CN1126795A - 折流冷却的壁体 - Google Patents

折流冷却的壁体 Download PDF

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CN1126795A
CN1126795A CN95115900.3A CN95115900A CN1126795A CN 1126795 A CN1126795 A CN 1126795A CN 95115900 A CN95115900 A CN 95115900A CN 1126795 A CN1126795 A CN 1126795A
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baffling
cooling unit
wall spare
supporter
cooling
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CN1083051C (zh
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H·韦斯坦
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ABB Management AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R3/00—Continuous combustion chambers using liquid or gaseous fuel
    • F23R3/002—Wall structures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F01D5/18—Hollow blades, i.e. blades with cooling or heating channels or cavities; Heating, heat-insulating or cooling means on blades
    • F01D5/187—Convection cooling
    • F01D5/188—Convection cooling with an insert in the blade cavity to guide the cooling fluid, e.g. forming a separation wall
    • F01D5/189—Convection cooling with an insert in the blade cavity to guide the cooling fluid, e.g. forming a separation wall the insert having a tubular cross-section, e.g. airfoil shape
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00—Function
    • F05D2260/20—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
    • F05D2260/201—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling by impingement of a fluid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00—Function
    • F05D2260/20—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling
    • F05D2260/221—Improvement of heat transfer
    • F05D2260/2212—Improvement of heat transfer by creating turbulence
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23R—GENERATING COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF HIGH PRESSURE OR HIGH VELOCITY, e.g. GAS-TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS
    • F23R2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for continuous combustion chambers; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23R2900/03044—Impingement cooled combustion chamber walls or subassemblies

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)

Abstract

一种壁件(10)的折流冷却装置，其特征是多个折流管(11)排列成使它们的进口(12)覆盖一平直的或一弯曲的支撑件(13)上的一个区域，并且它们取向为使出口(14)指向被冷却的壁件(10)，支撑件布置在距壁件一定距离处。

Description

折流冷却的壁体
本发明涉及一种壁件的折流冷却装置，例如燃气轮机叶片式燃烧室壁之类的绕流热透平机械部件的壁件的折流冷却装置。
在对流冷却方法中，通过折流冷却可达到最高的热传送效率。因此，就燃气轮机而言，通常是通过孔板形成许多冷却空气喷嘴，喷嘴指向需冷却的壁。其优化方案是，孔板和所述壁之间的距离与孔径的比值为1至2。
这种类型的冷却方法是公知的，例如由DE-C2-2526277公开。所示叶片中，在叶尖与其相邻的吸入侧设有许多实际的折流腔。在该空心叶片内部，这些腔室由若干与叶片形犬一致的插入件限定而成，插件上设有许多冷却空气通道孔。这种类型的方案的主要问题是，横过喷射方向的气流，在喷射气流冲击到需冷却的壁前被横向气流偏转，导致其失去冷却作用。这种横向气流，在需冷却的不仅是一条线(即仅为一列孔)，而是整个而都需冷却时，是不可避免的。为弥补这一缺陷，在所述叶片中，冷却空气冲击之后，借助需冷却的壁上适当排列的孔样，以气膜形式导入热气流中。这种解决方案的一个缺点是，冷却空气必须通过许多排流出孔以高于热气流的压力排入热气流。这种较高的压力通常只有通过一辅助风机才可能产生。此外，封闭或串连的冷却空气，由于气膜作为冷却空气而漏失，仅有可能得到有限的利用。
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种壁件的折流冷却，其中横喷射方向流出的冷却介质不会影响喷射作用。
为实现这一目的，按照本发明，采用许多折流管，它们排列成使其进口覆盖住一平的或弯曲的支撑件，它们取向为使其出口朝向需冷却的壁件，该支撑件布置在距该壁件一定距离处。
冲击后改变方向的折流喷射可以无阻碍地流入折流管出口和位于相当折流管长度距离处的支持件间的自由空间。
尽管由US2973937已经知道通过折流管(该文献称喷嘴)引起冷却介质冲击在一个壁上的方案，但它毕竟只原始地提到单列排列的喷嘴，这种情况下冲击后冷却喷射流的导流当然不会有问题。此外，所冷却的零件是旋转透平机工作轮的垂直壁，这种情况下影响热传导的径向流出口边界层会集聚。本发明折流冷却正是特别着眼于要破坏这个边界层。
本发明的显著优点是，以尽可能少的冷却介质量和最低的压降便可获得充分的冷却。这又为实现具有增大气膜面积的典型折流气膜排列提供了可能。因而气膜孔列，在绕流部件的情况下，可以排列在具有较低外部压力的部位。
这在需冷却的是燃气轮和叶片的情况下是特别有利的，这时支持件和折流管作为插入件排列在叶片的空心内部，并且设置了多个这样的插入件。从而同一冷却介质可以串联方式流过诸插入件。还可实现提高折流喷射速度的封闭式折流冷却系统。此外，还存在实现在低压部位，例如燃气轮机叶片后缘，排出冷却介质的可能性。
如果冷却介质以封闭回路方式循环，较高的冷却压力可以导致热传导效率的提高。这种情况特别出现在当以蒸汽作为冷却介质的场合，例如可能存在于联合动力装置中。其优点在于，从能量的观点看，较高压力的冷却介质可以有利地产生于供给泵中，而不是压缩机中。
最后，与原始描述的借助孔板形成冷却空气喷嘴相反，本发明提供了自由设计喷嘴间距与喷嘴直径比值的优点。该比值在从0.1至4整个范围内延伸是完全适当的。
本发明更完整的了解及其可能达到的诸多优点，在参考以下结合各附图的详细说明后将会得到更好的理解，各附图中给出了几种简化形式的实施例，其中：
图1示出一种折流冷却元件的透视图；
图2至5以剖面形式示出4种不同形式的折流冷却元件。
图6示出折流冷却燃气轮机叶片的情况。
图中仅示出那些对理解本发明有用的结构元件。各图中功能上相同的结构元件用同一代号表示。冷却介质的流动方向用箭头表示。
参见各附图，其中同一代号代表相同或相对应的零件。图1中，需冷却的壁件，例如，借助冷却空气冷却的壁件代号为10。这是一个在外侧流动的用代号19表示的热介质绕流的平直壁。位于冷却空气侧的支持件13相应地也为平面。在该实施例中，支撑件用图上未示的适当装置固定在壁上，距壁一定距离。
沿整个支持件设置了许多折流管11，它们的结构相同并排列成行。它们的进口12与支持件平面齐平。折流管最窄的横截面位于出口14。各折流管取向为以其出口14垂直朝向需冷却的壁。出口位于距壁折流距离15处。该实施例中，该折流距离与折流管最窄直径之比约等于1。显然，冷却空气冲击壁后可以流出进入相邻折流管间的自由空间21，而不受相邻折流喷射流的干扰。就垂直取向的折流管而言，该自由空间的透光尺寸(light-free dimension)由它们的长度确定。
按照图2所示的结构形式，多个相邻折流管11以倾斜方式延伸，并指向壁件10的有限表面区域。从而冷却作用集中于特定的曝露区域。
图3中，被冷却的壁件折流表面设计成凸凹不平状，喷射流冲击在各凸出部上。因而折流喷射流中的不均匀热传导可得到补偿，从而在壁件的热侧可以获得均匀地温度分布。
图4示出一其冷却空气侧呈凸肋状的壁件10。借助相对需冷却的壁厚加大了的喷射流长度和喷射流厚度，获得该凸肋壁上冷却效果的均匀化。
图5示出一种实施例，其可变化的析流管长度沿特定方向增大。对于一相应的折流管出口14和壁件10间的恒定距离15，支撑件1是相对该壁件倾斜延伸的。在冷却空气沿一特定方向流出的情况下，借助这种形式，试图获得折流管间恒定的横向流速。
图6中被冷却的壁件是燃气轮机叶片16。各支持件连同折流管设计成大体呈管形的插入件17A，17B和17C，并且排列在叶片的空心内部。这些插入件连同折流管11可设计成一种铸件或一种浮拉件。它们还可设计成一种耐内压的结构，该内压相当实际折流区常压的两倍。
所冷却的是导叶的情况下，进入插入件17A-C的冷却介质流，通常沿从叶根向叶尖方向流动。诸折流管11沿整个叶片高度和叶片周边彼此之间错开一必需的距离，而它们的出口则朝向空心叶片内壁。冷却介质可单独流过插入件17A-C，或以串联方式流过。
气体的或蒸汽的冷却介质均可沿封闭回路在多个插入件中循环，也就是说完成冷却作用后，所通过叶根吸出。然而从被冷却的壁件流出的冷却介质亦可从叶片排入流道。这最好发生在经常出现最低外部压力的叶片部位。通常，可使冷却介质在叶片后缘18处排出。
当然，本发明不应受所示和已描述过的上述实施例的限制。不言而谕，根据要求，析流管的排列，析流管的数量和形式，以及它们的长度和形状，锥形或圆柱形，在每一具体情况下均可优化。本发明也不应受所选择的冷却介质，其压力以及其冷却作用后进一步的利用的限制。
显然，按照上述教导，还可能对本发明作出各种变型和变化。因而应当理解，在权利要求的范围内，本发明还可以不同于上述具体描述过的方式实施。

Claims (13)

1.一种壁件(10)的折流冷却装置，其中存在许多析流管(11)，它们排列成使其进口(12)覆盖一平直或一弯曲支持件(13)上的一个区域，并且它们取向为使其出口(14)朝向被冷却的壁件(10)，该支持件布置在距该壁件一定距离(20)处。
2.如权利要求1所述的折流冷却装置，其中所述各折流管(11)具有一锥形内通道，其最窄横截面位于至少靠近出口(14)处。
3.如权利要求1所述的折流冷却装置，其中所述折流距离(15)与折流管(11)的最窄横截面之比为0.1至4之间。
4.如权利要求1所述的折流冷却装置，其中多个相邻折流管(11)倾斜地延伸，并指向壁件(10)的有限表面区域。
5.如权利要求1所述的折流冷却装置，其中壁件(10)的被冷却折流表面设计成凸凹状。
6.如权利要求1所述的折流冷却装置，其中折流管出口(14)和壁件(10)间为一恒定距离(15)，而支持件(13)相对壁件倾斜延伸。
7.如权利要求1所述的折流冷却装置，其中支持件(13)连同折流管(11)设计为铸件。
8.如权利要求1所述的折流冷却装置，其中支持件(13)连同折流管(11)设计为深拉件。
9.如权利要求1所述的折流冷却装置，其中被冷却的壁件为燃气轮机叶片(16)，并且其中的支持件连同折流管为排列在叶片空心内部的插入件(17)。
10.如权利要求9所述的折流冷却装置，其中多个插入件(17)排列在叶片(16)的空心内部。
11.如权利要求10所述的折流冷却装置，其中冷却介质以串联方式流过多个插入件。
12.如权利要求11所述的折流冷却装置，其中气体的或蒸汽的冷却介质沿封闭回路在多个插入件中循环。
13.如权利要求9所述的折流冷却装置，其中从被冷却的壁件流出的冷却介质，从叶片的后缘(18)排出。
CN95115900A 1994-08-26 1995-08-25 壁件的折流冷却装置 Expired - Fee Related CN1083051C (zh)

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DEP4430302.5 1994-08-26
DE4430302A DE4430302A1 (de) 1994-08-26 1994-08-26 Prallgekühltes Wandteil

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DE4430302A1 (de) 1996-02-29
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US5586866A (en) 1996-12-24
EP0698725A3 (de) 1998-03-25

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