CN112544800A - Liquid feed additive for ruminants and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Liquid feed additive for ruminants and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN112544800A CN112544800A CN202011282374.9A CN202011282374A CN112544800A CN 112544800 A CN112544800 A CN 112544800A CN 202011282374 A CN202011282374 A CN 202011282374A CN 112544800 A CN112544800 A CN 112544800A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/22—Compounds of alkali metals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/24—Compounds of alkaline earth metals, e.g. magnesium
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
- A23K20/26—Compounds containing phosphorus
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of feed additives, and provides a liquid feed additive for ruminants, which comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 60-70% of clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid, 3-8% of traditional Chinese medicine extract, 1-5% of chitosan, 2-6% of rumen acidity stabilizer, 5-10% of calcium supplement, 10-15% of propylene glycol, 0.5-3% of pH regulator and the balance of purified water; the preparation method comprises the following steps: heating purified water to 40-50 ℃, dissolving the traditional Chinese medicine extract, chitosan, rumen acidity stabilizer and calcium supplement into the purified water, heating to 100 ℃, boiling for 30 minutes, cooling to room temperature, adding clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid, and adding a pH regulator to obtain the feed. The invention directly treats the clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid without secondary fermentation, and simultaneously produces the composite liquid feed containing probiotics, probiotics substances, rumen fermentation function regulator and the like, so that the probiotics and the water-soluble probiotics in the clostridium butyricum are applied to the cultivation of ruminants.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of feed additives, and particularly provides a liquid feed additive for ruminants and a preparation method thereof.
Background
In the prior art, the adoption of microecologics such as clostridium butyricum and bacillus subtilis is liquid fermentation technology, and the subsequent treatment is performed by flash drying technology, but the drying mode needs to firstly perform centrifugal treatment on fermentation liquor, so that a large amount of fermentation waste liquid is formed due to the treatment, and the probiotics generated by clostridium butyricum and bacillus subtilis are as follows: butyric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and other short chain fatty acids, various amino acids, B vitamins and vitamin K, amylase, glycosidase and the like, pectinase, glucosidase, clostridium butyricum, lactic acid bacteria and the like still exist in the centrifugate in a large amount, and if the centrifugate is treated as sewage, the following two problems exist: firstly, billions of dollars of capital are required to be invested in establishing a sewage treatment plant, so that the production cost is greatly improved; secondly, the probiotics in the fermentation liquor are wasted greatly. Although the waste liquid is further processed and treated for aquaculture to obtain better economic and social benefits, the yield is continuously increased along with the short supply of clostridium butyricum as a better substitute product, more and more waste liquid is generated, and the new application of the waste liquid generated by clostridium butyricum production has to be considered.
Because organic acids such as butyric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid and the like exist in the clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid, the pH value is between 3 and 4, when the clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid is directly fed to a ruminant, the pH value in a rumen is instantly reduced, the normal metabolic activity of rumen microorganisms is influenced, the plant fiber digestibility is reduced, the growth or proliferation rate of the rumen microorganisms is reduced, and finally, the animal production performance is seriously influenced.
In addition, the Chinese invention patent CN 108541805A provides a recycling technology of clostridium butyricum fermentation centrifugal waste liquid and application thereof in cultivation of quails for eggs, the technology utilizes the clostridium butyricum fermentation centrifugal waste liquid to add bean pulp, corn flour, rice hull powder, corn cob meal and calcium carbonate for secondary fermentation, and then the solid fermentation product is prepared by flash evaporation drying, powder sieving and the like, although the transportation cost is reduced, the secondary fermentation prolongs the production period, which causes waste of production resources and increase of production cost, and can not be effectively adopted, innovative research must be carried out subsequently, and the technology can be directly used for cultivation of other animals under the condition of not carrying out secondary fermentation.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the direct utilization technology of the clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid and the limitation of the secondary fermentation application, the invention provides a ruminant feed additive which is directly prepared from the clostridium butyricum fermentation centrifugal waste liquid and does not need secondary fermentation. The feed additive can be directly drunk by mixing with water, and can also be used for mixing materials.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a liquid feed additive for ruminants comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 60-70% of clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid, 3-8% of traditional Chinese medicine extract, 1-5% of chitosan, 2-6% of rumen acidity stabilizer, 5-10% of calcium supplement, 10-15% of propylene glycol, 0.5-3% of pH regulator and the balance of purified water;
the preparation method of the liquid feed additive comprises the following steps: heating purified water to 40-50 ℃, dissolving the traditional Chinese medicine extract, chitosan, the rumen acidity stabilizer and the calcium supplement into the purified water, heating to 100 ℃, boiling for 30 minutes, cooling to room temperature, adding the probiotic fermentation waste liquid, adjusting the pH value with a pH regulator, and filling. The pH value is optimally adjusted to 5.5-6.5.
Preferably, the Chinese medicinal extract is one or a mixture of two of radix astragali extract and herba epimedii extract.
Preferably, the chitosan is chitosan oligosaccharide. Because the invention is a liquid preparation, the chitosan oligosaccharide with better water solubility is adopted.
Preferably, the rumen acidity stabilizer is one or a mixture of two of malic acid and disodium fumarate.
Preferably, the calcium supplement is one or a mixture of more than two of calcium chloride, calcium citrate and calcium gluconate, and the calcium citrate is preferred.
Preferably, the pH adjuster is one or a mixture of two or more of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium hydroxide.
The probiotic fermentation waste liquid is also suitable for other probiotic fermentation waste liquids except clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid. The probiotics and the metabolites thereof can improve the micro-ecological balance of the animal digestive tract and the nutrition metabolism of animals and have beneficial effects on the health of hosts.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention directly carries out innocent treatment on the clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid without secondary fermentation, and simultaneously produces the composite liquid feed containing components such as probiotics, rumen fermentation function regulator and the like, so that the probiotics and the water-soluble probiotics in the clostridium butyricum production are applied to the cultivation of ruminants.
The method for treating the clostridium butyricum fermentation and centrifugation waste liquid changes the traditional sewage treatment mode, also changes the thought of secondary fermentation of the clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid, creatively utilizes the rumen physiological characteristics of ruminants, furthest utilizes the probiotics generated in the clostridium butyricum fermentation process and the clostridium butyricum thallus in the fermentation filtrate in the centrifugation process, and converts the probiotics into the available microbial feed additive by adding the traditional Chinese medicine extract for improving the immunity, the functional polysaccharide, the rumen fermentation enhancer, the rumen pH stabilizer and the calcium supplement, so that the method can be applied to the cultivation of ruminants such as cattle and sheep, can improve the rumen fermentation capacity of the ruminants, avoid acidosis, improve the immunity of the ruminants, promote the growth of the ruminants and improve the feed utilization rate and the health level of the ruminants. The method can recycle the centrifugal waste liquid after the fermentation of the clostridium butyricum probiotic liquid to the maximum extent, and can be widely popularized and applied to the treatment of the fermentation waste liquid of other probiotics.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following specific examples.
Detection shows that the clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid contains 0.9-2.2 multiplied by 10 butyric acid bacteria8The clostridium butyricum can regulate micro-ecological balance, enhance immune function, promote animal growth, decompose harmful substances such as amines, indoles, hydrogen sulfide and the like, improve the growth performance of calves, reduce diarrhea rate, improve oxidation resistance and immune function, effectively relieve weaning stress of calves, and improve rumen fermentation of the calves; improving the growth performance of the adult cattle, improving the oxidation resistance of organisms, promoting the growth of dominant microorganisms in rumen, and improving the rumen fermentation of the adult cattle. The clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid also contains butyric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and the like, and can be used as a beneficial feed additive in mixed feed to improve the digestibility of the feed and improve the quantity of microorganisms in the digestive tract. These can be summarized as several comprehensive factors: 1. changes in metabolic pathways that occur in the rumen are usually through changes in microbial numbers. 2. Increasing lactate synthesis propionate results in rumen stimulation by volatile fatty acids. 3. Reducing the synthesis of methane. Various vitamins and amino acids in the fermentation waste liquid can be used as nutrient substances of ruminants, and various enzymes have the effect of fermenting rumenPromoting effect. However, since the pH of the fermentation waste liquid of Clostridium butyricum is less than 4, ruminants are acidotic if not treated, and thus the pH thereof needs to be adjusted. After the pH value of the waste liquid is more than 4, the waste liquid can be rancid after being stored for a period of time, so that the waste liquid needs to be subjected to antiseptic treatment.
Preferably, the Chinese medicinal extract is one or a mixture of two of radix astragali extract and herba epimedii extract. The astragalus is a natural plant feed additive, and the extract of the astragalus contains astragalus polysaccharide as a main component, and has physiological functions of improving intestinal flora, regulating immunity, resisting aging and the like. The astragalus polysaccharide serving as the feed additive can improve the production performance of livestock and poultry, relieve heat stress, prevent livestock and poultry diseases, inhibit mastitis pathogenic bacteria of the dairy cow, reduce SCC in the dairy cow, relieve mammary epithelial cell inflammation and improve the antioxidant performance of the dairy cow. The astragalus polysaccharide is added into the milk cow feed, so that the milk cow mastitis can be effectively prevented, side effects and residues of antibiotic and other medicaments can be avoided, drug resistance cannot be generated, and the milk cow feed has sufficient potential in replacing antibiotics and preventing mastitis diseases; the epimedium extract is a feed additive product published by the Ministry of agriculture, mainly contains icariine, is mainly used for ruminants, and can enhance the immunity of the ruminants. Icariine is insoluble in water but soluble in propylene glycol, the icariine is added into the liquid feed additive after being dissolved in the propylene glycol, the generation of the icariine precipitate in the liquid feed is avoided, meanwhile, the propylene glycol is used for preventing and treating the ketosis of the dairy cow in the perinatal period for more than one hundred years, and the propylene glycol and the probiotics are added into the liquid feed together with the oligochitosan to play a synergistic effect on preventing and treating the ketosis of the dairy cow in the perinatal period; in addition, the propylene glycol has the functions of corrosion prevention and sterilization, and enhances the corrosion prevention capability of the liquid feed additive together with the chitosan oligosaccharide, the sodium butyrate, the sodium acetate and the sodium lactate in the liquid feed additive. When the icariine is in the range of 0.058-3.70% in mass fraction and the pH is 6-8, the icariine has broad-spectrum bacteriostatic action on common food-polluting bacteria, which is just in the pH range of the liquid feed additive, so that the defect that the pH of the liquid feed additive is more than 4 to prevent the acidosis of the dairy cows is overcome, and the stability of the icariine is ensured.
The astragalus extract and the epimedium extract used in the embodiment of the invention are both commercially available products.
Chitosan has been used for many years in the food industry as a preservative and in the feed additive list published by the department of agriculture. Meanwhile, chitosan is sensitive to gram-positive bacteria, and can inhibit the number of gram-positive bacteria in rumen, thereby reducing the generation of acetic acid. Of the energy required by ruminants, 60% to 70% are supplied in the form of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs). Compared with acetic acid and butyric acid, propionic acid as the only glycogenic VFA can improve energy efficiency, promote rumen development and relieve ketosis. And chitosan can regulate rumen fermentation and promote propionic acid production. Preferably, the chitosan is chitosan oligosaccharide. Because the invention is a liquid preparation, the chitosan oligosaccharide with better water solubility is adopted. Preferably, the rumen acidity stabilizer is one or a mixture of two of malic acid and disodium fumarate. Malic acid is an important organic acid produced in the sugar metabolism of organisms, and is an important intermediate product in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolism of organisms and is also CO2The product of the fixed reaction, which is continuously updated in the metabolic process, is sometimes used for synthesizing other substances, is sometimes derived from other substances and directly participates in energy metabolism of mitochondria, and is in a pivotal position in the metabolic process of an organism, so that malic acid plays an important role in regulating metabolic activity in the organism. The physiological and nutritional effects on ruminants are shown in that malic acid can improve the microflora in the forestomach and intestinal tract, inhibit and kill the growth of harmful bacteria, promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, regulate the pH value in the rumen, promote the peristalsis of the forestomach and promote the digestion and absorption of nutrition, and also can directly participate in the metabolism in vivo, improve the nutrient digestibility, improve the palatability of feed, enhance the appetite and have the anti-stress effect. Malic acid can be used as electron acceptor to compete with methane-producing bacteria for H2The methane production is reduced. The malic acid can also promote the fermentation of high-concentration cereal daily ration and reduce the occurrence of acidosis.
Fumaric acid is commonly known as fumaric acid, is white crystalline powder, has no smell, is sour in fruit, has acidity of 180% of citric acid, is insoluble in water, and does not absorb moisture. Fumaric acid is safe and nontoxic, and can be used as an acidifier, an anti-stress agent and a preservative in feed additives. In ruminants, fumaric acid is an intermediate product of rumen fermentation and also an important electron acceptor, and can promote the utilization of hydrogen by rumen microorganisms to generate propionic acid and competitively utilize hydrogen in the methane generation process to inhibit the methane generation. The disodium fumarate belongs to buffer salts, can be used as a feed additive for adjusting and stabilizing the rumen pH of ruminants, and simultaneously avoids the possibility of exacerbating rumen acidosis due to the acidity of fumaric acid.
Preferably, the calcium supplement is one or a mixture of more than two of calcium chloride, calcium citrate and calcium gluconate, and the calcium citrate is preferred. The calcium citrate as a novel organic feed additive can release citric acid in a body, the citric acid can not be influenced by citrate synthase, and the citric acid directly enters a TCA downstream circulation path to be decomposed and utilized, so that energy and a calcium source are finally provided for the body.
Preferably, the pH adjuster is one or a mixture of two or more of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, and sodium hydroxide. The pH regulator is added to regulate the pH value of the liquid feed, so that the pH value of the liquid feed is close to the pH value of rumen of 5.5-7.5, organic acid is converted into organic acid salt, the positive effect of the organic acid salt on rumen fermentation of ruminants is not changed, and the ruminants are not acidosed due to too strong acidity.
Example 1
In this example, 60kg of astragalus extract, 30kg of epimedium extract, 30kg of malic acid, 80kg of calcium citrate, 20kg of chitosan oligosaccharide and 2kg of disodium fumarate are added to each ton of clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid.
The preparation method of the liquid feed additive for the ruminants comprises the following steps: firstly, adding 200kg of purified water into a liquid preparation tank, then adding 60kg of astragalus extract, 30kg of malic acid, 80kg of calcium citrate, 20kg of oligochitosan and 2kg of disodium fumarate, heating to 42 ℃ to completely dissolve, then dissolving 30kg of epimedium extract by 160kg of propylene glycol, pouring into the liquid preparation tank, heating to 100 ℃, boiling for 30 minutes, then circularly cooling to room temperature by cold water, adding 1 ton of clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid, adjusting the pH value to 5.5-6.5 by sodium hydroxide, stirring uniformly and filling.
The use effect is as follows: 30 beef cattle of 11-13 months old are selected in a certain beef cattle factory in Henan, and are randomly grouped into one group every 15 beef cattle, the beef cattle are divided into a test group and a control group, the control group is fed with formula feed, on the basis of feeding the formula feed, each beef cattle is fed with 2kg of the liquid feed additive prepared in the embodiment after each feeding, the liquid feed additive is mixed with water according to the mass ratio of 1:1 and then is drunk, the test period is one month, and rumen fluid is collected by a rumen fluid collector from the oral cavity to the rumen on day 30. The pH was measured using a portable pH meter. The ammonia nitrogen concentration is measured by adopting a phenol sodium hypochlorite colorimetric method. Volatile fatty acid concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. The conditions of the experimental group and the control group are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 comparison of rumen fermentation Effect data for the experimental and control groups
| Item | Control group | Experimental group |
| pH value | 5.7 | 6.6 |
| NH3-N(mmol/L) | 14.5 | 10.5 |
| TVEA(mmol/L) | 70.1 | 83.1 |
| Acetic acid (%) | 54.2 | 52.5 |
| Propionic acid (%) | 23.5 | 23.2 |
| Butyric acid (%) | 13.1 | 14.3 |
| Isobutyric acid (%) | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| Valeric acid (%) | 5.6 | 6.4 |
| Isovaleric acid (%) | 4.6 | 3.7 |
As can be seen from Table 1, the experimental group can effectively control the pH value of rumen fluid, has good buffering and regulating effects, and can ensure the health of rumen; compared with a control group, the total volatile fatty acid of the experimental group is obviously improved, and the rumen fermentation function of beef cattle can be effectively regulated.
Example 2
In this example, 80kg of astragalus extract, 40kg of epimedium extract, 50kg of malic acid, 90kg of calcium citrate, 30kg of chitosan oligosaccharide and 2kg of disodium fumarate are added to each ton of clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid.
The preparation method of the liquid feed additive for the ruminants comprises the following steps: firstly, adding 200kg of purified water into a liquid preparation tank, then adding 80kg of astragalus extract, 50kg of malic acid, 90kg of calcium citrate, 30kg of oligochitosan and 2kg of disodium fumarate, heating to 42 ℃ to completely dissolve, dissolving 40kg of epimedium extract by 170kg of propylene glycol, then pouring into the liquid preparation tank, heating to 100 ℃, boiling for 30 minutes, then circularly cooling to room temperature by using cold water, adding 1 ton of clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid, adjusting the pH value to 5.5-6.5 by using sodium hydroxide, stirring uniformly and filling.
The use effect is as follows: 40 healthy Holstein cows were selected in a certain dairy farm in Henan, and randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group according to the principle that the milk yield, the lactation days and the gestational frequency are similar, wherein each group contains 20 cows. The control group was fed the total mixed ration, the experimental group added the liquid feed additive prepared in example two to the basal ration, and 1kg of the liquid feed additive was added to the basal ration per one day group. The test cows were raised by tethering at 7 a per day: 00. 13: 00 and 18: 00 feed 1 time each time, feed freely and drink freely. Daily at 7: 30 and 18: 30 milkings were done 1 time each. The liquid feed additive is mixed into basic ration respectively in morning and evening 2 times, and the addition amount in the pre-test period is reduced by half. The test period was 30 days, with a 5 day pre-feeding period. The statistics of each experimental data are shown in table 2:
TABLE 2 comparison of milk production, feed conversion ratio and rumen fermentation effect data of cows in experimental group and control group
As can be seen from Table 2, the milk yield, feed conversion ratio and rumen fermentation performance of the experimental group are significantly higher than those of the control group.
Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. The present invention is capable of other embodiments, and various changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. The liquid feed additive for the ruminants is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by weight: 60-70% of clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid, 3-8% of traditional Chinese medicine extract, 1-5% of chitosan, 2-6% of rumen acidity stabilizer, 5-10% of calcium supplement, 10-15% of propylene glycol, 0.5-3% of pH regulator and the balance of purified water;
the preparation method of the liquid feed additive comprises the following steps: heating purified water to 40-50 ℃, dissolving the traditional Chinese medicine extract, chitosan, rumen acidity stabilizer and calcium supplement into the purified water, heating to 100 ℃, boiling for 30 minutes, cooling to room temperature, adding clostridium butyricum fermentation waste liquid, adjusting pH with a pH regulator, and filling to obtain the feed additive.
2. The liquid feed additive for ruminants according to claim 1, wherein the traditional Chinese medicine extract is one or a mixture of two of astragalus extract and epimedium extract.
3. The liquid feed additive for ruminants according to claim 1, wherein the chitosan is chitosan oligosaccharide.
4. The liquid feed additive for ruminants according to claim 1, wherein the rumen acidity stabilizer is one or a mixture of two of malic acid and disodium fumarate.
5. The liquid feed additive for ruminants according to claim 1, wherein the calcium supplement is one or a mixture of two or more of calcium citrate, calcium chloride and calcium gluconate.
6. The liquid feed additive for ruminants according to claim 1, wherein the pH regulator is one or a mixture of two or more of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium hydroxide.
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Application publication date: 20210326 |