CN112705209B - 一种重整制氢催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种重整制氢催化剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910001960 metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nitrate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YIXJRHPUWRPCBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [La+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O FYDKNKUEBJQCCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021193 La 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002064 nanoplatelet Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
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- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 15
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000001833 catalytic reforming Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
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Abstract
本发明提供一种重整制氢催化剂及其制备方法和应用,所述催化剂按照质量占比包括以下成分:镍元素3‑10%、镁元素50‑60%、镧元素0.6‑0.7%,其余为氧元素;以上各个元素的质量百分数之和为100%。该催化剂由水热法和共沉淀法制备得到,镍和镁形成了NixMgyO固溶体,具有非常优越的抗结烧和抗积碳性能;在此基础上通过微量镧元素的修饰,在低温的环境中表现出了良好的催化活性;可以应用于乙醇重整制氢。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及催化技术领域,具体涉及一种重整制氢催化剂、一种重整制氢催化剂的制备方法和一种重整制氢催化剂的应用。
背景技术
近年来,低温催化技术备受关注,大量工作瞄准贵金属或镍基催化材料的开发,材料体系多集中在双金属结构,并重点关注含氧碳氢化合物的转化速率和催化剂抗积碳能力。研究人员认为在水蒸气催化重整制氢反应中贵金属(例如Rh、Ru、Pt等)的固有活性要高于常规过渡金属(例如Ni、Co、Fe),更值得一提的是贵金属活性组分对积碳产生的抑制能力要高于常规过渡金属。因此,从催化材料的稳定性及使用寿命来看,贵金属催化剂也更占优势。
尽管贵金属催化剂通常采用极低的负载率(≤1wt%)以弥补其价格劣势,但贵金属的稀缺程度及价格劣势一定程度上会对其大规模应用产生限制。近几年,Angeli等人的工作显示Ni基催化剂也能拥有与Rh催化剂相近的催化活性。不过,镍基催化剂在抗积碳、抗烧结等稳定性上较贵金属催化剂依旧存在劣势。由此可见,系统研究Ni和助催化剂的相互作用机理与催化性能的构效关系,通过引入合适的助催化剂并实现材料可控制备,进一步实现高稳定性和低成本的新型低温镍基材料的开发应该是低温催化工艺发展的主要方向。
目前,镍基催化剂稳定性差是影响其市场应用竞争力的主要原因。其失活通常与蒸汽重整过程中由于催化剂活性组分氧化、烧结及反应器堵塞等问题有关,其中积碳问题尤为突出。
发明内容
基于上述问题,本发明结合镍基固溶体催化剂的稳定结构、微量稀土元素La的助低温催化与助抗积碳性能,提供一种微量La修饰的纳米级片状NixMgyO固溶体。
本发明通过以下技术方案实现:
一种重整制氢催化剂,按质量占比包括以下成分:镍元素3-10%、镁元素50-60%、镧元素0.6-0.7%,其余为氧元素;以上各个元素的质量百分数之和为100%。
作为优选,所述催化剂按质量占比包括以下成分:镍元素3-8%、镁元素54-60%、镧元素0.6-0.7%,其余为氧元素;以上各个元素的质量百分数之和为100%。
作为优选,所述催化剂按质量占比包括以下成分:镍元素5-10%、镁元素50-56%、镧元素0.6-0.7%,其余为氧元素;以上各个元素的质量百分数之和为100%。
进一步地,所述催化剂中,镁元素、镍元素和镧元素的质量满足以下关系:Mg:Ni:La=(84-94):(5-15):1。
进一步地,所述催化剂包括以下成分:NixMgyO固溶体和La2O3;其中x+y=1,且0<x<1,0<y<1。该纳米级镍镁固溶体借助固溶体的稳定结构,大大提升了表面镍颗粒的分散度,并进一步提升了活性金属镍颗粒的抗烧结能力,也对减少积碳起到促进作用。此外,微量La元素能大幅增加NixMgyO固溶体的低温催化性能,并提升催化材料的抗积碳能力。
进一步地,所述催化剂呈现纳米片状结构。
进一步地,所述催化剂由水热法和共沉淀法制备得到。具体包括以下步骤:
S10:获取硝酸金属盐与尿素的混合溶液;
S20:将所述混合溶液在密封的环境中,在120-130℃的条件下保温12-13小时,得到共沉淀产物;
S30:对所述共沉淀产物进行干燥和煅烧,得到所述催化剂。
进一步地,所述硝酸金属盐与尿素的混合溶液中的制备方法包括以下步骤:按质量分称取160-190份硝酸镁、8-25份硝酸镍、1份硝酸镧和50份尿素,加入1500份去离子水混合均匀,得到硝酸金属盐与尿素的混合溶液。
更进一步地,所述干燥和煅烧包括以下步骤:将所述共沉淀产物在105-115℃的条件下干燥3-4小时,并在600-650℃的条件下煅烧5-6小时。
进一步地,所述催化剂可以用于中低温乙醇重整制氢。
综上所述,本申请提供的催化剂及其制备方法具有如下一个或多个优点或有益效果:
1、本发明提供的催化剂通过合理的组分设计和物相结构设计,通过固溶体结构强化金属-载体作用力,减少活性组分颗粒烧结长大可能,进一步降低积碳增多风险,提升催化材料使用寿命。
2、催化剂合成步骤简单,只需要按照合适的前驱体比例一次性完成物料添加与合成,不需要分多步完成,能大大提升制备效率与生产成本,更易于生产工艺放大。
3.采用了水热法和共沉淀法,使得金属间结合度更高,容易形成多金属氧化物,从而使金属元素在高温下更为稳定,不易结烧。
4、最终产物呈现纳米片状结构,形状多为不规则六边形,纳米片状结构具有较大的比表面积,催化剂的活性物质分散度更好,因此催化效果得到了进一步优化。
5、添加微量的La元素显著提高了催化剂在低温条件下的反应产氢效率。
6、La元素的含量控制在0.6-0.7%,以微量的镧元素获得产氢率的显著提高,既控制了生产成本,又提高了催化效果。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例的技术方案,下面将对实施例描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为催化剂1的一种电镜图。
图2为催化剂1的另一种电镜图。
图3为不同温度下乙醇催化重整产氢率。
图4为不同温度下乙醇催化重整转化率。
图5为乙醇催化重整反应气体分布对比。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图,对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明提供一种重整制氢催化剂及其制备方法,该制备方法结合了水热法和共沉淀法,然后通过干燥和煅烧得到上述重整制氢催化剂。两种制备方法的结合使得催化剂中粒子的分散度得到提升,从而优化了其催化活性;从结构上看,催化剂中的镍元素和镁元素以镍镁固溶体的形态存在,催化剂呈现纳米片状结构,使得金属间的结合度更高,因而具备抗结烧、抗积碳的性能。
【实施例1】
一种重整制氢催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S10:称取100克尿素、350克硝酸镁、20克硝酸镍及2克硝酸镧投至5L的高压反应釜中,加入3L去离子水,持续搅拌30min,得到硝酸金属盐和尿素的混合溶液;
S20:将上述硝酸金属盐和尿素的混合溶液移至高压反应釜密封,在120℃的条件下保温12小时,得到共沉淀产物;
S30:将上述共沉淀产物在105℃下干燥3小时,并在600℃下煅烧5小时,得到催化剂1。
催化剂1的各个元素的质量占比为:镁元素56.8%、镍元素4%、镧元素0.64%、氧元素38.56%。
催化剂1为片状纳米结构,且多为不规则六边形,参见图1和图2。
【实施例2】
一种重整制氢催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S10:称取100克尿素、360克硝酸镁、16克硝酸镍及2克硝酸镧投至5L的高压反应釜中,加入3L去离子水,持续搅拌30min,得到硝酸金属盐和尿素的混合溶液;
S20:将上述硝酸金属盐和尿素的混合溶液移至高压反应釜密封,在120℃的条件下保温12小时,得到共沉淀产物;
S30:将上述共沉淀产物在105℃下干燥3小时,并在600℃下煅烧5小时,得到催化剂2。
催化剂2的各个元素的质量占比为:镁元素57.4%、镍元素3.1%、镧元素0.62%、氧元素38.88%。
【实施例3】
一种重整制氢催化剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S10:称取100克尿素、330克硝酸镁、50克硝酸镍及2克硝酸镧投至5L的高压反应釜中,加入3L去离子水,持续搅拌30min,得到硝酸金属盐和尿素的混合溶液;
S20:将上述硝酸金属盐和尿素的混合溶液移至高压反应釜密封,在120℃的条件下保温12小时,得到共沉淀产物;
S30:将上述共沉淀产物在105℃下干燥3小时,并在600℃下煅烧5小时,得到催化剂3。
催化剂3的各个元素的质量占比为:镁元素52.4%、镍元素9.8%、镧元素0.62%、氧元素37.18%。
【对比例1】
制备含有镍元素和镁元素且不含镧元素的催化剂作为对比,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
S10:称取100克尿素、350克硝酸镁、20克硝酸镍及投至5L的高压反应釜中,加入3L去离子水,持续搅拌30min,得到硝酸金属盐和尿素的混合溶液;
S20:将上述硝酸金属盐和尿素的混合溶液移至高压反应釜密封,在120℃的条件下保温12小时,得到共沉淀产物;
S30:将上述共沉淀产物在105℃下干燥3小时,并在600℃下煅烧5小时,得到催化剂4。
【对比例2】
将实施例1提供的催化剂1中的镧元素替换为铈元素,制备含有镍元素、镁元素和铈元素的催化剂,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
S10:称取100克尿素、350克硝酸镁、20克硝酸镍及2克硝酸铈投至5L的高压反应釜中,加入3L去离子水,持续搅拌30min,得到硝酸金属盐和尿素的混合溶液;
S20:将上述硝酸金属盐和尿素的混合溶液移至高压反应釜密封,在120℃的条件下保温12小时,得到共沉淀产物;
S30:对上述共沉淀产物进行超声清洗10分钟,超声频率为20000Hz,然后在105℃下干燥3小时,并在600℃下煅烧5小时,得到催化剂5。
催化剂1为微量镧修饰的镍镁固溶体NixMgyO-La,催化剂4为不含镧元素的镍镁固溶体NixMgyO,催化剂5为微量铈元素修饰的镍镁固溶体NixMgyO-Ce。
使用催化剂1和催化剂4、催化剂5进行温度对比实验;具体操作步骤如下:
称取1克催化剂并与15克清洁的石英砂均匀混合,再将混合物装入固定床反应器。在400毫升/分钟的氮气保护下将温度升值600度,再通入100毫升/分钟的氢气,并保持1小时,用于催化剂中镍元素的还原。还原后,切断氢气,将温度反应器温度调至需要的温度,再通入1毫升/分钟的乙醇水的液体混合物,水碳比为3:1,反应空速约为200000h-1。该反应的气体成份检测有在气相色谱完成,为了保证反应在检测取样时已趋于稳定,每次检测将在反应温度稳定后的两小时取样。
图3为不同温度下乙醇催化重整产氢率;图4为不同温度下乙醇催化重整转化率。从图中可见在500-800的温度区间内的四个不同温度点,NixMgyO-La和NixMgyO-Ce的氢气产率都大大提高。特别是在较低温度500度,微量La的添加,将催化剂的氢气产率从12.5%提升至53.1%,乙醇转化率也从21.5%提升至73.1%。相比较,La在低温区间的提升效果非常出色。
此外,图5为乙醇催化重整反应气体分布对比,比较了NixMgyO-La和NixMgyO在乙醇催化重整反应中气体产物的分布。可见,NixMgyO-La的产物中二氧化碳产率较高,一氧化碳产率较低,这一结果说明水煤气变换反应得到了很好的促进,氢气产率更高。在甲烷产率对比中,NixMgyO-La催化剂在反应中能更好的遏制甲烷化反应,保证氢气产率。
最后应说明的是:以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案,而非对其限制;尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解:其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换;而这些修改或者替换,并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。
Claims (9)
1.一种重整制氢催化剂,其特征在于,按质量占比包括以下成分:镍元素3-10%、镁元素50-60%、镧元素0.6-0.7%,其余为氧元素;以上各个元素的质量百分数之和为100%;
所述催化剂包括:NixMgyO固溶体和La2O3;其中x+y=1,且0<x<1,0<y<1。
2.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于,按质量占比包括以下成分:镍元素3-8%、镁元素54-60%、镧元素0.6-0.7%,其余为氧元素;以上各个元素的质量百分数之和为100%。
3.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于,按质量占比包括以下成分:镍元素5-10%、镁元素50-56%、镧元素0.6-0.7%,其余为氧元素;以上各个元素的质量百分数之和为100%。
4.据权利要求1述的催化剂,其特征在于,所述催化剂呈现纳米片状结构。
5.一种如权利要求1所述催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,由水热法和共沉淀法制备得到。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S10:获取硝酸金属盐与尿素的混合溶液;
S20:将所述混合溶液在密封的环境中,在120-130℃的条件下保温12-13小时,得到共沉淀产物;
S30:对所述共沉淀产物进行干燥和煅烧,得到所述催化剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述硝酸金属盐与尿素的混合溶液中的制备方法包括以下步骤:按质量分称取160-190份硝酸镁、8-25份硝酸镍、1份硝酸镧和50份尿素,加入1500份去离子水混合均匀,得到硝酸金属盐与尿素的混合溶液。
8.根据权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述干燥和煅烧包括以下步骤:将所述共沉淀产物在105-115℃的条件下干燥3-4小时,并在600-650℃的条件下煅烧5-6小时。
9.一种如权利要求1所述催化剂的应用,其特征在于,将所述催化剂用于中低温乙醇重整制氢。
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