CN112601525A - 2,6-二氨基吡啶化合物 - Google Patents
2,6-二氨基吡啶化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112601525A CN112601525A CN201980057907.2A CN201980057907A CN112601525A CN 112601525 A CN112601525 A CN 112601525A CN 201980057907 A CN201980057907 A CN 201980057907A CN 112601525 A CN112601525 A CN 112601525A
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- C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
- C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
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- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
- A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
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- C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
- C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
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Abstract
本发明提供式I的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,以及式I化合物用于治疗代谢病症,如2型糖尿病、心力衰竭、糖尿病性肾病和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的用途:
Description
本发明涉及新颖的己酮糖激酶(KHK)抑制剂化合物、包含所述化合物的药物组合物以及所述化合物用于治疗某些代谢病症的用途,所述代谢病症如2型糖尿病(T2DM)、心力衰竭、糖尿病性肾病和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)。
代谢综合征通常被定义为反映营养过剩和久坐不动生活方式的病症群集,且其表现形式包括T2DM、非酒精性脂肪肝疾病(NAFLD)、肥胖症、血脂异常、心力衰竭和肾病。
T2DM的特征在于由胰腺β-细胞功能异常和靶器官中的胰岛素抵抗引起的相对胰岛素缺乏。它占糖尿病患者的90%以上,并导致微血管和大血管并发症,其使患者遭受深远的心理和身体困扰,同时使医疗体系承受巨大的负担(Davies, M.J., 等人; Lancet,389, 2239-2251, 2017)。
心力衰竭是一种由结构性或功能性心脏异常引起的综合征,其导致在休息时或压力下心脏内压升高或心输出量降低。心力衰竭是全世界发病率和死亡率的主要且正在增加的原因(Teerlink, J.R., 等人; Lancet, 390, 1981-1995, 2017)。
糖尿病性肾病在近一半的T2DM患者中发展,并且是全世界慢性肾病的主要原因。与糖尿病相关的代谢变化导致肾小球超滤、进行性白蛋白尿(Progressive albuminuria)、肾小球滤过率下降并最终导致终末期肾病(Alicic, R.Z., 等人; Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 12: 2032-2045, 2017)。
NAFLD代表可导致进行性NASH、纤维化以及最终导致肝细胞癌和肝衰竭的一系列肝病。据估计,在接下来的20年中,NAFLD将成为肝脏相关发病率和死亡率的主要原因以及肝移植的主要指征(Bertot, L.C., 等人; Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17(5), 774, 2016)。
KHK,也称为果糖激酶,是参与果糖代谢的限速酶。它催化果糖磷酸化为果糖-1-磷酸(F1P),导致细胞ATP水平的伴随消耗。与葡萄糖相反,果糖代谢缺乏反馈抑制,并且它触发涉及例如脂肪生成、糖原异生和氧化磷酸化的下游中间产物的累积(Hannou, S.A., 等 人; J. Clin. Invest., 128(2), 544-555, 2018)。这具有与许多严重的代谢紊乱有关的负面代谢后果。
KHK以两种交替拼接的异构体存在,所述异构体由外显子3不同的KHK-C和KHK-A组成。KHK-C主要在肝、肾和肠中表达,而KHK-A更普遍存在。两种异构体都缺乏的小鼠完全免于果糖诱导的代谢综合征。然而,在仅缺乏KHK-A的小鼠中不利的代谢效应加剧(IshimotoT, 等人; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109(11), 4320-4325, 2012)。
几项流行病学和实验研究已经报告果糖的消耗增加、更准确地说是果糖代谢的增加,可能在代谢综合征、特别是在T2DM(Softic 等人; J. Clin. Invest., 127(11),4059-4074, 2017)、心力衰竭(Mirtschink, P., 等人; Eur. Heart J., 39, 2497-2505,2018)、糖尿病性肾病(Cirillo, P., 等人; J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 20, 545-553,2009)以及NAFLD/NASH (Vos, M.B., 等人; Hepatology, 57, 2525-2531, 2013)的发展中起重要作用。预期KHK的靶向抑制将限制果糖代谢,并为许多代谢紊乱提供有效的治疗选项。
US 2017/0183328 A1公开了取代的3-氮杂双环[3.1.0]己烷类作为KHK抑制剂。
需要用于代谢综合征和相关适应症(包括T2DM、心力衰竭、糖尿病性肾病和NASH)的替代疗法。特别地,需要具有KHK抑制活性的化合物以提供用于这些疾病的治疗选项。此外,还需要具有对于人的治疗用途重要的性质的有效的KHK抑制剂,所述性质如口服生物利用度和足以支持每日给药的半衰期或有限的药物-药物相互作用曲线。
因此,本发明提供了式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐:
其中n为1或2。
式I包括其所有单独的对映异构体和非对映异构体,以及对映异构体和外消旋体的混合物。
在一个特定的实施方案中,本发明的化合物是下式的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐:
在一个实施方案中,n为1。在这个实施方案中,本发明的化合物为下式的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐:
在另一个实施方案中,n为2。在这个实施方案中,本发明的化合物为下式的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐:
在一个实施方案中,本发明还提供了在需要这样的治疗的患者中治疗T2DM的方法,其包括向所述患者施用有效量的式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述方法包括施用2-[(3R)-1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸或其药学上可接受的盐。
在一个实施方案中,本发明还提供了在需要这样的治疗的患者中治疗心力衰竭的方法,其包括向所述患者施用有效量的式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述方法包括施用2-[(3R)-1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸或其药学上可接受的盐。
在一个实施方案中,本发明还提供了在需要这样的治疗的患者中治疗糖尿病性肾病的方法,其包括向所述患者施用有效量的式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述方法包括施用2-[(3R)-1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸或其药学上可接受的盐。
在一个实施方案中,本发明还提供了在需要这样的治疗的患者中治疗NASH的方法,其包括向所述患者施用有效量的式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述方法包括施用2-[(3R)-1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸或其药学上可接受的盐。
在一个实施方案中,本发明还提供了在需要这样的治疗的患者中治疗慢性肾病的方法,其包括向所述患者施用有效量的式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述方法包括施用2-[(3R)-1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸或其药学上可接受的盐。
在一个实施方案中,本发明进一步提供了在需要这样的治疗的患者中治疗选自下列疾病的方法:代谢综合征、NAFLD、肥胖症、糖尿病并发症(例如糖尿病性视网膜病)、心血管疾病、冠状动脉疾病和血脂异常,包括向所述患者施用有效量的式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。在一个优选的实施方案中,所述方法包括施用2-[(3R)-1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸或其药学上可接受的盐。
此外,在一个实施方案中,本发明提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗。在一个特定的实施方案中,本发明提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗T2DM。在一个特定的实施方案中,本发明提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗心力衰竭。在一个特定的实施方案中,本发明提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗糖尿病性肾病。在一个特定的实施方案中,本发明提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗NASH。在一个特定的实施方案中,本发明还提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗慢性肾病。在一个实施方案中,本发明还提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗代谢综合征、NAFLD、肥胖症、糖尿病并发症(例如糖尿病性视网膜病)、心血管疾病、冠状动脉疾病或血脂异常。在一个优选的实施方案中,在上述治疗用途中的式I化合物是2-[(3R)-1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸或其药学上可接受的盐。
此外,在一个实施方案中,本发明提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐用于制备用于治疗T2DM的药物的用途。在一个实施方案中,本发明提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐用于制备用于治疗心力衰竭的药物的用途。在一个实施方案中,本发明提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐用于制备用于治疗糖尿病性肾病的药物的用途。在一个实施方案中,本发明提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐用于制备用于治疗NASH的药物的用途。在一个实施方案中,本发明提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐用于制备用于治疗慢性肾病的药物的用途。在一个实施方案中,本发明还提供式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐用于制备用于治疗代谢综合征、NAFLD、肥胖症、糖尿病并发症(例如糖尿病性视网膜病)、心血管疾病、冠状动脉疾病或血脂异常的药物的用途。在一个优选的实施方案中,式I化合物是2-[(3R)-1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸或其药学上可接受的盐。
在一个实施方案中,本发明进一步提供了药物组合物,其包含式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,以及一种或多种药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。在一个实施方案中,本发明进一步提供了制备药物组合物的方法,其包括将式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐与一种或多种药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂混合。
如本文所用,术语“治疗”包括抑制、减慢、停止或逆转现有症状或紊乱的进展或严重程度。
如本文所用,术语“患者”是指哺乳动物。优选地,患者是人。
如本文所用,术语“有效量”是指式I化合物或其药学上可接受的盐的量或剂量,其在向患者单次或多次剂量施用后,在被诊断或治疗的患者中提供期望的作用。
有效量可以由本领域技术人员通过使用已知技术并通过观察在类似情况下获得的结果来确定。在确定患者的有效量时,要考虑许多因素,包括但不限于:患者的物种;其尺寸、年龄和总体健康状况;所涉及的具体疾病或紊乱;疾病或紊乱的程度或涉及程度或严重程度;个体患者的响应;施用的特定化合物;施用方式;所施用制剂的生物利用度特征;所选择的给药方案;合并用药的使用;和其他相关情况。本发明的化合物以约0.1至约15 mg/kg体重的范围内的每日剂量是有效的。
本发明的化合物被配制成药物组合物,所述药物组合物通过使所述化合物生物可利用的任何途径施用。优选地,这样的组合物用于口服施用。这样的药物组合物及其制备方法是本领域公知的(参见,例如,Remington, J. P., “Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy”,L.V. Allen, 编辑, 第22版, Pharmaceutical Press, 2012)。
式I化合物及其药学上可接受的盐在本发明的治疗方法中特别有用,其中某些构型是优选的。以下本发明化合物的列表描述了这样的构型。应当理解,这些优选适用于本发明的化合物以及治疗方法、治疗用途和药物组合物。
本发明的化合物包括:
及其药学上可接受的盐。
本发明的其他化合物包括:
及其药学上可接受的盐。
本发明的其他化合物包括:
及其药学上可接受的盐。
尽管本发明考虑到所有单独的对映异构体和非对映异构体以及其混合物,包括外消旋体,但是式Ia、式IIa和式IIIa”的化合物及其药学上可接受的盐是特别优选的。
单独的对映异构体可以由本领域普通技术人员在本发明化合物的合成中的任何方便点,通过如选择性结晶技术、手性色谱(参见例如,J. Jacques, 等人,"Enantiomers, Racemates, and Resolutions", John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1981,以及 E.L. Eliel和 S.H. Wilen," Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds" , Wiley-Interscience,1994)或超临界流体色谱(SFC)(参见例如T. A. Berger;" Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Primer," Agilent Technologies, July 2015)的方法进行分离或拆分。
本发明化合物的药学上可接受的盐可以例如通过在本领域公知的标准条件下在合适的溶剂中本发明化合物的合适的中性形式与合适的药学上可接受的酸或碱的反应而形成(参见,例如,Bastin, R.J.,等人; Org. Process. Res. Dev., 4, 427-435, 2000以及Berge, S.M., 等人; J. Pharm. Sci., 66, 1-19, 1977)。
本发明的化合物或其盐可以通过本领域普通技术人员已知的多种方法制备,其中一些在以下方案、制备和实施例中说明。以下方案中每个步骤的产物可以通过本领域公知的常规方法进行回收,包括萃取、蒸发、沉淀、色谱、过滤、研磨和结晶。在以下方案中,除非另有说明,否则所有取代基均如先前所定义。试剂和起始原料对于本领域普通技术人员来说是容易获得的。在不限制本发明范围的情况下,提供以下方案、制备和实施例以进一步说明本发明。另外,本领域普通技术人员理解,可以通过使用可以由本领域技术人员制备的具有相应期望的立体化学构型的起始原料或中间体来制备式I的化合物。
某些缩写定义如下:“ABT”是指1-氨基苯并三唑;“ACN”是指乙腈;“BSA”是指牛血清白蛋白;“CAS#”是指化学文摘登记号;“DCM”是指二氯甲烷(methylene chloride 或dichloromethane);“DIPEA”是指二异丙基乙胺;“DMEM”是指杜氏改良eagle培养基(Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium);“DMSO”是指二甲基亚砜;“ELSD”是指蒸发光散射检测器;“ES/MS”是指电喷雾质谱;“EtOAc”是指乙酸乙酯;“EtOH”是指乙醇(ethanol或ethyl alcohol);“FBS”是指胎牛血清;“h”是指小时(hour 或 hours);“HPLC”是指高效液相色谱;“Me”是指甲基;“MeOH”是指甲醇;“MTBE”是指甲基叔丁基醚;“min”是指分钟(minute 或 minutes);“m/z” 是指质荷比;“PBS” 是指磷酸盐缓冲盐水(phosphatebuffered saline);“Ph”是指苯基;“RBF”是指圆底烧瓶;“RT”是指室温;“SCX”是指选择性阳离子交换;“SFC”是指超临界流体色谱;“THF”是指四氢呋喃。
方案1
方案1描述了式I化合物的一般制备。在步骤1中,使3-氰基-2,6-二氯-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶(1)和环胺(2)在碱(如NaHCO3或DIPEA)存在下在EtOH或MeOH中反应得到氨基吡啶(3)。或者,用于该步骤的反应溶剂可以是DCM。在步骤2中,化合物3与2-甲基氮杂环丁烷(4)在升高的温度且在碱(如NaHCO3或DIPEA)的存在下在EtOH或MeOH中反应得到二氨基吡啶(5)。或者,用于该步骤的反应溶剂可以是THF。在步骤3中,在升高的温度在MeOH或THF中使用碱(如NaOH或LiOH)水解酯部分得到式Ia化合物。或者,该步骤可以在微波反应器中使用相同试剂进行。
制备和实施例
下列制备和实施例进一步说明了本发明,并代表了本发明化合物的典型合成。试剂和起始原料是容易获得的或可以由本领域普通技术人员容易地合成。应当理解,制备和实施例是通过举例说明而非限制的方式阐明的,并且本领域的普通技术人员可以进行各种修改。
LC-ES/MS在AGILENT® HP 1100液相色谱系统上进行。电喷雾质谱测量(以正模式和/或负模式获取)在与HPLC接合的质量选择性检测器四极杆质谱仪上进行,所述HPLC可以具有ELSD或可以不具有ELSD。LC-MS条件(低pH):柱:PHENOMENEX® GEMINI® NX C18 2.0 ×50 mm 3.0 μm,110 Å;梯度:在1.5 min内5-95% B,然后95% B 持续0.5 min 柱温:50℃ ±10℃;流速:1.2 mL/min;1 µL进样量;溶剂A:含0.1% HCOOH的去离子水;溶剂B:含0.1%甲酸的ACN;波长200-400 nm和212-216 nm。如果HPLC配备有ELSD,则设置为45℃蒸发器温度、40℃雾化器温度和1.6 SLM气体流速。替代的LC-MS条件(高pH):柱:Waters xBridge® C18 柱2.1×50 mm,3.5 μm;梯度:在1.5 min内5-95% B,然后95% B持续 0.50 min;柱温:50℃ ±10℃;流速:1.2 mL/min;1 µL进样量;溶剂A:10 mM NH4HCO3 pH 9;溶剂B:ACN;波长:200-400 nm和212-216nm;如果有ELSD,则45℃蒸发器温度、40℃雾化器温度和1.6 SLM气体流速。
制备1
(2S)-1-二苯甲基-2-甲基-氮杂环丁烷[(1R,4S)-7,7-二甲基-2-氧代-降冰片烷-1-基]甲磺酸盐
组装一个带有加料漏斗、氮气入口和温度计适配器的2000 mL的3颈RBF。用氮气吹扫容器,并添加(3R)-丁烷-1,3-二醇(25 g,277.4 mmol)、DIPEA(127 ml,731 mmol)和ACN(556 ml)。冷却至-30℃。经3 h滴加三氟甲磺酸酐(101 mL,601 mmol),以使内部温度保持在-35至-30℃。添加完成后,在-35至-30℃搅拌10 min。经5 min滴加三氟甲磺酸酐(1.9mL,11 mmol),以使内部温度保持在-35至-30℃。添加完成后,在-35至-30℃搅拌10 min。经15 min滴加DIPEA(127 mL,731 mmol),以使内部温度保持在-35至-30℃。添加完成后,在-35至-30℃搅拌10 min。在氮气下的另一个烧瓶中,将氨基二苯甲烷(48.0 mL,270 mmol)溶于ACN(49 mL,935 mmol)中,并将所得溶液转移至加料漏斗中。经40min将所述胺溶液滴加到冷的三氟甲磺酸盐中,以使内部温度保持在-20至-35℃。添加完成后,在-35至-30℃搅拌30 min。将反应转移至水浴中,并使其经30min缓慢温热。移去水浴,并使反应经30min温热至RT。将容器转移到加热套中,并将反应温热至45℃保持30min,然后冷却至RT。将所得混合物倒入1200 mL水中,并用甲苯(400 mL x 3)萃取。合并萃取物,用水、饱和NaCl水溶液洗涤,经无水Na2SO4干燥、过滤并在旋转蒸发仪上浓缩。将材料在真空下干燥过夜。将残余物溶于DCM(400 mL)中。在砂芯漏斗(fritted funnel)上准备硅胶垫,并用1:1庚烷/EtOAc平衡。将产物溶液加载到硅胶垫上,并用1600 mL 1:1庚烷/EtOAc洗涤。浓缩滤液得到红色油状物。将油状物溶于MeOH(250 mL)中,并将烧瓶置于水浴(~10℃)中。分批添加L(-)-樟脑磺酸(61.6 g,265 mmol),保持内部温度低于20℃。将所得混合物搅拌15 min,然后在旋转蒸发仪上浓缩,得到棕色泡沫状物。在真空泵上将泡沫状物干燥2 h。将泡沫状物溶于130 mL的DCM中。将加料漏斗连接到烧瓶上。使用漏斗将1100 mL的EtOAc缓慢添加到搅拌的溶液中。将所得混合物转移至4000 mL烧杯中,并在大气中搅拌过夜。将烧杯在冰浴中冷却10 min。通过真空过滤将沉淀收集在砂芯漏斗中,用最少量冰冷的EtOAc洗涤。将玻璃料上的固体干燥2 h。将得到的白色固体溶于最少量的DCM中,转移到2000 mL烧杯中,然后用EtOAc缓慢稀释,直到澄清溶液开始变得浑浊为止。将悬浮液在大气中搅拌4h。使用砂芯漏斗通过真空过滤收集固体,并在玻璃料上干燥过夜,得到标题化合物(111.8 g,238.06 mmol,86%产率),为白色固体。1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO):10.54-10.47 (m, 1H), 7.61 (d, J= 7.3 Hz,5H), 7.47-7.37 (m, 7H), 5.85 (d, J= 10.3 Hz, 1H), 4.68-4.61 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.83 (m, 2H), 3.37 (s, 8H), 2.99 (d, J= 14.6 Hz, 1H), 2.77-2.68 (m, 1H),2.51-2.44 (m, 4H), 2.30-2.16 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.28 (m, 3H),1.08 (s, 3H), 1.01 (d, J= 6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.77 (s, 4H); >98% ee [HPLC:ChiralcelOJ (10 cm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 5 mL/min, 40℃ 等度 10% EtOH (0.2% iPrNH2)/CO2]。
制备2
[(1R,4S)-7,7-二甲基-2-氧代-降冰片烷-1-基]甲磺酸(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-鎓盐
向2250 mL的Parr容器中添加20 wt%的在碳上的Pd(OH)2(6.62 g)。用氮气吹扫瓶子,并添加250 mL的MeOH。向所得的悬浮液中缓慢添加溶于250mL的MeOH中的(2S)-1-二苯甲基-2-甲基-氮杂环丁烷[(1R,4S)-7,7-二甲基-2-氧代-降冰片烷-1-基]甲磺酸盐(111g,236 mmol)。 密封容器。用氮气吹扫,然后用氢气吹扫并加压至60 PSI。在RT,在ParrShaker装置中剧烈摇动反应容器15 h。用氮气吹扫容器,然后通过硅藻土垫过滤反应混合物,用MeOH洗涤。浓缩滤液,得到白色固体,并在真空下干燥。将固体悬浮在780 mL的1:1MTBE/EtOAc中,并将混合物加热至65℃保持 20 h,然后冷却至RT并搅拌过夜。过滤收集固体。将固体悬浮在380 mL的MTBE中,并在RT搅拌24 h。过滤收集白色固体,得到标题化合物(41.5 g,136.78 mmol,58%产率)。1H NMR (400 MHz, d6-DMSO):8.68-8.55 (m, 1H),4.51-4.42 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.36 (s, 3H), 2.91 (d, J= 14.6 Hz, 1H),2.69-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.46 (m, 2H), 2.28-2.22 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.10 (m, 1H),1.96 (t, J= 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.89-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.43 (d, J= 6.7 Hz, 2H), 1.36-1.26 (m, 1H), 1.05 (s, 2H), 0.75 (s, 2H)。
制备3
2-[(3R)-1-[6-氯-5-氰基-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸甲酯
向RBF中添加3-氰基-2,6-二氯-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶(123 mmol,29.6 g)和EtOH(230 mL)。将混合物冷却至0℃。添加NaHCO3(368 mmol,31 g),然后添加(R)-吡咯烷-3-乙酸甲酯盐酸盐(23 g,123 mmol)在EtOH(230 mL)中的溶液。使所得混合物温热至RT过夜。在旋转蒸发仪上将反应混合物蒸发至干。添加水(200 mL)并用MTBE(2 x 200 mL)萃取。合并萃取物并蒸发至干。通过使用己烷/MTBE(20至70%的梯度)的硅胶色谱进行纯化,得到标题化合物(34.7 g,99.89 mmol,81%产率),为白色固体。ES/MS (m/z):348.0, 350.0 [M+H]+。
制备4
2-[(3R)-1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸甲酯
向RBF中添加2-[(3R)-1-[6-氯-5-氰基-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸甲酯(25.5 g,73.3 mmol)、[(1R,4S)-7,7-二甲基-2-氧代-降冰片烷-1-基]甲磺酸(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-鎓盐(88.0 mmol,26.7 g)、MeOH(255 mL)和NaHCO3(220 mmol,18.5 g)。将混合物在65℃搅拌16 h。添加[(1R,4S)-7,7-二甲基-2-氧代-降冰片烷-1-基]甲磺酸(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-鎓盐(22.0 mmol,6.68 g)和NaHCO3(147 mmol, 12.3g),并继续搅拌32 h。在旋转蒸发仪上除去溶剂。向残余物中添加水(300 mL),并用MTBE(2x 200 mL)萃取。合并萃取物并经无水MgSO4干燥,通过硅胶过滤,并浓缩至干,得到标题化合物(28.0 g,73.2 mmol,99%产率),为白色固体。ES/MS (m/z):383.2 [M+H]+。
制备5
2-[1-[6-氯-5-氰基-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]氮杂环丁烷-3-基]乙酸甲酯
向3-氰基-2,6-二氯-4-(三氟甲基)吡啶(500 mg,2.03 mmol)在EtOH(15 mL)中的溶液中添加NaHCO3(0.549 g,6.51 mmol)和2-(氮杂环丁烷-3-基)乙酸甲酯三氟乙酸盐(0.494 g,2.03 mmol)。将混合物在RT搅拌16 h。用饱和NaCl水溶液(30 mL)稀释反应混合物。用EtOAc(20 mL×3)萃取。合并萃取物并用饱和NaCl水溶液(30 mL)洗涤,经无水Na2SO4干燥,过滤并浓缩。通过硅胶柱色谱纯化残余物,用石油醚中的EtOAc(梯度0-30%)洗脱,得到标题化合物(470 mg,1.41 mmol,66%产率),为白色固体。ES/MS (m/z) = 333.9 [M+H]+。
制备6
2-[1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]氮杂环丁烷-3-基]乙酸甲酯
向2-[1-[6-氯-5-氰基-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]氮杂环丁烷-3-基]乙酸甲酯(200 mg,0.569 mmol)在EtOH(6 mL)中的溶液中添加NaHCO3(0.173 g,2.05 mmol)和[(1R,4S)-7,7-二甲基-2-氧代-降冰片烷-1-基]甲磺酸(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-鎓盐(0.194g,0.626 mmol)。将混合物加热至80℃ 保持16 h。用水(50 mL)稀释,并用EtOAc(40 mL×3)萃取。合并萃取物并用饱和NaCl水溶液(50 mL)洗涤,经无水Na2SO4干燥,过滤并浓缩。通过硅胶柱色谱(0%-10%,在石油醚中的EtOAc)纯化残余物,得到标题化合物(176 mg,0.46mmol,77%产率),为白色固体。ES/MS (m/z):383.1 [M+H]+。
实施例1
2-[(3R)-1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸
向RBF中添加2-[(3R)-1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]吡咯烷-3-基]乙酸甲酯(26.5 g,69.3 mmol)、MeOH(265 mL)和2 M NaOH水溶液(416 mmol,208 mL)。将混合物在60℃搅拌3 h。冷却至RT,并在旋转蒸发仪上除去MeOH。用浓盐酸将水相酸化至pH 3-4。用EtOAc(400 mL)萃取。用水(200 mL)洗涤有机层,经无水MgSO4干燥,过滤,并浓缩至干得到标题化合物(22.5 g,61.11 mmol,88%产率),为白色泡沫状物。ES/MS (m/z):369.2 [M+H]+。
实施例2
2-[1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]氮杂环丁烷-3-基]乙酸
向2-[1-[5-氰基-6-[(2S)-2-甲基氮杂环丁烷-1-基]-4-(三氟甲基)-2-吡啶基]氮杂环丁烷-3-基]乙酸甲酯(176 mg,0.478 mmol)在THF (5.00 mL)和水(1.00 mL) 中的混合物中添加LiOH (0.04 g, 0.955 mmol)。将得到的混合物在RT搅拌2 h。用EtOAc (4mL)稀释,并用EtOAc(2 mL×3)萃取水层。合并有机萃取物,并用饱和NaCl水溶液(3 mL x2)洗涤,经无水Na2SO4干燥,过滤,浓缩得到标题化合物(128 mg,0.36 mmol,78%产率),为白色固体。ES/MS (m/z) 354.9 [M+H]+。
测定
对于人KHK-C和人KHK-A的KHK酶活性测定
化合物的固有效力可以使用测量F1P产生的酶测定进行测量。在DMSO中准备化合物,并以10点浓度曲线进行测试,以在96孔板中产生范围为20 µM至1.02 nM的化合物的3倍系列稀释液。在测定缓冲液[50 mM 4-(2-羟乙基)哌嗪-1-乙磺酸(HEPES),10 mM氯化钾,100 mM氯化镁,2 mM三(2-羧乙基)膦(TCEP),0.01 %正辛基葡糖苷]中准备酶,并在RT与化合物孵育15 min。反应以100 μL的体积进行,其中包含底物浓度为果糖(对于KHK-C测定为250 μM,和对于KHK-A测定为1.25 mM)以及ATP(对于两种异构体均为150 μM);将其在RT进一步孵育20 min。然后通过添加终止缓冲液停止反应,终止缓冲液包含0.2%的甲酸和1μg/ml的13C6-果糖-6-磷酸(13C6-F6P)内标。将板保存在-20℃,直到进行RapidFire MS分析为止。
用于F1P定量的RapidFire MS分析:
将具有三个HPLC四元泵的Agilent 300 RapidFire自动萃取系统(Agilent,Santa Clara, CA)偶联至配备有电喷雾电离(ESI)接口源的Agilent 6495三重四极杆质谱仪(Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA)。所述RapidFire Mass Spec系统配备有可重复使用的RapidFire C18(C型)固相萃取(SPE)短柱(catridge)(G9205A)。
用于样品加载和洗涤的溶剂A是6 mM辛胺(Acros Organics 129495000),使用乙酸调至pH 5.0。用于样品洗脱的溶剂B是20%的在ACN中的水,其中含有0.1%的甲酸。通过在真空下直接从多孔板中抽吸10 μL到收集环上来依次分析样品。将10 μL样品加载到C18短柱上,并使用溶剂A以1.25 mL/min的流速洗涤5000 ms。然后将保留的分析物使用溶剂B以1.25 mL/min的流速洗脱5000 ms到质谱仪。将系统使用溶剂A以1.25 mL/min的流速重新平衡2000 ms。
三重四极杆质谱仪配备有ESI源,并以负模式[M-H]-使用选择反应监测(SRM)监测分析物。在m/z 259.02/96.9处监测F1P,以及在m/z 264.99/97处监测13C6-果糖-6-磷酸。使用13C6-果糖-6-磷酸作为内标计算对F1P的面积比的值。
基本上如上所述测试实施例1和2的化合物:
表1
实施例编号 | hKHK-C IC<sub>50</sub> (nM) | hKHK-A IC<sub>50</sub> (nM) |
1 | 9 | 19 |
2 | 27 | 37 |
这些结果表明实施例1和2的化合物抑制KHK-C和KHK-A两者的酶活性。
KHK细胞活性测定
使用细胞测定测量细胞KHK对果糖向F1P转化的抑制作用的效力。将HepG2细胞铺板到在生长培养基[杜氏改良Eagle培养基(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium,DMEM)高葡萄糖,10%热灭活的胎牛血清(HI FBS),1x青霉素/链霉素]中的96孔细胞培养板上,并使其在37℃孵育箱中贴附过夜。洗涤生长培养基并替换为测定培养基,所述测定培养基包含Gibco OptiMEM 1还原血清培养基(Reduced Serum Medium)、0.1%酪蛋白、8.33 mM D-果糖-13C6和浓度范围为100 μM至0.0051 μM的化合物(10点浓度曲线)。将板在37℃孵育3 h,然后从细胞孔中抽吸测定培养基。然后将终止溶液添加到细胞,所述终止溶液包含80%甲醇、2 mM乙酸铵和50 ng/mL 果糖-6-磷酸-13C6。将板保存在-20℃,直到RapidFire MS分析(如上所述)为止。
基本上如上所述测试实施例1和2的化合物:
表2
实施例编号 | HepG2 IC<sub>50</sub> |
1 | 127 |
2 | 316 |
这些结果表明,实施例1和2的化合物抑制果糖向F1P的代谢。
用于药代动力学测定的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法:通过添加含有内标的180 µL MeOH:ACN(1:1,v/v)和25 µL(啮齿动物样品)或50 µL(非啮齿动物样品)血浆使用蛋白质沉淀来萃取样品。然后将样品用MeOH:水(1:1,v/v)稀释,使其浓度在标准曲线范围内。使用配备有TurboIonSpray接口的Sciex API 4000三重四极杆质谱仪(AppliedBiosystems/MDS; Foster City,CA)并在阳离子模式下运行通过LC-MS/MS分析稀释的样品。使用Thermo Betasil C18 5um 20X2.1mm Javelin柱(啮齿动物样品)或AdvantageECHIELON C18 4um 20mm x 2.1mm ID柱(非啮齿动物样品)对分析物进行色谱分离。LC条件是水/1 M碳酸氢铵(2000:10,v/v)(流动相A)和MeOH/1 M碳酸氢铵(2000:10,v/v)(流动相B)。
小鼠中的药代动力学
使用FVB野生型小鼠和OATP1A/1B敲除小鼠(Taconic#10707)(禁食的;n = 4/基因型)证明实施例1的体内药代动力学性质和在处置中OATP1A/1B转运蛋白的参与。通过在媒介物中的单次静脉内(IV; 1mg/kg;体积1 mL/kg)剂量施用实施例1。在给药后0、0.08、0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、12和24 h从每只动物收集血液。给药后24 h收集肝脏、脾脏和胰腺,称重并灌注。通过如上所述的LC-MS/MS方法确定实施例1的血浆和组织浓度。
在FVB小鼠中,实施例1具有5.43 h的半衰期,6.91 mL/hr/kg的平均清除率,2.74L/kg的分布体积,和67.5的平均肝游离药物分配系数(Kpuu)。在OATP1A/1B敲除小鼠中,实施例1具有9.36 h的半衰期,1.34 mL/hr/kg的平均清除率,0.986 L/kg的分布体积,和24.2的平均肝游离药物分配系数(Kpuu)。该数据表明OATP参与了实施例1在小鼠中的肝摄取,并且该转运蛋白的参与影响清除率。
狗中的药代动力学
使用比格犬(进食的,n = 3-4)证明实施例1的体内药代动力学性质。通过在媒介物中的单次口服(PO;3 mg/kg;体积2 mL/kg)或静脉内(IV;1 mg/kg;体积1 mL/kg)剂量施用实施例1。在给药后0、0.03(仅IV组)、0.08(IV)、0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24、32(IV)、48(IV)和72(IV)h从每只动物收集血液。通过如上所述的LC-MS/MS方法测定实施例1的血浆浓度。
对于PO剂量,实施例1的平均半衰期为6.9 h,和生物利用度为~93%。对于IV剂量,实施例1的平均半衰期为7.4 h,和平均清除率为2.52 mL/hr/kg,具有低的分布体积(1.33L/kg)。该数据显示实施例1在狗中具有低的总清除率、低的分布体积和高的口服生物利用度。
使用胆管插管(BDC)比格犬(进食的; n = 3)证明体内主要消除途径的特征。通过在媒介物中的单次静脉内(IV; 1 mg/kg;体积1 mL/kg)剂量施用实施例1。在给药后0、0.033、0.083、0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24、32、48和72 h从每只动物收集血液。在给药后1、2、3、4、5、6、12、18、24、32、48和72 h从每只动物收集胆汁。在给药后12、24、48和72 h收集尿液,和在给药后24、48和72 h收集粪便。通过如上所述的LC-MS/MS方法确定实施例1的血浆、胆汁、尿液和粪便浓度。
实施例1的平均半衰期为2.9 h,且平均清除率为4.69 mL/hr/kg,具有低的分布体积(0.546 L/kg)。实施例1的尿液水平可以忽略不计并且在胆汁中回收到~10%的施用的IV剂量。该数据显示实施例1具有低的肾脏和胆汁消除。总体而言,在胆管插管狗中的消除半衰期为2.9 h,快于在完整狗中测量的半衰期7.4 h,表明了肝肠再循环。
食蟹猴中的药代动力学
使用食蟹猴证明实施例1的体内药代动力学性质。通过在媒介物中的单次口服(PO;10 mg/kg;体积5 mL/kg)剂量施用化合物。在给药后0、0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、12、24、32、48和72 h从每只动物收集血液。通过如上所述的LC-MS/MS方法确定实施例1的血浆浓度。
实施例1的平均半衰期为15.3 h。该数据显示实施例1是口服生物可利用的并且在猴子中被缓慢消除。
人肝细胞中的内在清除率(-/+ ABT)
该方法旨在通过在肝细胞中的底物消耗来鉴定体外代谢清除率。使用在存在和不存在ABT(一种泛CYP450酶抑制剂)的情况下的孵育来评估CYP介导的代谢的贡献。将冷冻保存的人肝细胞在37℃解冻,离心分离,并在肝细胞维持培养基中重构为1×106活细胞/mL的密度。对预热的96孔板,向每个孔中添加196 µL肝细胞悬浮液。如下在有和没有ABT的情况下预孵育细胞:对于ABT预孵育,添加2 µL的100 mM ABT溶液(向对照样品中添加2 µL不含ABT的培养基),并将板在持续摇动(~600 rpm)下在37℃孵育30 min。随后,添加2 µL的30 µM的试验品储备溶液,并在0、15、30、60、120、240 min时取出20 µL等分试样,并通过转移至含有内标的ACN中淬灭。以4000 rpm离心30 min后,通过LC-MS/MS确定上清液浓度。从%化合物残余量随时间的斜率计算清除率。
实施例1的清除率在人肝细胞中被ABT抑制了~12%,表明CYP酶在实施例1的肝清除率中的有限的参与。
OATP1B1和OATP1B3的抑制
将OATP1B1、OATP1B3和载体对照(VC)细胞在5%的CO2中在37℃在加湿环境中,在补充有10% FBS、50 μg/mL庆大霉素和5 μg/mL杀稻瘟素的DMEM中培养。将细胞接种在24孔BioCoat Poly-D-Lysine板中。实验前24 h,用在补充的DMEM中的5 mM丁酸钠处理细胞。实验前,将细胞培养物用预热的PBS洗涤两次。洗涤后,将所有类型的细胞在200 µL缓冲液、缓冲液加不同浓度的试验品中或与适当的阳性对照抑制剂在37℃孵育30 min。根据初步数据,对OATP1B1测试0.025至12.5 µM的浓度,对OATP1B3(标称)测试0.20至100 µM的浓度。在预培养开始时,移出50 µL缓冲液,以通过LC-MS/MS确定孔内试验品的浓度。在预孵育期之后,除去缓冲液。通过添加200 µL底物溶液(总共400 nM瑞舒伐他汀,包括1.4 nM 氚标记的瑞舒伐他汀)开始实验。在有或没有抑制剂的情况下进行孵育。每个细胞系使用的阳性对照抑制剂是50 µM利福霉素SV。实验在37℃进行1 min,此时停止反应,并每孔添加1000 µL冰冷的PBS进行洗涤。然后抽吸每个孔,并用冰冷的PBS再洗涤两次。将每个孔中的细胞在400µL 1%的在PBS中的Triton X 100(按体积计)中裂解。从板的每个孔中取样以对放射性计数,并通过二辛可宁酸法确定每个孔中的蛋白质浓度。通过使用GraphPad Prism拟合数据来确定IC50值。在拟合之前,将标称浓度转换为测量浓度。
实施例1比OATP1B3更有效地抑制OATP1B1,IC50值分别为0.12和5.5 µM。
Claims (17)
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中n为1。
4.根据权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中n为2。
7.一种在患者中治疗2型糖尿病的方法,其包括对需要这样的治疗的患者施用有效量的权利要求1至6中任一项的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
8.一种在患者中治疗心力衰竭的方法,其包括对需要这样的治疗的患者施用有效量的权利要求1至6中任一项的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
9.一种在患者中治疗糖尿病性肾病的方法,其包括对需要这样的治疗的患者施用有效量的权利要求1至6中任一项的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
10.一种在患者中治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝炎的方法,其包括对需要这样的治疗的患者施用有效量的权利要求1至6中任一项的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。
11.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗。
12.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗2型糖尿病。
13.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗心力衰竭。
14.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗糖尿病性肾病。
15.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗非酒精性脂肪性肝炎。
16.药物组合物,其包含根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐以及一种或多种药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。
17.一种制备药物组合物的方法,其包括将根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐与一种或多种药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂混合。
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