CN112640756A - Cultivation method considering both plant shape molding and yield of mechanically harvested cotton in Hebei area - Google Patents
Cultivation method considering both plant shape molding and yield of mechanically harvested cotton in Hebei area Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method considering both plant shape molding and yield of mechanically harvested cotton in Hebei areas, which comprises the following steps: a. fertilizing the mechanically harvested cotton field for 4 months and 15 days, wherein the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 18-22 kg/mu; after the phosphate fertilizer is applied, the content of the available phosphorus in the soil is 7.4-63.4 mg/kg; after the potash fertilizer is applied, the quick-acting potassium content of the soil is 265-398 mg/kg; irrigating after fertilizing; b. 4, carrying out rotary tillage seeding in 25 days in 4 months, covering with one row and one film, and planting at equal row spacing of 64-68 cm; c. after seedling emergence, setting seedlings according to the planting density of 5000-6000 plants/mu; d. the cotton growth period is controlled by full chemical control, and the mepiquat chloride is used for a few times for regulation and control; spraying mepiquat chloride of 10-50 g/mu at the bottom of 7 months for chemical capping. The invention has the characteristics of rapidness, convenience and cost saving, can mould the plant type of cotton suitable for mechanical picking, and can improve the yield of the cotton.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method considering both the shape of mechanically harvested cotton plants and the yield in the north of Hehe.
Background
Cotton is the main economic crop in Hebei province and is mainly distributed in the southern areas of Hei. In recent years, with the increase of cotton planting cost and the lack of rural labor and other reasons, the increase of cotton planting yield of farmers is one of the main factors restricting the planting of cotton in yellow river watershed and Yangtze river watershed, and the cotton production is gradually transferred to Xinjiang area. The mechanical cotton picking is an agricultural production mode for picking up cotton by replacing manpower with mechanical cotton picking equipment, can reduce labor intensity and improve production efficiency, and is one of hot spots concerned by cotton science and technology workers. The research and popularization of mechanical cotton picking can solve the problem of cotton picking which is weakest and consumes labor force in the cotton planting process, and is one of the main ways for solving the in-situ development of cotton.
The cotton plant type suitable for mechanical picking has unique agronomic character requirements, such as plant height of about 100cm, fruit branch initial node height of more than 20cm higher than the ground, fruit branch short and uprush, boll opening concentration, compact plant type and the like. At present, the mechanically harvested cotton plant type is mainly shaped by a breeding means, and the defects of high difficulty, high cost, long period and the like exist. The method for shaping the cotton plant type by the plastic machine by the cultivation method is mature in Xinjiang, and the traditional cotton cultivation method in inland is not suitable for machine-harvested cotton planting. The existing planting of mechanical cotton picking in Xinjiang is mostly directly referred to Xinjiang, and the plastic method of mechanical cotton picking plant type in Xinjiang is not suitable for being applied in Xinjiang due to the great difference of ecological climate conditions in Xinjiang and inland. Therefore, the method for researching and applying the cultivation measures and considering both plant type shaping and yield of the mechanically harvested cotton has great theoretical and practical significance for popularization of the mechanically harvested cotton and adjustment according to local conditions.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cultivation method considering both the shape of mechanically harvested cotton plants and the yield in the northern river region, and aims to solve the problems that the existing cultivation method is not suitable for mechanically harvested cotton planting and the mechanically harvested cotton cultivation technology in Xinjiang is not suitable for inland yellow river watershed.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a cultivation method considering both plant type molding and yield of mechanically harvested cotton in Hebei areas comprises the following steps:
a. fertilizing the mechanically harvested cotton field from 4 months and 12 days to 18 days, wherein the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 18-22 kg/mu; after the phosphate fertilizer is applied, the content of the available phosphorus in the soil is 7.4-63.4 mg/kg; after the potash fertilizer is applied, the quick-acting potassium content of the soil is 265-398 mg/kg; irrigating after fertilizing;
b. 4, sowing in a rotary tillage way within 22-28 days in 4 months, covering the seeds one by one in a row, and planting at equal row spacing of 64-68 cm;
c. after seedling emergence, setting seedlings according to the planting density of 5000-6000 plants/mu;
d. the method is characterized in that the whole chemical control is carried out in the cotton growth period, and the mepiquat chloride is used for multiple times in a small amount for regulation and control according to rainfall and cotton growth vigor, wherein the using amount in the seedling stage is 0.4-0.6 g/mu, the using amount in the bud stage is 1.8-2.2 g/mu, the using amount in the initial flowering stage is 2.5-4.0 g/mu, and the using amount in the full flowering stage is 4.0-6.0 g/mu; spraying mepiquat chloride of 10-50 g/mu at the bottom of 7 months for chemical capping;
e. and (4) ripening and harvesting the cotton from 29 days in 9 months to 5 days in 10 months.
In the step a, the nitrogen fertilizer adopts urea, and the application amount is 20 kg/mu.
In the step a, the phosphate fertilizer adopts calcium superphosphate, and the potassium fertilizer adopts potassium chloride.
In the step a, the irrigation amount is 90-110 m3Per mu.
In the step b, the variety is selected from ripe Ji cotton 803 or Ji cotton 315 in the yellow river basin.
In the step c, the spacing between plants after final singling is 20.0-20.5 cm.
And d, regulating and controlling for 4 times by using mepiquat chloride, wherein the using amount of the mepiquat chloride in the seedling stage is 0.5 g/mu, the using amount of the mepiquat chloride in the bud stage is 2.0 g/mu, the using amount of the mepiquat chloride in the initial flowering stage is 3.0-3.5 g/mu, and the using amount of the mepiquat chloride in the full flowering stage is 5.0-5.5 g/mu.
In the step d, the mepiquat chloride is added with 10kg of water to prepare the dosage of the liquid medicine per mu, and the liquid medicine is uniformly sprayed by a sprayer at a position 30cm away from the top of the cotton plant in sunny and calm weather at night.
Compared with the existing cotton planting mode, the invention has the following advantages and obvious effects:
under the background that the traditional cotton cultivation mode in inland is not suitable for machine-harvested cotton planting and the Xinjiang machine-harvested cotton plant type molding method is not suitable for inland application, the method does not depend on a breeding method, starts from cultivation factors such as sowing time, fertilizers, row spacing, density and chemical topping, researches on a machine-harvested cotton cultivation mode suitable for the yellow river basin, and has the characteristics of rapidness, convenience and cost saving. The method can not only shape the plant type of cotton suitable for mechanical picking, but also improve the yield, thereby establishing a method for combining the shape of the mechanically picked cotton plant and the yield by using the cultivation measures in the inland.
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FIG. 1 is a photograph of the plant type of cotton before harvesting in example 1 (Ji cotton 803).
FIG. 2 is a photograph of the plant type of cotton before harvesting in example 2 (Ji cotton 315).
FIG. 3 is a photograph of the plant type of cotton before harvesting in comparative example 1 (Ji cotton 803).
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to specific examples, wherein reagents and procedures not mentioned in the examples are all performed according to the routine procedures in the art. The following examples were conducted in a continuous cropping cotton field (test takes 5 years, from 2016 to 2020 in) in Yanzhuang village, Wei county, chen tai, Hebei).
Example 1
1. And taking a soil sample in 2019 and 3 months, and carrying out basic soil fertility determination on nutrients such as quick-acting nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and the like in the soil.
2. And (3) performing formulated fertilization in 4 months and 15 days according to the basic fertility of the land: the application amount of urea applied to the nitrogen fertilizer is 20 kg/mu, the application amount of calcium superphosphate applied to the phosphate fertilizer is 0 kg/mu, so that the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil is 45mg/kg, and the application amount of potassium chloride applied to the potassium fertilizer is 15 kg/mu, so that the quick-acting potassium content of the soil is 320 mg/kg.
3. Irrigating after spreading fertilizer, the water irrigation quantity per mu is 100m3Per mu.
4. And 4, 25 days after rotary tillage and raking, sowing, and selecting medium-ripened conventional cotton wing 803 in the yellow river valley.
5. Mulching with mulching film and planting in 66cm row spacing.
6. After cotton seedlings emerge, the seedlings are set according to the density of 5000 plants/mu, and the plant spacing is 20.2 cm.
7. The whole growing period of the cotton is subjected to chemical control in the whole period, the consumption of DPC is adjusted according to rainfall and the growth vigor of the cotton, the consumption is a little and many times, the early period is controlled lightly, and the later period is controlled heavily. The method specifically comprises the following steps: seedling stage 0.5g, bud stage 2.0g, initial flowering stage 3.0g, full flowering stage 5.0 g. Spraying DPC30 g/mu at the end of 7 months, and chemically capping. The spraying method comprises the following steps: adding 10kg of mepiquat chloride into water to prepare the dosage of liquid medicine per mu, and uniformly spraying the liquid medicine by using a sprayer at a position 30cm away from the top of cotton plants in the sunny and calm weather at night.
8. Other field management measures not mentioned are the same as conventional management methods. The plant type is shown in figure 1.
Example 2
1. And taking a soil sample in 2019 and 3 months, and carrying out basic soil fertility determination on nutrients such as quick-acting nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and the like in the soil.
2. And (3) performing formulated fertilization in 4 months and 15 days according to the basic fertility of the land: the application amount of urea applied to the nitrogen fertilizer is 20 kg/mu, the application amount of calcium superphosphate applied to the phosphate fertilizer is 0 kg/mu, so that the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil is 45mg/kg, and the application amount of potassium chloride applied to the potassium fertilizer is 15 kg/mu, so that the quick-acting potassium content of the soil is 320 mg/kg.
3. Irrigating after spreading fertilizer, the water irrigation quantity per mu is 100m3Per mu.
4. 4, 25 days in month and 4, sowing after rotary tillage and raking, and selecting the variety of the medium-ripeness conventional cotton wing cotton 315 in the yellow river valley.
5. Mulching with mulching film and planting in 66cm row spacing.
6. After cotton seedlings emerge, the seedlings are set according to the density of 6000 plants/mu, and the plant spacing is 20.2 cm.
7. The whole growing period of the cotton is subjected to chemical control in the whole period, the consumption of DPC is adjusted according to rainfall and the growth vigor of the cotton, the consumption is a little and many times, the early period is controlled lightly, and the later period is controlled heavily. The method specifically comprises the following steps: seedling stage 0.5g, bud stage 2.0g, initial flowering stage 3.5g, full flowering stage 5.5 g. Spraying DPC 20 g/mu at the end of 7 months, and performing chemical capping. The spraying method comprises the following steps: adding 10kg of mepiquat chloride into water to prepare the dosage of liquid medicine per mu, and uniformly spraying the liquid medicine by using a sprayer at a position 30cm away from the top of cotton plants in the sunny and calm weather at night.
8. Other field management measures not mentioned are the same as conventional management methods. The plant type is shown in FIG. 2.
Comparative example 1
1. And taking a soil sample in 2019 and 3 months, and carrying out basic soil fertility determination on nutrients such as quick-acting nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and the like in the soil.
2. And (3) performing formulated fertilization in 4 months and 15 days according to the basic fertility of the land: the application amount of urea applied to the nitrogen fertilizer is 20 kg/mu, the application amount of calcium superphosphate applied to the phosphate fertilizer is 0 kg/mu, so that the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil is 45mg/kg, and the application amount of potassium chloride applied to the potassium fertilizer is 15 kg/mu, so that the quick-acting potassium content of the soil is 320 mg/kg.
3. Irrigating after spreading fertilizer, the water irrigation quantity per mu is 100m3Per mu.
4. 4, 25 days in month and 4, sowing after rotary tillage and raking, and selecting the variety of the medium-ripeness conventional cotton wing cotton 315 in the yellow river valley.
5. Mulching with mulching film and planting at 76cm row spacing.
6. After cotton seedlings emerge, the seedlings are set according to the density of 3000 plants/mu, and the plant spacing is 20.2 cm.
7. The whole growing period of the cotton is subjected to chemical control in the whole period, the consumption of DPC is adjusted according to rainfall and the growth vigor of the cotton, the consumption is a little and many times, the early period is controlled lightly, and the later period is controlled heavily. The method specifically comprises the following steps: seedling stage 0.5g, bud stage 2.0g, initial flowering stage 3.5g, full flowering stage 5.5 g. Spraying DPC 20 g/mu at the end of 7 months, and performing chemical capping. The spraying method comprises the following steps: adding 10kg of mepiquat chloride into water to prepare the dosage of liquid medicine per mu, and uniformly spraying the liquid medicine by using a sprayer at a position 30cm away from the top of cotton plants in the sunny and calm weather at night.
8. Other field management measures not mentioned are the same as conventional management methods. The plant type is shown in FIG. 3.
Comparative example 2
1. And taking a soil sample in 2019 and 3 months, and carrying out basic soil fertility determination on nutrients such as quick-acting nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, quick-acting potassium and the like in the soil.
2. And (3) performing formulated fertilization in 4 months and 15 days according to the basic fertility of the land: the application amount of urea applied to the nitrogen fertilizer is 20 kg/mu, the application amount of calcium superphosphate applied to the phosphate fertilizer is 0 kg/mu, so that the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil is 45mg/kg, and the application amount of potassium chloride applied to the potassium fertilizer is 15 kg/mu, so that the quick-acting potassium content of the soil is 320 mg/kg.
3. Irrigating after spreading fertilizer, the water irrigation quantity per mu is 100m3Per mu.
4. And 5 days after 5 months and 5 days, carrying out rotary tillage and raking, and then sowing, wherein the variety is medium-maturing conventional cotton wing 803 in the yellow river valley.
5. Mulching with mulching film and planting in 66cm row spacing.
6. After cotton seedlings emerge, the seedlings are set according to the density of 5000 plants/mu, and the plant spacing is 20.2 cm.
7. The whole growing period of the cotton is subjected to chemical control in the whole period, the consumption of DPC is adjusted according to rainfall and the growth vigor of the cotton, the consumption is a little and many times, the early period is controlled lightly, and the later period is controlled heavily. The method specifically comprises the following steps: seedling stage 0.5g, bud stage 2.0g, initial flowering stage 3.0g, full flowering stage 5.0 g. Spraying DPC30 g/mu at the end of 7 months, and chemically capping. The spraying method comprises the following steps: adding 10kg of mepiquat chloride into water to prepare the dosage of liquid medicine per mu, and uniformly spraying the liquid medicine by using a sprayer at a position 30cm away from the top of cotton plants in the sunny and calm weather at night.
8. Other field management measures not mentioned are the same as conventional management methods.
Comparative example 3
The amount of nitrogen fertilizer used was varied (see table 2 for details), and the other agronomic operations were the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 4
The amount of phosphate fertilizer used (see table 3 in detail) was changed, and the other agronomic operations were the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 5
The amount of the potash fertilizer used was changed (see table 4), and the other agronomic operations were the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 6
The line spacing was varied (see table 5 for details) and the other agronomic operations were the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 7
The planting density was changed (see table 6), and other agronomic operations were the same as example 1.
Comparative example 8
Applying conventional topping, and specifically operating as follows: and (4) manually topping the cotton plants in 20 days after 7 months, and picking off the main stems, one leaf and one heart growing point of the cotton plants. Other agronomic operations were the same as example 1 and the results are shown in Table 7.
And (3) effect comparison:
the cotton picking plant type of the plastic-making machine is adopted by adopting the cultivation measures. Simultaneously, the beneficial effects that can be produced are as follows:
(1) influence of sowing time on cotton picking and yield of cotton machine
The results in Table 1 show that the treatment yield of the cotton planted in 25 days at 4 months (example 1) is improved by 5.4 percent compared with that of the cotton planted in 5 days at 5 months (comparative example 2), and the cotton planted in the plant is not obviously influenced. The machine-harvested cotton is recommended to be planted for 4 months and 25 days.
TABLE 1 Effect of the sowing time on plant type shaping and yield of mechanically harvested cotton
(2) Influence of nitrogen fertilizer dosage on plant shape and yield of mechanically harvested cotton
The basic soil fertility of the nitrogen fertilizer dosage experiment is that the total nitrogen content is 0.78g/kg, and the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content is 66 mg/kg. The influence of the nitrogen fertilizer dosage on the cotton plant type and yield is shown in table 2, and the nitrogen fertilizer can obviously influence the mechanical harvesting properties such as the plant height, the fruit branch length and the like of cotton, and influence the cotton plant type shaping and boll opening concentration ratio. By combining the agronomic characters and yield changes of the mechanical cotton picking, the nitrogen application amount of the mechanical cotton picking planted in the cotton area of the northern province of Hebei is recommended to be 20 kg/mu.
TABLE 2 influence of nitrogen fertilizer dosage on mechanical cotton plant type modeling and yield
(3) Influence of soil quick-acting phosphorus content on model plastic-making and yield of mechanically harvested cotton plants
After years of positioning experiments, soil quick-acting phosphorus forms a gradient as shown in table 3. The influence of the soil quick-acting phosphorus content on the plant type and the yield of the cotton is shown in table 3, and the soil quick-acting phosphorus content can obviously influence the mechanical harvesting properties such as the plant height, the fruit branch height and the length of the cotton and the plant type molding of the cotton. By integrating the agronomic characters and the yield change of the mechanical cotton picking, the quick-acting phosphorus content of the soil planted by the mechanical cotton picking in the cotton area of Hebei province is 7.4-63.4 mg/kg.
TABLE 3 influence of phosphorus fertilizer dosage on mechanical cotton plant type molding and yield
(4) Influence of soil quick-acting potassium content on model plastic-making and yield of mechanically harvested cotton plants
After years of positioning experiments, soil quick-acting potassium forms a gradient as shown in table 4. The influence of the soil quick-acting potassium content on the plant type and the yield of cotton is shown in table 4, and the soil quick-acting potassium content can obviously influence the plant height, the fruit branch node position, the fruit branch included angle, the fruit branch length and other mechanical harvesting properties of the cotton, and influence the molding of the plant type of the cotton. By integrating the agronomic characters and yield changes of the mechanical cotton picking, the content of quick-acting potassium in the soil planted in the cotton area of Hebei province of the mechanical cotton picking is 265-398 mg/kg.
TABLE 4 influence of potash fertilizer dosage on plant shape and yield of mechanically harvested cotton
(5) Influence of row spacing on plant shape and yield of mechanically harvested cotton
Table 5 shows that compared with the conventional row spacing of 76cm, the row spacing of 66cm can increase the height of fruit branches, reduce the included angle of the fruit branches and the length of the fruit branches and enable the cotton plant type to be more compact. Compared with the conventional row spacing, the row spacing of the cotton harvester increases the cotton yield by 8.7 percent. Further increasing the row spacing to 86cm and 96cm decreases cotton yield. Therefore, the row spacing of the machine-harvested cotton planted in the cotton area of Hebei province is preferably 66 cm.
TABLE 5 influence of line spacing on plant type shaping and yield of mechanically harvested cotton
(6) Influence of plant type molding and yield of cotton picked by planting density machine
As shown in Table 6, under the condition of the row spacing of 66cm, compared with the conventional density of 3000 plants/mu, the density and the high-density planting in Xinjiang can both improve the plant height and the fruit branch height, reduce the fruit branch included angle, the fruit branch length and the fruit branch node number and improve the cotton yield. And under the condition of high-density planting in Xinjiang, the boll opening rate of cotton can be obviously reduced, so that the proper density of the mechanically harvested cotton in the cotton area of Hebei province at 66cm row spacing is 5000 plants/mu.
TABLE 6 Effect of Density on mechanical cotton plant type modeling and yield
(7) Influence of chemical topping on plant type molding and yield of mechanically harvested cotton
The influence of chemical topping on the shape of the mechanically harvested cotton plants and the yield is shown in table 7, and compared with the traditional manual topping, the chemical topping increases the cotton plant height and the fruit branch length, reduces the fruit branch height and the boll opening rate, and has no significant difference in yield. The cotton plant type is influenced after chemical topping, the mechanical picking requirement is still met, the chemical topping can be applied to mechanical picking cotton, the effect of cost saving and efficiency increasing is achieved, DPC10-50 g/mu is sprayed at the bottom of 7 months, and chemical topping is carried out.
TABLE 7 influence of chemical topping on machine-harvested cotton plant type modeling and yield
(8) The invention relates to the influence of the combination of row spacing and density on the shape and yield of a mechanically harvested cotton plant
As shown in Table 8, compared with the cotton planting of comparative example 1, the invention can reduce the plant height, the fruit branch included angle, the fruit branch length and the node number, and obviously improve the cotton yield. The invention can shape more compact cotton plant type and improve cotton yield.
TABLE 8 Effect of the present invention line spacing and Density combinations on mechanical Cotton plant type shaping and yield
Claims (8)
1. A cultivation method considering both plant shape modeling and yield of mechanically harvested cotton in Hebei areas is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a. fertilizing the mechanically harvested cotton field from 4 months and 12 days to 18 days, wherein the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 18-22 kg/mu; after the phosphate fertilizer is applied, the content of the available phosphorus in the soil is 7.4-63.4 mg/kg; after the potash fertilizer is applied, the quick-acting potassium content of the soil is 265-398 mg/kg; irrigating after fertilizing;
b. 4, sowing in a rotary tillage way within 22-28 days in 4 months, covering the seeds one by one in a row, and planting at equal row spacing of 64-68 cm;
c. after seedling emergence, setting seedlings according to the planting density of 5000-6000 plants/mu;
d. the method is characterized in that the whole chemical control is carried out in the cotton growth period, and the mepiquat chloride is used for multiple times in a small amount for regulation and control according to rainfall and cotton growth vigor, wherein the using amount in the seedling stage is 0.4-0.6 g/mu, the using amount in the bud stage is 1.8-2.2 g/mu, the using amount in the initial flowering stage is 2.5-4.0 g/mu, and the using amount in the full flowering stage is 4.0-6.0 g/mu; spraying mepiquat chloride of 10-50 g/mu at the bottom of 7 months for chemical capping;
e. and (4) ripening and harvesting the cotton from 29 days in 9 months to 5 days in 10 months.
2. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step a, the nitrogen fertilizer is urea and is applied at a rate of 20 kg/mu.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step a, the phosphate fertilizer is calcium superphosphate, and the potassium fertilizer is potassium chloride.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the step a is a stepThe irrigation amount is 90-110 m3Per mu.
5. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step b, boiled cotton 803 or boiled cotton 315 of the variety yellow river valley is selected.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein in step c, the spacing between plants after seedling setting is 20.0 to 20.5 cm.
7. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein mepiquat chloride is applied for 4 times in step d, wherein the dosage in the seedling stage is 0.5 g/mu, the dosage in the bud stage is 2.0 g/mu, the dosage in the initial flowering stage is 3.0-3.5 g/mu, and the dosage in the full flowering stage is 5.0-5.5 g/mu.
8. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step d, the mepiquat chloride is mixed with 10kg of water to prepare the liquid medicine dosage per mu, and the liquid medicine is uniformly sprayed by a sprayer at a position 30cm away from the top of the cotton plant in the sunny and calm weather at evening.
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