CN112586346B - 一种树茄及其培育方法、快繁方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种树茄及其培育方法、快繁方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种树茄及其培育方法、快繁方法和应用,其培育方法包括,以野生大花茄为母本,以野生水茄为父本,杂交授粉后,依次经胚胎抢救和炼苗移植后即得。本发明特异性选择野生大花茄为母本,以野生水茄为父本,杂交获得的树茄品种,生长快速,主干发达,生长势强,多年生,光合作用强,养分水分吸收能力强,与接穗亲和力高,砧木接穗接口处愈合快,且愈合好;抗性好,能抗枯萎病、黄萎病、青枯病和根结线虫病等土传性病害;其快繁方法可操作性强,效率高,在实际应用中易于推广;其用途广泛,既可作为砧木,用于嫁接茄子、番茄、马铃薯和烟草等茄科植物,开可以作为景观树,用于南方绿化种植。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于遗传育种技术领域,更具体地,涉及一种树茄及其培育方法、快繁方法和应用。
背景技术
茄科植物包括茄子、番茄、辣椒、马铃薯和烟草等,是人类生活的常用作物。在包括番茄和茄子在内的茄科植物的商业化育苗中,野生茄子常常被用来作为砧木,以抵抗土传性茄科病虫害的发生。
根据现有技术的报道,茄科植物的土壤传染性病菌可在土壤中存活时间可长达5-7年,且通过施用农药很难控制。因此,培育能抗虫害、生长快且嫁接亲和性高的茄科砧木品种具有重要的实际意义。通过砧木,与接穗(Scion)进行嫁接栽培,是解决种植过程病虫害抗性的一条经济有效途径,不仅提高产量,还改善品质,因此在蔬菜种植上广泛应用。
现如今,嫁接砧木品种的培育已成为国内外茄子抗病育种的育种目标;生产上,用于接嫁的砧木以及接穗,均是在采用植株幼苗期进行嫁接。此外,幼苗期嫁接用工量大,每一茬作物都需要嫁接一次,用工量大。
到目前为止,尚未见到有关茄科植物的种间杂交,培育得到优质茄科砧木品种的相关报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种生长快、长势强、抗性好、嫁接亲和性高、可多年生的树茄,同时提供其培育方法、快繁方法和应用。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种树茄的培育方法,具体包括:
以野生大花茄为母本,以野生水茄为父本,杂交授粉后,依次经胚胎抢救和炼苗移植后,即得。
具体地,现有技术中,生产上幼苗嫁接所用的传统茄子砧木托鲁巴姆的抗性不稳定、发芽慢、发芽率低、不整齐、苗期生长缓慢、苗龄长且嫁接亲和性较差,因而其在作为嫁接砧木在大规模生产应用具有局限性,因此亟需要培育生长快、长势强、抗性好且亲和性高的砧木,满足实际生产的需求。经大量实验研究发现,野生大花茄具有较高好的生长势,通过与野生水茄种间杂交,可以获得生长快、长势强、抗性好、可多年生的砧木品种。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,所述杂交授粉包括,将野生大花茄母本的花在开放前1-2天去雄套袋,在野生水茄父本植株雄花盛开期,上午9:00-12:00挑取父本雄花的花粉,进行授粉。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,所述胚胎抢救包括,在杂交授粉后20-25天取未成熟杂交幼果,经NaClO灭菌后(具体包括,用70%酒精消毒2分钟,然后用0.6%的NaClO消毒5分钟,用灭菌蒸馏水清洗3遍),切割分离得到幼胚,并转移至诱导增殖培养基中,再将诱导后的胚状体转移至再生培养基中培养获得再生芽,最后将得到的再生芽转移至生根培养基中培养生根。
具体地,通常种间杂交具有杂交不稔性,种间杂交的胚发育不健全,在上述技术方案中,通过胚胎抢救的方法获得种间杂交幼胚和杂交种苗,进而培育出生长快、长势强、抗性好的砧木,是茄子砧木育种的技术革新。
具体地,采用传统种间杂交获得种子败育,且种子量很少,发芽率低至0.4%,很难获得种间杂交种;而采用上述技术方案的胚胎抢救,获得种间杂交种,胚胎抢救的成活率达60%以上。
详细地,在上述技术方案中,所述诱导增殖培养基为MS+2mg/l ZR,继代培养的温度和时间分别为22-28℃和30-40天。
详细地,在上述技术方案中,所述再生培养基为MS+2mg/l 6-BA+0.5mg/l IAA。
详细地,在上述技术方案中,所述生根培养基为MS+0.4mg/l IBA,培养生根的时间为20-36天,生根率高达100%。
详细地,在上述技术方案中,所述炼苗移植包括,用水冲洗粘附在培养生根得到的试管苗上的培养基,移栽至炼苗基质中,定期浇灌营养液,移栽后第一周内覆膜保持湿度100%,保持强光照,7天后逐步揭膜后再进行移栽至温室。
详细地,在上述技术方案中,所述炼苗基质为体积比(0.8-1.2):(0.8-1.2):(0.8-1.2)的椰糠、蛭石和珍珠岩的混合物。
在本发明的一个优选实施方式中,所述生长快、长势强且抗性好的树茄的培育方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)以野生大花茄(Solanum wrightii)为母本,以野生水茄(Solanum torvum)为父本,进行种间杂交,母本的花在开放前1天去雄套袋处理,避免其他花粉授粉,授粉当天上午9:00-12:00选取父本开放的花,用镊子挑取花药中的花粉进行授粉;
(2)杂交授粉后20-25天取未成熟杂交幼果,NaClO表面灭菌,用无菌刀片,切割并分离出果实中的幼胚,转移至诱导增殖培养基(MS+2mg/l ZR),25±1℃条件下生长,诱导后的胚状体转移至再生培养基(MS+2mg/l 6-BA+0.5mg/l IAA)培养获得再生芽,并将再生芽转移至生根培养基(MS+0.4mg/l IBA),15-20天后生长出根,1-2周形成发达根系;
(3)将离体培养的试管苗取出,用蒸馏水轻轻除去粘附的培养基,移栽至由体积比为1:1:1的椰糠、蛭石和珍珠岩组成的炼苗基质中,每两周用1/2MS营养液浇灌,用保鲜膜将试管苗覆盖保湿,保持较强的光照,5-8天后,可逐渐揭去除膜,经过炼苗的树茄小植株,可在基质中快速生长成大苗,再移栽到土壤或者大的育苗袋中生长。
本发明另一方面提供了上述培育方法培育得到的树茄,该树茄具有生长快、长势强、抗性好、可多年生的特点。
进一步地,由于上述树茄不能正常结实,需无性繁殖,本发明还提供了上述生长快、长势强、抗性好、可多年生的树茄的快繁方法,包括以下步骤:
S1、切取树茄无菌苗的带芽茎段,接种至增殖扩繁培养基中诱导增殖,得到增殖扩繁芽;
S2、将增殖扩繁芽接入组织培养基中,在23-28℃、光照强度为22-27μmol·m-2·s-1、日光照时长10-13.5小时条件下,培养10-14天获得再生无菌芽;
S3、分切再生无菌芽,转移至装有无菌芽生根培养基的密封组培瓶中,置于自然散射光下,随后逐步开盖炼苗,最后转移至生长基质中自然生长。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,步骤S1中,所述增殖扩繁培养基为MS+2mg/l ZR,所述带芽茎段的长度为0.4-0.6cm。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,步骤S2中,所述组织培养基为MS+7g琼脂+25g蔗糖,pH为5.8-6.0。
进一步地,在上述技术方案中,步骤S3中,所述无菌芽生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA0.4mg·L-1,所述开盖炼苗的时间至少为3天,所述生长基质为体积比1:1的珍珠岩和灭菌腐熟的有机肥的混合物。
本发明又一方面提供了上述生长快、长势强、抗性好、可多年生的树茄的应用。
具体地,所述应用包括,作为砧木用于嫁接茄科植物及多年生栽培和作为景观树用于南方绿化种植多年生生长。
详细地,上述生长快、抗病虫害、可多年生的树茄作为砧木用于嫁接茄科植物时,所采用的嫁接方法主要包括劈接法和贴接法等,嫁接过程常用干净锋利的刀片和嫁接夹;只要气温适宜,均可进行嫁接,且在南方可周年进行嫁接。
在该树茄主干打顶后,生出的侧枝再打顶,在侧枝枝条上生出孙芽,作为嫁接的砧木接口;采用贴接法嫁接,每个枝条多个接穗芽,枝条顶端切除后采用劈接法嫁接一个接穗芽。需要注意的时,要用保鲜膜条封住嫁接处。
此外,该树茄作为大树砧木高位嫁接,对嫁接苗的管理要求,没有常用幼苗嫁接法的要求严格,但是为了提高嫁接成活率,须做好嫁接苗管理。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果为:
(1)本发明特异性选择野生大花茄为母本,以野生水茄为父本,杂交获得生长快、长势强、抗性好、可多年生的树茄品种,其抗性好,能抗枯萎病、黄萎病、青枯病和根结线虫病等土传性病害;
(2)本发明杂交所获得的树茄品种具有发达的主干,生长势强,光合作用强,养分水分吸收能力强,其亲和力高,砧木接穗接口出愈合快,且愈合好;
(3)本发明杂交所获得的树茄品种的快繁方法可操作性强,效率高,在实际应用中易于推广;
(4)本发明杂交所获得的树茄品种可多年生,用途广泛,既可作为砧木,用于嫁接茄子、番茄、马铃薯和烟草等茄科植物,开可以作为景观树,用于南方绿化种植。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例中所提供的经杂交授粉和胚胎抢救后获得的树茄再生植株的照片;
图2为本发明实施例中所提供的利用茎段快速繁殖获得的树茄的照片;
图3为本发明实施例中所提供的快速繁殖获得的树茄幼苗的扩繁培育现场照片;
图4为本发明实施例中所提供的快速繁殖获得的树茄幼苗定植大棚内的现场照片;
图5为本发明实施例中所提供的快速繁殖获得的树茄经过修剪后长成的健壮树体的照片;
图6为本发明实施例中所提供的树茄作为景观树种植于绿化带的现场照片;
图7为本发明实施例中所提供的树茄作为砧木用于茄子高位嫁接的现场照片;
图8为本发明实施例中所提供的树茄作为砧木同时嫁接茄子和番茄的现场照片;
图9为本发明实施例中所提供的树茄作为砧木嫁接番茄后处于盛花期的现场照片。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步的详细说明,以使本领域的技术人员更加清楚地理解本发明。
以下实施例,仅用于说明本发明的内容,但不用来限制本发明的范围。
若未特别指明,本发明实施例中所用的技术手段为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规手段。
基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动的情况下,所获得的其他所有实施例,都应属于本发明的保护范围。
本发明实施例提供了一种树茄的培育方法,具体包括以下步骤:
(1)杂交授粉:以野生大花茄(Solanum wrightii)为母本,以野生水茄(Solanumtorvum)为父本,进行种间杂交,母本的花在开放前1-2天去雄套袋处理,避免其他花粉授粉,在野生水茄父本植株雄花盛开期,上午9:00-12:00用镊子挑取花药中的花粉进行授粉。
本发明实施例所用野生大花茄(Solanum wrightii)母本和野生水茄(Solanumtorvum)为父本均来自华中农业大学园艺植物生物学教育部重点实验室。
(2)胚胎抢救:杂交授粉后20-25天取未成熟杂交幼果,用70%酒精消毒2分钟,然后用0.6%的NaClO消毒5分钟,用灭菌蒸馏水清洗3遍,用无菌刀片,切割并分离出果实中的幼胚,转移至诱导增殖培养基(MS+2mg/l ZR),25±1℃条件下生长30-40d,诱导后的胚状体转移至再生培养基(MS+2mg/l 6-BA+0.5mg/l IAA),培养获得再生芽,随后将再生芽转移至生根培养基(MS+0.4mg/l IBA),15-20天后生长出根,4周内形成发达根系。
如图1所示为本发明实施例中所提供的经杂交授粉和胚胎抢救后获得的树茄再生植株的照片。
若采用不同的杂交组合方式,其得到结果也不同,具体如下表所示。
若采用不同的生根培养条件,其得到结果也不同,具体如下表所示。
(3)炼苗移栽:将离体培养的试管苗取出,用蒸馏水轻轻除去粘附的培养基(琼脂等),移栽至由体积比为1:1:1的椰糠、蛭石和珍珠岩组成的炼苗基质中,每两周用1/2MS营养液浇灌,用保鲜膜将试管苗覆盖保湿,保持较强的光照,5-8天后,可逐渐揭去除膜,经过炼苗的树茄小植株,可在基质中快速生长成大苗,再移栽到土壤或者大的育苗袋中生长。
与现有品种托鲁巴姆相比,采用上述培育方法培育得到的树茄具有生长快、长势强、抗性好、可多年生栽培等优势,具体如下表所示。
由于树茄砧木品种花而不实,不能行自交繁殖,必需通过组织培养快速繁殖,因此,在获得再生芽后,行多丛芽后快速繁殖,通过组织培养快速繁殖获得砧木群体。
具体地,本发明实施例还提供了上述生长快、长势强、抗性好、可多年生、抗病虫害的树茄的快繁方法,包括以下步骤:
将杂交获得的再生芽,继代扩繁,切取无菌苗多丛芽带芽茎段0.5cm,接种转移到增殖扩繁培养基(MS+2mg/l ZR),茎段切口端膨大为绿色致密组织,后期长出芽点,进一步长成植株;MS培养基添加琼脂7g,蔗糖25g,pH为5.8-6.0,培养温度为25±1℃,光照时数12小时/天,光照强度25μmol·m-2·s-1,培养10天后获得再生无菌芽。
分切再生无菌芽,转移至装有无菌芽生根培养基(1/2MS+IBA0.4mg/l)的密封组培瓶中,图2为本发明实施例中所提供的利用茎段快速繁殖获得的树茄的照片,将其放到自然散射光下,6-7天后逐渐将瓶盖打开,炼苗3天,用清水洗净根系上的培养基,然后栽种到经过高压蒸汽灭菌的腐熟有机肥和珍珠岩以1:1比例混合的生长基质中,浇透水,覆膜保湿,将栽好的苗放到散射光下,注意每天适量喷水,逐渐把膜去掉,待生长比较稳定后再逐渐放到较强的光照下让其生长。
图3和图4分别为本发明实施例中所提供的快速繁殖获得的树茄幼苗的扩繁培育现场照片和树茄幼苗定植大棚内的现场照片;图5为本发明实施例中所提供的快速繁殖获得的树茄经过修剪后长成的健壮树体的照片。
上述获得的生长快、长势强且抗性好的树茄,可作为砧木用于嫁接茄科植物,也可作为景观树用于南方绿化种植。
图6为本发明实施例中所提供的树茄作为景观树种植于绿化带的现场照片;图7、图8和图9分别为本发明实施例中所提供的树茄作为砧木用于茄子高位嫁接、作为砧木同时嫁接茄子和番茄以及作为砧木嫁接番茄后处于盛花期的现场照片。
最后,本发明的方法仅为较佳的实施方案,并非用于限定本发明的保护范围。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (7)
1.一种树茄的培育方法,其特征在于,以野生大花茄为母本,以野生水茄为父本,杂交授粉后,依次经胚胎抢救和炼苗移植,所述胚胎抢救包括,在杂交授粉后20-25天取未成熟杂交幼果,经NaClO灭菌后,切割分离得到幼胚,并转移至诱导增殖培养基中培养,所述诱导增殖培养基为MS+2mg/L ZR,继代培养的温度和时间分别为22-28℃和30-40天,再将诱导后的胚状体转移至再生培养基中培养获得再生芽,所述再生培养基为MS+2mg/L 6-BA+0.5mg/L IAA,最后将得到的再生芽转移至生根培养基中培养生根,所述生根培养基为MS+0.4mg/LIBA,培养生根的时间为20-36天;所述炼苗移植包括,用水冲洗粘附在培养生根得到的试管苗上的培养基,移栽至炼苗基质中,所述炼苗基质为体积比(0.8-1.2):(0.8-1.2):(0.8-1.2)的椰糠、蛭石和珍珠岩的混合物,定期浇灌营养液,覆膜保湿,保持光照,逐步结膜后再进行移栽,即得。
2.根据权利要求1所述的树茄的培育方法,其特征在于,所述杂交授粉包括,将野生大花茄母本的花在开放前1-2天去雄套袋,在野生水茄父本植株雄花盛开期,上午9:00-12:00挑取父本雄花的花粉,进行授粉。
3.一种使用权利要求1所述的树茄的培育方法培养的树茄的快繁方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1、切取树茄无菌苗的带芽茎段,接种至增殖扩繁培养基中诱导增殖,得到增殖扩繁芽;
S2、将增殖扩繁芽接入组织培养基中,在23-28℃、光照强度为22-27 μ mol·m-2·s-1、日光照时长10-13.5小时条件下,培养10-14天获得再生无菌芽;
S3、分切再生无菌芽,转移至装有无菌芽生根培养基的密封组培瓶中,置于自然散射光下,随后逐步开盖炼苗,最后转移至生长基质中自然生长。
4.根据权利要求3所述的快繁方法,其特征在于,步骤S1中,所述增殖扩繁培养基为MS+2mg/L ZR,所述带芽茎段的长度为0.4-0.6cm;和/或,
步骤S2中,所述组织培养基为MS+7g琼脂+25g蔗糖,pH为5.8-6.0。
5.根据权利要求4所述的快繁方法,其特征在于,步骤S3中,所述无菌芽生根培养基为1/2MS+IBA0.2mg·L-1,所述开盖炼苗的时间至少为3天,所述生长基质为体积比1:1的珍珠岩和灭菌腐熟的有机肥的混合物。
6.权利要求1所述的树茄的应用。
7.根据权利要求6所述的树茄的应用,其特征在于,包括,作为砧木用于嫁接茄科植物及多年生栽培和作为景观树用于南方绿化种植多年生生长。
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