CN112740526A - 多电平逆变器 - Google Patents

多电平逆变器 Download PDF

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CN112740526A
CN112740526A CN201980061383.4A CN201980061383A CN112740526A CN 112740526 A CN112740526 A CN 112740526A CN 201980061383 A CN201980061383 A CN 201980061383A CN 112740526 A CN112740526 A CN 112740526A
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inverter
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neutral point
phase
modulation
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CN112740526B (zh
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托马斯·沙夫罗特
彼得·施林格
尼克·贝利
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Derwetke Ag
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02PCONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • H02P27/08Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
    • H02P27/14Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation with three or more levels of voltage
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/12Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/487Neutral point clamped inverters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/53871Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/539Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency
    • H02M7/5395Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters with automatic control of output wave form or frequency by pulse-width modulation
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/36Means for starting or stopping converters
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02MAPPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/53871Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H02M7/53875Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current with analogue control of three-phase output
    • H02M7/53876Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current with analogue control of three-phase output based on synthesising a desired voltage vector via the selection of appropriate fundamental voltage vectors, and corresponding dwelling times

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  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

一种控制多电平逆变器(2)的方法,其具有连接到控制逆变器的栅极驱动单元(6)的输入和连接到负载(3)的输出,所述多电平逆变器能够产生具有三调制电平或更多调制电平的PWM电压信号,逆变器由电源(4)供电并且包括至少一个中性点(NP),所述方法包括当代表中性点稳定性的一个或多个参数每个具有指示高中性点稳定性的第一范围内的数值时,以具有三调制电平或更多调制电平的标准调制模式运行多电平逆变器,并且当代表中性点稳定性的所述一个或多个参数每个具有指示低中性点稳定性的第二范围内的数值时,以两电平调制模式运行多电平逆变器,第一范围与第二范围相隔阈值。

Description

多电平逆变器
技术领域
本发明涉及多电平电压源PWM(脉冲宽度调制)逆变器,并且尤其是用于适用于驱动高速电动机器(特别是用于移动应用)的3-电平逆变器。本发明还涉及一种包括用于控制电动机的逆变器的驱动器。
背景技术
多电平逆变器是一种使用直流电压输入产生交流电压信号输出的电力电子设备。在许多应用中都使用了两电平逆变器,来从直流电压生成交流电压。两电平逆变器为负载产生两个不同电压,例如如果直流电压+Vdc是输入,则两电平逆变器可在输出处提供变化的脉冲宽度的切换的+Vdc/2和–Vdc/2信号(相星(Phase to star))。尽管这种创建交流的方法是简单有效的,但是缺点之一是在输出电压中的谐波失真,并且与较高电平逆变器相比,还具有较高dv/dt。
三电平和更高电平逆变器(五、七等)能够生成具有较低dv/dt和较低谐波失真的更平滑的步进输出波形。
特别是,多电平(三或更高电平)逆变器允许大大减少逆变器引起的电机损耗,而无需外部正弦滤波器。尤其是在中负载和满负载时,多电平逆变器的相电流THD(总谐波失真)远低于同类的两电平逆变器。
但是,多电平逆变器需要额外的功率开关设备、额外的栅极控制硬件以及测量和控制两个或多个直流母线电压的需求。对不同直流母线电压的控制需要用于处理不同的PWM模式的额外的硬件或更复杂的软件。
然而,通过使用适当的PWM模式来平衡三电平或更高电平电压源逆变器中的中性点电压是一项复杂而艰巨的任务。可以从相电流极性信息中得出消除可能的中性点电势偏差所需的中性点电流(请参见“FPGA-based Control of Three-Level Inverters,PCIMEurope 2011年5月,Nuremberg Germany,Jens Onno Krah,Markus
Figure BDA0002982953330000021
Andreas Rath,Rolf Richter”[1]和“A comprehensive Study of Neutral-Point Voltage BalancingProblem in Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Voltage Source PWM Inverters,IEEE Transactions on power electronics第15卷第2期2000年3月,Nikola Celanovic,Dushan Boroyevich”[2])。在[1]和[2]中所述的方法保证了中性点的完全可控性,但对功率因数cos(Φ)和输出频率有一些限制。然而,在低频和高相电流逆变器运行中出现了紧急情况。
在“A Novel Neutral Point Potential Stabilization Technique Using theInformation of Output Current Polarities and Voltage Vector,IEEE Transactionson industry applications,第38卷,第6期,2002年11月,Kazsutoshi Yamanaka,AhmetM.Hava,Hiroshi Kirino,Yoshiyuki Tanaka,Noritaka Koga和Tsuneo Kume”[3]和“Analysis of variation of neutral point potential in neutral-point-clampedvoltage source PWM inverter,IEEE 0-7803-1462-x/93Okayama University DigitalInformation Repository,Satoshi Ogasawara,Hirofumi Akagi”[4]中,提出了一种使用冗余空间矢量获得对中性点电势(甚至在低频处)的控制的技术,尽管对于非旋转输出(0Hz)仍然可能无法保持平衡。冗余空间矢量的利用在输出电流中引起更多谐波,并可能导致不良的共模效应。
如在“Comparative Evaluation of Advanced Three-Phase Three-LevelInverter/Converter Topologies Against Two-Level Systems,Mario Schweizer,Thomas Friedli,和Johann W.Kolar”[5]中所描述的,与两电平系统相比,三电平系统的系统优势(诸如提高效率和降低EMC)是众所周知的。这些益处还可以导致减小滤波器组件的尺寸并减小芯片面积。然而,在[5]中未解决中性点稳定性的具体问题。
如本文所使用的与逆变器或调制模式有关的术语“多电平”旨在涵盖三电平和更高电平,但不包括两电平,其被称为“两电平”。应当注意的是,如果有超过3个调制电平,还会有多于一个中性点。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种具有低谐波失真但具有高中性点稳定性的精确且经济的多电平逆变器。
本发明的目的是提供一种以有效且经济的方式控制多电平逆变器,来实现低谐波失真但高中性点稳定性的方法。
有利的是,提供可靠且易于控制的多电平逆变器。
有利的是,提供一种可靠且易于实现的控制多电平逆变器的方法。
有利的是,提供一种制造和实施是经济的多电平逆变器。
有利的是,提供具有良好的无传感器启动行为的多电平逆变器。
本发明的目的已经通过提供根据权利要求1的一种控制多电平逆变器的方法实现。
本发明的某些目的已经通过提供根据权利要求7的一种用于电动机的驱动器实现。
本文公开了一种控制多电平逆变器的方法,该多电平逆变器具有连接到控制逆变器的驱动单元的输入和连接到负载的输出,该多电平逆变器能够产生具有三调制电平或更多调制电平的PWM电压信号。该逆变器由电源供电并且包括至少一个中性点,该方法包括当代表中性点稳定性的一个或多个参数每个具有指示高中性点稳定性的第一范围内的数值时,以具有三或更多调制电平的标准调制模式运行多电平逆变器,并且当代表中性点稳定性的所述一个或多个参数每个具有指示低中性点稳定性的第二范围内的数值时,以两电平调制模式运行多电平逆变器,第一范围与第二范围相隔阈值。
在有利的实施方式中,负载是多相电动机,并且逆变器包括用于每个相脚的多电平调制电路,每个多电平调制电路具有连接到电动机的相应相的输出。
在有利的实施方式中,其中代表中性点稳定性的参数包括以下中的任何一个或多个:
Figure BDA0002982953330000041
代表低中性点稳定性的参数的所述阈值可包括以下中的任何一个或多个:
Figure BDA0002982953330000042
在有利的实施方式中,一个或多个参数中的每个参数的阈值被选择为以下中的任何一个或多个:
Figure BDA0002982953330000043
Figure BDA0002982953330000051
在有利的实施方式中,一个或多个参数中的每个参数的阈值可特别被选择为以下中的任何一个或多个:
Figure BDA0002982953330000052
本文还公开了一种用于电动机的驱动器,其包括电力电子模块和栅极驱动单元,该栅极驱动单元连接到控制器和电力电子模块以控制电机,该电力电子模块包括具有与电机的至少一相连接的至少一个输出的多电平逆变器,该多电平逆变器能够产生具有三调制电平或更多调制电平的PWM电压信号,该逆变器由电源供电并且包括至少一个中性点。该控制器配置为控制栅极驱动单元以:
-当代表中性点稳定性的一个或多个参数每个具有指示高中性点稳定性的第一范围内的数值时,以具有三调制电平或更多调制电平的标准调制模式运行多电平逆变器,并且以
-当代表中性点稳定性的所述一个或多个参数每个具有指示低中性点稳定性的第二范围内的数值时,以两电平调制模式运行多电平逆变器,
第一范围与第二范围相隔阈值。
在有利的实施方式中,控制器从电源和电机接收电压和相电流测量输入,电源包括直流电压电源。
在有利的实施方式中,电机是多相(例如三相)电机,并且逆变器是每相具有一个所述输出的多相逆变器。
在有利的实施方式中,逆变器是二极管钳位逆变器(diode clamped inverter)。
在实施方式中,逆变器包括每个相脚的中性点钳位(NPC)逆变器电路拓扑。
在有利的实施方式中,逆变器包括每个相脚的T型三电平逆变器电路拓扑。
在有利的实施方式中,阈值被存储在驱动器的非瞬态存储器中或者由存储在驱动器的非瞬态存储器中的数值来计算。
在有利的实施方式中,可执行控制算法被存储在驱动器的非瞬态存储器中,控制算法可由控制器执行以控制栅极驱动单元。
附图说明
从权利要求书、详细说明和附图,本发明的其他目的和有利特征将变得显而易见,其中:
图1a是三电平逆变器的电路的示意图,本身已知的是,其可用在根据本发明的第一实施方式的多电平逆变器中;
图1b是另一个三电平逆变器的电路的示意图,本身已知的是,其可用在根据本发明的第二实施方式的多电平逆变器中;
图2是示意性地示出根据本发明实施方式的控制多电平逆变器的整体方法的流程图。
图3是示意性地示出根据本发明实施方式的控制多电平逆变器的方法的流程图。
图4a是示出当根据本发明的实施方式的多电平逆变器以三电平模式运行时的三电平PWM信号和对应的输出信号的示意图。
图4b是示出当根据本发明的实施方式的多电平逆变器以两电平模式运行时的两电平PWM信号和对应的输出信号的示意图。
图5是示出根据本发明的实施方式的电动机系统的简化框图,其包括连接到栅极驱动单元的电动机和包括根据本发明的实施方式的逆变器的电力电子单元;
图6是根据本发明的实施方式的连接到三相三电平逆变器的三相电机的电路的示意图。
具体实施方式
参考图1a和图1b,示出了一个相脚的两种不同的3-电平逆变器拓扑结构。这两个3-电平逆变器拓扑结构本身都是已知的。图1a示出了中性点钳位(NPC)逆变器电路拓扑结构(一个相脚),而图1b示出了T型三电平逆变器电路拓扑结构(一个相脚)。
在所示的实施方式中,逆变器2是二极管钳位逆变器,但是应当理解的是,在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下,可以采用其他逆变器类型,诸如飞跨(flying)电容器逆变器。
此外,图1a和图1b仅示出了三电平逆变器的一相,但是应当理解的是,取决于应用,根据本发明的实施方式的逆变器可是具有两相、三相或更多相的多相逆变器。
例如,如图5和图6所示,许多电动机是三相U、V、W,并且因此用于这种应用的根据本发明的实施方式的逆变器是三相逆变器。本文针对一个相脚描述的原理适用于多相逆变器的每个相脚。
参照图5和图6,根据本发明的一个方面,电动机系统包括连接到驱动器1和直流电源4的多相U、V、W电动机3。驱动器1包括连接到栅极驱动单元6的电力电子模块5。该栅极驱动单元包括控制模块7或连接到控制模块7,该控制模块从电源4和电动机3接收电压VDC、VNP和相电流iu、iw、iv测量输入8、9,来控制栅极驱动和电力电子设备以控制电机3。
电力电子模块5包括根据本发明的实施方式的多电平多相逆变器2,如图5和图6所示。
尽管所示的实施方式示出了每个相脚三电平逆变器,但是本发明还适用于更高电平的逆变器,诸如每个相脚五电平或七电平逆变器,其能够生成具有较低谐波失真的更平滑的步进输出波形,但是与三电平逆变器类似,在某些运行条件下,也面临中性点控制的问题。
本发明通过在中性点稳定性高时,以具有三电平调制模式或更多电平调制模式(取决于逆变器的调制电平数量)的标准调制方案来运行多电平逆变器,并在中性点稳定性低时,以两电平调制模式运行多电平逆变器,来克服中性点偏差的问题。多电平逆变器的运行可在三(或更高)电平调制和两电平调制模式(取决于逆变器的一个或多个运行参数以及连接到逆变器的负载)之间切换。
根据如图5和图6中示意性地所示的本发明的实施方式,负载可特别地包括连接到多相(例如三相)逆变器2的多相(例如三相U、V、W)电动机3。
当无传感器反馈的情况下启动电机时使用两电平调制模式也提高无传感器启动的稳定性和控制。
与传统的多电平逆变器相比,在根据本发明的实施方式的多电平逆变器中使用两电平调制模式还有利地允许减小直流链路电容器C1、C2的尺寸。
根据本发明的实施方式的逆变器连接到栅极驱动单元6,该栅极驱动单元6包括或连接到控制器7,控制器尤其连接到逆变器晶体管Q1-Q4来控制晶体管的开关用于生成调制模式,特别是标准多电平调制方案和两电平调制方案的脉冲宽度调制(PWM)模式。
下表示出了图1a和图1b的两种实施方式的三电平逆变器的晶体管Q1、Q2、Q3和Q4的三电平调制的开关状态:
Figure BDA0002982953330000081
Figure BDA0002982953330000091
图4a中示出了相应的三电平PWM信号,其中PWM信号具有逆变器相脚输出电压VOut-G,对于电压信号的正部分其数值为+VDC、+VDC/2和0,对于电压信号的负部分数值为0、-VDC/2和-VDC
下表示出了图1a和图1b的两种实施方式的三电平逆变器的晶体管Q1、Q2、Q3和Q4在两电平调制模式下运行的开关状态:
开关状态 中性点NP和输出V<sub>Out-NP</sub>之间的电压 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
正(P) +V<sub>DC</sub>/2
负(N) -V<sub>DC</sub>/2
图4b中示出了相应的两电平PWM信号,其中PWM信号具有电压信号的正部分为数值+VDC和0和电压信号的负部分为数值0和-VDC的逆变器相脚输出电压VOut-G
在图1a和图1b的两种逆变器电路设计中,通过避免开关状态“中性(0)”,可以容易地实现两电平逆变器运行模式。应当注意的是,在两电平模式下,栅极驱动单元配置为总是以互补的模式驱动晶体管对Q1-Q3和晶体管对Q2-Q4,使得它们处于相反的开关状态。
栅极驱动单元控制器从负载和逆变器接收运行参数的测量信号,这些信号用于确定运行模式,特别是PWM调制模式电平的电平,并控制标准多电平调制、两电平调制或无调制之间的转换。
在图2中示意性地示出了这些调制模式或状态的图示,由此在下表中简要说明了该实施例中的状态(无调制、3电平调制、2电平调制)之间的转换。
Figure BDA0002982953330000092
Figure BDA0002982953330000101
下面给出可由栅极驱动单元6测量或计算以及使用以确定是否以两电平或多电平调制模式运行逆变器的运行参数,其中电负载是电动机3:
Figure BDA0002982953330000102
根据本发明的实施方式,上述参数的阈值设置在以下范围内:
Figure BDA0002982953330000103
Figure BDA0002982953330000111
在有利的实施方式中,阈值可特别地设置在以下范围内:
Figure BDA0002982953330000112
优选地,根据本发明的有利实施方式,可将阈值设置在以下范围内:
Figure BDA0002982953330000113
下面示出了有利的实施方式中的上述参数的阈值的实施例:
Figure BDA0002982953330000114
可以为上述参数中的任何一个或多个设置数值的范围、或阈值(例如,最小值或最大值)、或多个阈值(下限和上限),并存储在例如存储器中的查找表中,优选在栅极驱动单元的存储器中。栅极驱动单元接收上述参数中的所述任何一个或多个的测量值,并将它们与存储的数值进行比较,来确定逆变器的控制模式。例如,在上述实施例中,如果电机定子线圈的频率ω下降到电机额定速度(频率)的40%的阈值以下,则栅极驱动单元将逆变器的运行从标准多电平(所示实施方式中的三电平)运行转换到两电平调制,并且当电机定子线圈的频率ω增加到额定速度(频率)的40%的阈值以上时,栅极驱动单元将逆变器的运行从两电平调制转换回标准多电平(所示实施方式中的三电平)运行。因此,当运行参数在阈值的一侧的第一范围内时,逆变器以标准多电平调制模式运行,在该范围内中性点稳定(取决于参数或低于阈值或高于阈值),并且如果运行参数值越过阈值到达构成第二范围的另一侧,逆变器的运行模式切换到两电平调制模式,在该范围内中性点可能是不稳定的。
应当注意的是,在实施方式中,用于控制逆变器在两电平和多电平调制模式之间的运行的参数的转换阈值根据转换的方向可以不同,以确保确定转换的数值的范围的部分重叠。特别地,为了避免转换值附近的不稳定性,从两电平到多电平调制的转换可具有与用于从多电平调制到两电平调制的转换的阈值不同的阈值,使得在两电平模式下的运行范围与三电平运行模式或更高电平运行模式下的运行范围部分重叠。例如,定子频率ω的阈值可以是在从三电平到两电平调制转换的频率降低的方向上的额定电机频率的40%,而定子频率ω的阈值可以是在从两电平到三电平调制转换的频率增加的方向上的额定电机频率的45%。前述特征可应用于具有阈值的值中的任何一个或多个,来控制从一个调制模式到另一调制模式的转换。
指示中性点电压的偏差或不稳定性超出期望幅度以对系统(例如电动机)进行精确控制的任何参数或参数组合都可用于设置转换值,用于改变逆变器的调制模式。在连接到逆变器的电动机的实施方式中,用于确定调制模式的优选参数可以包括:中性点电势偏差Vnp、电机的定子频率ω、电机的功率因数cos(Φ)、相电流幅值Iph和PWM频率fpwm。如图3的流程图所示,所有这些优选参数可用于控制在三电平(多电平)或两电平之间的逆变器的运行模式。然而,应当注意的是,优选参数中的仅一个或仅一个子集可用于在三电平(多电平)或两电平之间控制逆变器的运行模式。此外,如上所述,指示中性点电压的偏离或不稳定性超出期望幅度的其他参数可被用来控制在多电平和两电平运行之间的逆变器的运行模式。
此外,在变型中,也可组合控制参数中的两个或多个,例如参数的比率或乘法以形成复合值,例如相电流幅度相对于PWM频率的比率Iph/fpwm或相电流幅度与PWM频率的乘积Iph×fpwm。另一实施例将是在相电流幅值、PWM频率和定子频率之间的加权和,因子kx是比例因子k1*Iph+k2*fpwm+k3*ω。

Claims (15)

1.一种控制多电平逆变器的方法,其具有连接到控制所述逆变器的驱动单元的输入和连接到负载的输出,所述多电平逆变器能够产生具有三调制电平或更多调制电平的PWM电压信号,所述逆变器由电源供电并且包括至少一个中性点,所述方法包括当代表中性点稳定性的一个或多个参数每个具有指示高中性点稳定性的第一范围内的数值时,以具有三调制电平或更多调制电平的标准调制模式运行多电平逆变器,并且当代表中性点稳定性的所述一个或多个参数每个具有指示低中性点稳定性的第二范围内的数值时,以两电平调制模式运行多电平逆变器,第一范围与第二范围相隔阈值。
2.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法,其中所述负载是多相电动机,并且所述逆变器包括每个相脚多电平调制电路,每个多电平调制电路具有连接到电动机的相应相的输出。
3.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法,其中代表中性点稳定性的参数包括以下中的任何一个或多个:
Figure FDA0002982953320000011
4.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的方法,其中代表低中性点稳定性的参数的所述阈值包括以下中的任何一个或多个:
Figure FDA0002982953320000012
Figure FDA0002982953320000021
5.根据前述权利要求所述的方法,其中一个或多个参数中的每个参数的阈值被选择为:
Figure FDA0002982953320000022
6.根据前述权利要求所述的方法,其中一个或多个参数中的每个参数的阈值被选择为:
Figure FDA0002982953320000023
7.一种用于电动机(3)的驱动器(1),其包括电力电子模块(5)和栅极驱动单元(6),所述栅极驱动单元(6)连接到控制器(7)和电力电子模块以控制电机,所述电力电子模块包括具有与电机的至少一相连接的至少一个输出的多电平逆变器(2),所述多电平逆变器能够产生具有三调制电平或更多调制电平的PWM电压信号,所述逆变器由电源供电并且包括至少一个中性点,其特征在于,所述控制器配置为控制栅极驱动单元以:
-当代表中性点稳定性的一个或多个参数每个具有指示高中性点稳定性的第一范围内的数值时,以具有三调制电平或更多调制电平的标准调制模式运行多电平逆变器,并且以
-当代表中性点稳定性的所述一个或多个参数每个具有指示低中性点稳定性的第二范围内的数值时,以两电平调制模式运行多电平逆变器,
第一范围与第二范围相隔阈值。
8.根据前述权利要求所述的驱动器,其中所述控制器从电源(4)和所述电机(3)接收电压(VDC、VNP)和相电流(iu、iw、iv)测量输入(8、9),所述电源包括直流电源。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动器,其中所述电机是多相(U、V、W)电机,并且所述逆变器是每相具有一个所述输出的多相逆变器。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动器,其中所述逆变器是二极管钳位逆变器。
11.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的驱动器,其中所述逆变器包括每个相脚的中性点钳位(NPC)逆变器电路拓扑。
12.根据前述权利要求7至10中任一项所述的驱动器,其中所述逆变器包括每个相脚的T型三电平逆变器电路拓扑。
13.根据前述权利要求中的任一项所述的驱动器,其中所述阈值被存储在所述驱动器(1)的非瞬态存储器中或者由存储在所述驱动器(1)的非瞬态存储器中的数值来计算,并且其中可执行控制算法被存储在所述驱动器的非瞬态存储器中,所述控制算法可由控制器执行以控制栅极驱动单元。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动器,其中所述阈值包括权利要求4至6中任一项所述的数值中的任何一个或多个。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动器,其中代表中性点稳定性的参数包括以下中的任何一个或多个:
Figure FDA0002982953320000041
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