CN112462056A - 一种用于现场检测尿液中细菌的尿检平台及其使用方法 - Google Patents
一种用于现场检测尿液中细菌的尿检平台及其使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于现场检测尿液中细菌的尿检平台及其使用方法。首先将发光元件、分离元件与尿液标本混合,修饰了细菌抗体的发光元件、分离元件通过靶向识别作用结合到细菌表面,接着将细菌从尿液标本中磁分离出来并滴在生物芯片上,用激发单元照射生物芯片使其发出肉眼可见的光,拍摄单元记录后交由图像处理单元分析处理,最终得到检测结果。与现有各种尿检方法相比,本发明无需昂贵的设备、无需专业操作就能实现尿液中细菌含量的定量检测。整套系统体积非常小、携带轻便,可用于家庭、户外等多种应用场景,具有操作简单、检测速度快、耗时短、灵敏度高等优点。此外该尿检平台还能与智能手机、智能手表等配合,为患者提供数字化的诊断信息。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物检测及医疗器械技术领域,具体涉及一种用于现场检测尿液中细菌的尿检平台及其使用方法。
背景技术
尿路感染是由病原性细菌入侵尿道并在尿道中定植引起的炎症,是最常见的感染之一。尿路感染复发率高,容易诱发肾盂肾炎、脓毒症、肾损害等严重疾病甚至是死亡,威胁着全球超过1.5亿患者的生命健康。细菌尿是尿路感染的典型临床表现,因此定期检测尿液中是否存在细菌,对于及早发现患者病灶、减轻并发危害非常重要。
目前检测尿路感染患者尿液中细菌的方法主要有尿培养、尿革兰氏染色、尿沉渣定量分析,各个方法的具体操作过程如下:
1)尿培养:采集患者的中段尿液标本并即刻送检,将标本摇匀后用接种环沾取微量标本,以划十字的方式将标本涂布在血琼脂平板上,37℃条件下培养后进行菌落计数。除接种至血平板进行定量外,该方法还需分区划线接种至麦康凯或中国蓝琼脂平板进行菌株筛查。
2)尿革兰氏染色:取少量尿液标本涂片固定,用草酸铵结晶紫染色后再用碘液媒染,接着用酒精脱色,再用复染剂染色,用蒸馏水冲洗后干燥,最后镜检观察是否有细菌。
3)尿沉渣自动分析:将尿液标本离心去除上清液,使用全自动尿液分析仪进行检测。细菌菌体被荧光染料着色后经氩激光照射激发,发出荧光及散射光,收集光信号并转换为电信号,将电信号输入计算机处理得出结果,系统报告尿液中存在的细菌数。
上述方法都需要专业的检测设备及实验人员支持,应用场景被严重局限于医院及实验室中。对于需要频繁检查的尿路感染患者,定期前往医院尿检极大的增加了经济和时间成本,因此这些方法不是定期检测尿液中细菌的最佳选择。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术存在的上述问题,提供一种用于现场检测尿液中细菌的尿检平台,该平台包括前处理单元、激发单元、拍摄单元和图像处理单元;待检测尿液经前处理单元处理后,被激发单元激发,由拍摄单元采集成照片后输入图像处理单元分析处理,最后得到检测结果。
进一步的,所述前处理单元包括发光元件、分离元件、生物芯片;前处理操作包括将发光元件、分离元件与待检测尿液样品混合,接着分离出固体并重悬,最后将重悬液滴加在生物芯片上。
进一步的,所述发光元件选自长余辉材料或上转换材料,所述分离元件选自磁性材料,所述生物芯片具体为光子晶体生物芯片。
更进一步的,所述发光元件具体为抗体改性的Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒,所述分离元件具体为抗体改性的四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒。
进一步的,所述抗体改性的Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒的制备方法如下:a1)首先将GeO2溶于强碱溶液(如NaOH水溶液)中,得到Na2GeO3溶液;然后按照锌:镓:锰=400:2:1的摩尔比,将可溶性锌盐、可溶性镓盐、可溶性锰盐与水混合,再加入少量酸试剂(如硝酸),所得混合液与Na2GeO3溶液按照Ga:Ge=1:1的摩尔比混合,用碱试剂(如质量分数为28%的氨水)调节混合液的pH至碱性(9.5左右),20-30℃下搅拌反应一段时间(约1h),接着将混合物转移至反应釜中于200-300℃下继续反应一段时间(约6h),最后固液分离、洗涤得到Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒;
a2)将Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒超声分散在有机溶剂(如DMF)中,再滴加一定量硅烷偶联剂(如APTES)并升温至70-100℃充分反应,固液分离所得固体重悬于有机溶剂中,向重悬液中加入一定量琥珀酸酐、DMAP后升温至20-30℃充分反应,固液分离、洗涤得到中间产物,其中Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒、硅烷偶联剂、琥珀酸酐、DMAP的用量比为100g:300-500mL:150-200g:15-30g;
a3)将a2)制得的中间产物分散在含EDC的PBS缓冲液中,接着加入含NHS的PBS缓冲液,所得混合液置于35-38℃充分反应;固液分离后用PBS缓冲液将固体产物洗净后再次分散在PBS缓冲液中,按照中间产物:抗体=100g:8-10nmol的比例向悬浮液中加入抗体,所得混合物置于25-30℃摇动孵育过夜,固液分离所得固体经洗涤、PBS-BSA溶液(2wt%)再分散后,置于35-38℃封闭一段时间后保存在低温下即可。
进一步的,抗体改性的四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒的制备方法如下:将羧基化四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒分散在含EDC的PBS缓冲液中,再加入一定量含NHS的PBS缓冲液,所得混合液置于35-38℃充分反应,固液分离后用PBS缓冲液将固体产物洗净后再次分散在PBS缓冲液中,按照羧基化四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒:抗体=100g:8-10nmol的比例向悬浮液中加入抗体,所得混合物置于25-30℃摇动孵育过夜,固液分离所得固体经洗涤、PBS-BSA溶液(2wt%)再分散后,置于35-38℃封闭一段时间后保存在低温下即可。
更进一步的,所述抗体具体为靶向尿液感染中常见的致病菌(如大肠杆菌、金葡萄球菌等其中的至少一种)的动物多克隆抗体,该抗体制备方法如下:将致病菌接种到实验动物(如新西兰兔等)体内,待其免疫后收集血清进行分离纯化即可。
进一步的,所述光子晶体生物芯片的制备方法如下:将液体硅橡胶混合均匀后除泡,接着旋涂于干净的盖玻片上,烘干得到透明且疏水的基材;将聚苯乙烯微球悬浮液垂直滴于40-60℃的基材上,待溶剂蒸发后聚苯乙烯微球在基底上组装成光子晶体生物芯片。
进一步的,所述激发单元具体为紫外光源,所述拍摄单元具体为照相机,所述图像处理单元具体为手持终端或远程计算机,其中拍摄单元和图像处理单元可以集成在一部智能手机或平板电脑中,也可以设计成两个不同的设备并通过远程无线通信(如5G或4G)交换数据。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种上述尿检平台的使用方法,主要包括以下步骤:首先将发光元件、分离元件加入到待测尿液样本中,所得混合物置于35-38℃进行孵育;磁分离后用PBS-BSA溶液反复洗涤固体产物,接着将其重悬于PBS缓冲液中;将重悬液滴加到生物芯片表面,利用激发单元照射生物芯片,同时用拍摄单元对生物芯片上的样本进行拍照,照片传输给图像处理单元进行处理,得到待检测尿液样本中的细菌含量。
本发明的原理为:在发光元件、分离元件与尿液标本混合过程中,修饰了细菌抗体的发光元件以及分离元件通过靶向识别作用结合到细菌表面,接着利用分离元件的磁性将细菌从尿液标本中分离出来并滴在生物芯片上;干燥后的生物芯片在激发单元的照射下发出肉眼可见的光,被拍摄单元记录成图像并交由图像处理单元进行分析处理,最终得到检测结果。
与现有技术相比,本发明的智能尿检平台无需昂贵的设备、无需专业操作就能实现尿液中细菌的检测,而且整套系统体积非常小、携带轻便,可用于家庭、户外等多种应用场景;该尿检平台操作简单、检测速度快、耗时短,对用户非常友好,拥有人工观察不具备的图像处理与分析能力,能提供高灵敏度的定量检测分析结果。此外该尿检平台还能够与智能手机、智能手表等配合,为患者提供数字化的诊断信息。
附图说明
图1为前处理单元的工作原理图;
图2为样本可视化检测流程图;
图3为图像处理程序流程图;
图4为生物芯片实物照片;
图5为拍摄单元记录得到的照片;
图6为图像处理单元对图5中照片的处理前后对照图;
图7为尿液样本检测结果图。
其中1-发光元件,2-分离元件,3-生物芯片,4-待检测尿液标本,5-细菌。
具体实施方式
为使本领域普通技术人员充分理解本发明的技术方案和有益效果,以下结合附图及具体实施例进行进一步说明。
本发明所使用的原材料均为正规途径获得,所有操作均严格遵守国家法律法规及相关规范。
如图1-3所示的智能尿检平台,包括前处理单元、激发单元、拍摄单元和图像处理单元,其中前处理单元包括发光元件1、分离元件2和生物芯片3。发光元件选自受激能够发光的材料,例如长余辉材料或上转换材料等;分离元件选自磁性材料,例如二氧化硅磁性微珠或聚苯乙烯磁性微珠等;激发单元具体为紫外光源。拍摄单元和图像处理单元可以集成于智能手机或平板电脑,也可以是不同的设备通过远程无线通讯的方式传输、处理图像。
前处理单元的工作原理如图1所示,使用时将发光元件1和分离元件2滴加到待检测尿液标本4中混合均匀,修饰了细菌抗体的发光元件、分离元件通过靶向识别作用结合到细菌5表面,通过分离元件2的磁分离作用将细菌从尿液标本从分离出来,然后将其滴加至生物芯片3上。抗体的靶向识别作用包括但不限于抗体-抗原识别、适配体靶向作用、小分子识别。
样本可视化检测如图2所示,滴加在生物芯片3上的液体干燥后,用激发单元照射生物芯片使其发出肉眼可见的光信号,发光的生物芯片被拍摄单元记录为图像。激发单元包括但不仅限于紫外手提灯、紫外手电筒等短波长紫外设备,拍摄单元包括但不仅限于智能手机、数码单反相机等可拍摄照片的设备。
图像处理程序如图3所示,对记录了生物芯片发光的图像进行程序分析,提取图像中绿色通道的数值,通过色坐标转化为亮度值并输出。
本实施例中,采用的发光元件为Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒,采用的分离元件为羧基化四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒,采用的生物芯片为光子晶体生物芯片,采用的激发设备为便携式ZF-5紫外线灯,采用的拍摄单元为数码单反相机,图像处理程序为利用Python编写的可执行程序。各个原料的制备方法具体如下:
1.抗体的制备
挑选6周左右的健康新西兰大白兔两只,将1mL提取自大白兔尿液中的大肠杆菌菌体蛋白稀释液与1mL佛氏完全佐剂充分混匀。在每只兔子背部或大腿根部选取4个部位进行注射。免疫20天后,当抗体效价检测达到100万以上后,对兔子进行终放血得到抗血清,再使用抗原亲和柱纯化与分离,得到洗脱的靶向大肠杆菌菌体蛋白的兔多克隆抗体,4℃环境保存备用。
2.发光元件(Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒)的制备
在水相中合成Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒:将GeO2粉末溶解在NaOH水溶液(2M)中,获得澄清的Na2GeO3溶液。量取1.96mmol Zn(NO3)2、0.01mmol Ga(NO3)3、0.005mmol Mn(NO3)2、300μL HNO3溶于11mL去离子水中,向得到的混合溶液中逐滴加入0.96mmol Na2GeO3溶液。剧烈搅拌条件下立即将28wt%的氨水添加到上述溶液中,调节溶液pH值至9.5。所得混合物在20-30℃下搅拌1小时,接着转移至聚四氟乙烯内衬的反应釜中于220℃下反应6小时,最后离心分离收集制备的Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒,用去离子水洗涤3次。
3.发光元件(Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒)与分离元件(羧基化四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒)的抗体修饰
发光元件(Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒)的羧基化:借助超声将25mg Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒分散到10mL DMF中,逐滴添加100μL APTES。所得混合物在剧烈搅拌条件下于80℃反应12小时后离心分离,得到的固体用DMF洗涤多次以便除去未反应的APTES。将固体产物重悬于30mL DMF中,滴入10mL琥珀酸酐溶液(5mg/mL的琥珀酸酐-DMF溶液)和10mL DMAP溶液(0.5mg/mL的DMAP-DMF溶液),所得混合物于20-30℃搅拌反应12h,最后离心收集固体产物,用乙醇与水的混合物(体积比1:1)洗涤3次备用。
EDC/NHS反应修饰抗体:将EDC(50mg)和NHS(25mg)分别溶于2mL和3mL PBS缓冲液中,随后将25g Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒、10g羧基化四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒(来源:市场购买)分别分散在EDC溶液中,然后将NHS溶液立即加入到分散有纳米棒或磁性纳米颗粒的EDC溶液中。所得溶液在摇动(200r/min)条件下于37℃反应30分钟,反应完离心分离并用PBS缓冲液洗涤固体,将收集到的纳米棒或磁性纳米颗粒重新分散在PBS缓冲液中。分别向两种重悬液中加入2nmol靶向大肠杆菌菌体蛋白的兔多克隆抗体,接着于25℃下摇动(180r/min)孵育过夜,离心分离除去未反应的抗体并用去离子水洗涤,所得固体产物用2wt%PBS-BSA溶液于37℃下封闭30分钟,最后均保存于4℃环境中备用。
4.光子晶体生物芯片的制备
将液体硅橡胶(道康宁公司的PDMS系列)PDMS组分和固化剂组分按照m/m=10:1的比例混合,剧烈搅拌1h后置于真空下除泡处理直至观察不到气泡。随后将混合物旋涂在干净的盖玻片上,接着转移至60℃的烘箱中干燥过夜,形成透明且疏水的PDMS基材。将聚苯乙烯微球悬浮液(溶剂乙醇,悬浮液浓度2wt%)用超纯水以1:4的体积比稀释,取3μL稀释后的聚苯乙烯微球悬浮液垂直滴在预热至40℃的PDMS基板上。随着溶剂的缓慢蒸发,聚苯乙烯微球在PDMS基底上组装成光子晶体生物芯片,继续干燥24h即可。
5.待测尿液的检测
①、分别收集两份尿液样本,一份为含细菌的阳性样本,另一份为不含细菌的阴性样本。
②、各取100μL阳性和阴性尿液样本,各加入100μL抗体改性的Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒以及50μL抗体改性的四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒,混合均匀后置于37℃反应30分钟,磁分离所得固体洗涤后重悬于100μL PBS缓冲液中。
③、分别取1.5μL步骤②中的重悬液样品,滴加至光子晶体生物芯片上。光子晶体生物芯片的实物如图4所示,多个光子晶体点以阵列形式排布在一个光子晶体生物芯片上,一个晶体点只能用于一次检测。为了避免偶然误差,每份尿液样本滴加三个晶体点进行检测。利用紫外灯照射激发光子晶体生物芯片上的晶体点,通过数码相机拍摄采集照片(参见图5)。如图5所示,肉眼可以观察发现,含细菌的阳性样本对应的三个晶体点上都有明亮的绿色发光现象,而不含细菌的阴性样本对应的晶体点均无发光现象。
④、利用Python编写的可执行程序对采集到的图像进行处理,得到了可执行程序计算处理后的图片(参见图6)。与处理前的照片相比,无论是否发光,照片中的六个晶体点都被可执行程序自动识别出来,选取标记了的待测方形区域,并进行编号。
⑤、图像处理程序通过计算输出亮度值,将输出的亮度值归一化后作图,结果如图7所示。作为检测指标,含细菌的阳性样本与不含细菌的阴性样本的亮度值具有非常显著的差异,且这个差异具有统计学意义,因此可以很好地判断样本是否含有细菌,进而可计算出细菌含量。
本发明中各个缩写的具体名称如下:
APTES 3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷;
DMF 二甲基甲酰胺;
DMAP 4-二甲氨基吡啶;
EDC 1-(3-二甲氨基丙基)-3-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐;
NHS N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺;
PBS缓冲液 磷酸盐缓冲溶液;
PBS-BSA溶液 磷酸盐-牛血清白蛋白缓冲溶液;
PDMS 聚二甲基硅氧烷。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于现场检测尿液中细菌的尿检平台,其特征在于:该平台包括前处理单元、激发单元、拍摄单元和图像处理单元;待检测尿液经前处理单元处理后,被激发单元激发,由拍摄单元采集成照片后输入图像处理单元进行分析处理,最后得到检测结果。
2.如权利要求1所述的尿检平台,其特征在于:所述前处理单元包括发光元件、分离元件、生物芯片;前处理操作包括将发光元件、分离元件与待检测尿液样品混合,接着分离出固体并重悬,最后将重悬液滴加在生物芯片上。
3.如权利要求2所述的尿检平台,其特征在于:所述发光元件选自长余辉材料或上转换材料,所述分离元件选自磁性材料,所述生物芯片具体为光子晶体生物芯片。
4.如权利要求2或3所述的尿检平台,其特征在于:所述发光元件为抗体改性的Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒,所述分离元件为抗体改性的四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒。
5.如权利要求4所述的尿检平台,其特征在于:所述抗体改性的Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒的制备方法如下:
a1)首先将GeO2溶于强碱溶液中,得到Na2GeO3溶液;然后按照锌:镓:锰=400:2:1的摩尔比,将可溶性锌盐、可溶性镓盐、可溶性锰盐与水混合,再加入少量酸试剂,所得混合液与Na2GeO3溶液按照Ga:Ge=1:1的摩尔比混合,调节混合液的pH至碱性,20-30℃下搅拌反应,接着将混合物转移至反应釜中于200-300℃下继续反应,最后固液分离、洗涤得到Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒;
a2)将Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒超声分散在有机溶剂中,再滴加一定量硅烷偶联剂并升温至70-100℃充分反应,固液分离所得固体重悬于有机溶剂中,向重悬液中加入一定量琥珀酸酐、DMAP后升温至20-30℃充分反应,固液分离、洗涤得到中间产物;其中Zn2GeO4:Mn长余辉纳米棒、硅烷偶联剂、琥珀酸酐、DMAP的用量比为100g:300-500mL:150-200g:15-30g;
a3)将a2)制得的中间产物分散在含EDC的PBS缓冲液中,接着加入含NHS的PBS缓冲液,所得混合液置于35-38℃充分反应;固液分离后用PBS缓冲液将固体产物洗净后再次分散在PBS缓冲液中,按照中间产物:抗体=100g:8-10nmol的比例向悬浮液中加入抗体,所得混合物置于25-30℃摇动孵育过夜,固液分离所得固体经洗涤、PBS-BSA溶液再分散后,置于35-38℃封闭后保存在低温下即可。
6.如权利要求4所述的尿检平台,其特征在于:抗体改性的四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒的制备方法如下:将羧基化四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒分散在含EDC的PBS缓冲液中,再加入含NHS的PBS缓冲液,所得混合液置于35-38℃充分反应,固液分离后用PBS缓冲液将固体产物洗净后再次分散在PBS缓冲液中,按照羧基化四氧化三铁磁性纳米颗粒:抗体=100g:8-10nmol的比例向悬浮液中加入抗体,所得混合物置于25-30℃摇动孵育过夜,固液分离所得固体经洗涤、PBS-BSA溶液再分散后,置于35-38℃封闭后保存在低温下即可。
7.如权利要求6或7所述的尿检平台,其特征在于:所述抗体具体为靶向尿液感染中常见的致病菌的动物多克隆抗体,该抗体制备方法如下:将致病菌接种到实验动物体内,待其免疫后收集血清进行分离纯化即可。
8.如权利要求3所述的尿检平台,其特征在于:所述光子晶体生物芯片的制备方法如下:将液体硅橡胶除泡后旋涂于干净的盖玻片上,烘干得到基材;将聚苯乙烯微球悬浮液滴于40-60℃的基材上,待溶剂蒸发后聚苯乙烯微球在基底上组装成光子晶体生物芯片。
9.如权利要求1所述的尿检平台,其特征在于:所述激发单元具体为紫外光源,所述拍摄单元具体为照相机,所述图像处理单元具体为手持终端或远程计算机;其中拍摄单元和图像处理单元集成在一部智能手机或平板电脑中,或者设计成两个不同的设备并通过远程无线通信交换数据。
10.权利要求1所述尿检平台的使用方法,其特征在于该方法包括以下步骤:首先将发光元件、分离元件加入到待测尿液样本中,所得混合物置于35-38℃孵育;磁分离后用PBS-BSA溶液反复洗涤固体产物,接着将其重悬于PBS缓冲液中;将重悬液滴加到生物芯片表面,利用激发单元照射生物芯片,同时用拍摄单元对生物芯片上的样本进行拍照;照片传输给图像处理单元处理,得到待检测尿液样本中的细菌含量。
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