of the bud, so that the growth direction of bud eyes can grow outwards in grafting. Cleft grafting is carried out in 4 th ten days, a cut is longitudinally cut on the stock at the off-center line edge of the stock, the depth reaches 2-3 cm, and the cut needs to be smooth and regular during longitudinal cutting. Then, grafting can be started, the scion is gently inserted into the stock, the long inclined plane is inside and the short inclined plane is outside during grafting, namely, the growing direction of the bud eye is outward. During grafting, cambium layers are aligned, and certain blank is left. After grafting, the grafting interface is tightly bound by a film, the binding tightness is moderate, and air leakage is prevented. The buds need not be wrapped during binding.

A method for changing varieties in a vineyard comprises the following specific steps:

the method comprises the following steps: scion and rootstock preparation

Preparing scions: and selecting annual sunshine rose grape branches which grow robustly, have higher lignification degree and plump buds and do not have diseases and insect pests in winter (11 months) of the last year for collection. And then bundling the scions at the ventilated shady part for lamination, cutting the laminated scions into 3 to 5cm sections in the middle 3 months of the next year, refrigerating at 4 ℃, and grafting for use in the late 4 months.

The scion layering method comprises the following steps: firstly, soaking river sand (the humidity of the river sand is to be held into a group without water drops and dispersed into particles), and filling 1/3 of wet sand into a flowerpot with water drain holes at the bottom of the length multiplied by the width multiplied by the height multiplied by 50 multiplied by 20 cm; soaking the prepared scions (preferably no large amount of water drops at two ends of the branches, and preferably no water drops at two ends, if more water drops at two ends, controlling water until the epidermis of the branches is wet, and if no water drops at two ends drop a large amount), wrapping 2-3 layers of the branches with wet newspaper by taking 50 branches as one bundle, tying two ends with rubber bands, winding the whole body with a preservative film for one circle, and keeping the two ends in an open state; and finally, putting the wrapped cions into a flowerpot filled with wet sand, completely covering the flowerpot with the wet sand, enabling the sand to be flush with the flowerpot, covering 2-3 layers of newspaper on the surface, fixing the cions with a rope, and putting the fixed cions into a refrigeration house at the temperature of 4-5 ℃ or a large pit which is dug in advance and has the depth of 60cm, the width of 100cm and the length of 200cm (the selected site is on the back and sun surface which is high in terrain, loose in soil and high in drainage).

Note: during the lamination treatment, attention should be paid to selecting a place which has higher topography, is not easy to accumulate water and has loose soil quality (sand and soil are preferred).

Stock preparation: the 'summer black' grapes to be renewed are cut short 30 to 35 (trellis)/20 to 25 (trellis) cm away from the ground in winter of the previous year. Sufficient organic fertilizer is provided before the trees begin to sprout in the spring of the next year so as to ensure the later-period nutrition supply. After 5-6 leaves grow on the new tip, a branch which is good in growth position, strong and free of plant diseases and insect pests is selected, the branch is topped to control the growth potential of the new tip to be reserved as a stock for grafting, and the other new secondary tips are all erased.

Step two: grafting

Before grafting, the 'sunshine rose' scion stored at 4-7 ℃ is cut into 3-5 cm, the position of a cut is not too close to the inner bud eye to prevent the water loss of the cut from influencing the grafting survival rate, and the position of the cut is 0.5-1 cm from the position of the bud eye generally. The average number of 1-2 plump buds on each section, the lower end of the scion is cut into a wedge shape, the back of the most bottom bud is generally cut into a bevel of 1.5-2.5 cm, and the other side is cut into a bevel of 1-2 cm. The scion is cut as soon as possible to ensure that the scion cut is smooth and neat.

Grafting is carried out in 4 th of the spring of the next year, soil moisture content of the land where the stocks are located is checked before grafting, and primary irrigation is carried out if the stocks are dry. During grafting, firstly, the partial edge of the midline of the cross section of the stock is longitudinally cut, the longitudinal cutting depth reaches 2-3 cm, and the longitudinal cutting edge is required to be smooth and level as far as possible. Then the cut long inclined plane of the scion is gently inserted into the rootstock inwards (namely, the bottom bud grows outwards), the cambium of the scion and the rootstock is noted to be aligned, and the section of the scion can be slightly exposed at the interface, so that the air exchange, namely the white exposure, at the interface is facilitated. And finally, wrapping the grafting interface with a film to prevent the grafting survival rate from being influenced by interface dehydration. In addition, if the top part of the scion is tender and tender, the scion can be wrapped by a film so as to prevent the scion from losing water and influencing survival.

Step three: post-grafting management

After grafting, attention should be paid to timely erasing the new buds growing on the rootstocks. The scion can germinate and grow new buds 7 to 10 days after general grafting, the callus condition of the interface is checked, the film for binding can be removed if the interface slightly swells, and then management can be carried out according to a conventional cultivation management mode. In the trellis, the height of the fixed updated grape frame is 1.7-1.8m, and in the trellis, the fixed updated grape stem is 0.9-1.0 m.

Claims (1)

1. A method for changing varieties in a vineyard is characterized by comprising the following steps:

the method comprises the following steps: scion and rootstock preparation

Preparing scions: selecting annual sunshine rose grape branches which are robust in growth, high in lignification degree, full in bud bodies and free of diseases and insect pests for collection in 11 months in the previous year, bundling up the branches at a ventilated shady place for lamination, cutting the laminated scions into sections of 3 to 5cm in 3 to 3 th of the next year, refrigerating the sections at 4 ℃, and grafting for use in 4 th of the next month;

the scion layering method comprises the following steps: firstly, soaking river sand, enabling the humidity of the river sand to be held by hands to form a group of anhydrous drops, dripping the anhydrous drops, dispersing the anhydrous drops into particles, and filling 1/3 of wet sand into a flowerpot with a water drainage hole at the bottom of the flowerpot, wherein the length, the width and the height of the flowerpot are 50 multiplied by 20 cm; soaking the prepared scion, wherein no water drops at two ends of the branch drop, if the water drops at two ends are more, controlling water until the epidermis of the branch wets and two ends drop without water, wrapping the two ends with wet newspaper for 2-3 layers by taking 50 branches as a bundle, tying the two ends with rubber bands, winding the whole body with a preservative film for one circle, and keeping the two ends in an open state; finally, placing the wrapped scion in a flowerpot filled with wet sand, completely covering the flowerpot with the wet sand, wherein the sand is flush with the edge of the flowerpot, the surface of the flowerpot is covered with 2-3 layers of newspaper, fixing the scion with a rope, and then placing the scion in a cold storage at the temperature of 4-5 ℃ or in a large pit which is dug in advance and has the depth of 60cm, the width of 100cm and the length of 200cm, wherein the site of the large pit is selected on the sunny side which is high in terrain, loose in soil and strong in drainage;

during the lamination treatment, a place with higher topography, difficult water accumulation and loose soil quality is selected;

stock preparation: cutting off the 'summer black' grape to be updated at a place, which is 30-35cm away from the ground, of the trellis in winter of the previous year, and cutting off the trellis at a place, which is 20-25cm away from the ground, of the trellis; applying sufficient organic fertilizer before the trees begin to sprout in spring of the second year to ensure the later-period nutrition supply; after 5-6 leaves grow on the new tip, selecting a branch which has a good growth position, is strong and free from plant diseases and insect pests, topping the branch to control the growth potential of the new tip, reserving the branch as a stock for grafting, and erasing all the other new secondary tips;

step two: grafting

Before grafting, scions of 'sunshine roses' stored at 4-7 ℃ are cut into 3-5 cm, the distance between a cut position and a bud eye is not too close to prevent the cut from losing water to influence the grafting survival rate, and the distance between the cut position and the bud eye position is 0.5-1 cm; the average number of 1-2 plump buds on each section, the lower end of the scion is cut into a wedge shape, the back of the bud at the bottom is cut into an inclined plane of 1.5-2.5 cm, and the other side is cut into an inclined plane of 1-2 cm; cutting the scions as soon as possible to ensure that the scion cuts are smooth and regular;

grafting in the last 4 th ten days of spring of the next year, checking soil moisture content of a plot where the stock is located before grafting, and performing primary irrigation if the stock is dry; during grafting, firstly, longitudinally cutting the partial edge of the midline of the cross section of the stock to the depth of 2-3 cm, and paying attention to the fact that the longitudinal cutting edge is as smooth and level as possible; then the cut long inclined plane of the scion is gently inserted into the stock inwards, namely the bottom bud grows outwards, attention is paid to the alignment of the scion and the stock, and the cut surface of the scion is slightly exposed at the interface, thus being beneficial to air exchange at the interface, namely white exposure; finally, a grafting interface is wrapped by a film to prevent the grafting survival rate from being influenced by the interface dehydration; in addition, if the top part of the scion is tender, the scion can be wrapped by a film to prevent the scion from losing water and influencing survival;

step three: post-grafting management

After grafting, timely erasing the new buds growing on the rootstocks, germinating the scions to grow the new buds 7 to 10 days after grafting, checking the callus condition of the joints, removing the binding films when the joints slightly swell, and then managing according to a conventional cultivation management mode; in the trellis, the height of the updated grape vine is 1.7 to 1.8m, and in the trellis, the height of the updated grape vine is 0.9 to 1.0m.

Images