CN112410134A - Green, safe and residue-free detergent and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/825—Mixtures of compounds all of which are non-ionic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
- C11D3/04—Water-soluble compounds
- C11D3/046—Salts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C11D3/33—Amino carboxylic acids
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/34—Organic compounds containing sulfur
- C11D3/349—Organic compounds containing sulfur additionally containing nitrogen atoms, e.g. nitro, nitroso, amino, imino, nitrilo, nitrile groups containing compounds or their derivatives or thio urea
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
- C11D3/382—Vegetable products, e.g. soya meal, wood flour, sawdust
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
- C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/48—Medical, disinfecting agents, disinfecting, antibacterial, germicidal or antimicrobial compositions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/50—Perfumes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
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- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of washing products, and particularly relates to a green safe residue-free detergent and a preparation method thereof, wherein the green safe residue-free detergent comprises the following components in parts by mass: 10-25% of soapberry extract, 1-8% of compound oxidized tea polyphenol, 0.1-4% of thickening agent, 0.01-0.1% of chelating agent, 0.1-0.3% of preservative, 0.1-0.2% of essence and the balance of water. The green safe detergent provided by the invention forms a surface activity system by compounding two kinds of oxidized tea polyphenol with the soapberry extract, the prepared detergent is safer and milder, and meanwhile, the obtained detergent has the advantages of strong detergency, abundant and durable foam and high secondary foaming rate by reasonably matching the components of the surface activity system, and the defects of insufficient foaming power and insufficient foam stability of the detergent containing a natural green surfactant are overcome.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of washing products. More particularly, relates to a green, safe and residue-free detergent and a preparation method thereof.
Background
At present, petroleum derived products such as sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) and fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene sodium sulfate (AES) are mostly adopted as main foaming and decontaminating components, and the two surfactants are easily dissolved in water, have low price and good washing performance and are widely used. However, LAS and AES are prone to residue and present a potential threat to human health.
Based on the above, some products adopting natural surfactants to replace petroleum surfactants appear in the market, and the common natural surfactants mainly comprise saponins, such as soapberry extract and the like, and contain abundant saponins, so that the detergent prepared by using the soapberry extract as the surfactant has the functions of bacteriostasis and cleaning, and thus, the detergent meets the requirement of green safety. For example, chinese patent CN105647669A discloses a detergent containing sapindoside, which is mainly prepared by mixing sapindoside extract, ethanol, propylene glycol, soluble starch and water in a certain proportion. The detergent takes plant natural extract soapberry saponin as a surfactant, has good decontamination effect, no toxic or side effect on human bodies, is easy to degrade, does not pollute the environment, and has good environmental protection benefit; for example, chinese patent CN110628517A discloses a natural edible detergent, which comprises the following components by weight: 20-35% of soapberry peel extracting solution, 15-25% of tea seed powder extracting solution, 1-5% of thickening agent, 0.01-0.2% of preservative, 0.01-0.05% of essence and the balance of deionized water; the natural edible detergent is prepared by extracting plants containing natural active ingredients, has scientific formula and proportioning, does not add any artificially synthesized chemicals, has strong dirt-removing power, does not stimulate the body temperature of people, and has no toxic or side effect. However, the foaming capacity and foam stabilizing capacity of the soapberry extract are not ideal, and especially at low temperature, the soapberry extract alone serving as the surfactant has the defect of poor decontamination, so that the detergent taking the soapberry extract as the main surfactant has the defects of poor low-temperature foaming capacity, insufficient and durable foam and poor decontamination.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop a green safe detergent which is mainly composed of natural green surfactant and has good washing performance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the existing detergent and provide a green safe detergent without residues, which uses a natural surfactant, namely oxidized tea polyphenol to compound a mild surfactant, namely soapberry extract to form a surface activity system and has excellent washing performance.
The above purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a green safe residue-free detergent comprises the following components in parts by mass: 10-25% of soapberry extract, 1-8% of compound oxidized tea polyphenol, 0.1-4% of thickening agent, 0.01-0.1% of chelating agent, 0.1-0.3% of preservative, 0.1-0.2% of essence and the balance of deionized water.
Preferably, the green safe residue-free detergent comprises the following components in parts by mass: 12-25% of soapberry extract, 3-8% of compound oxidized tea polyphenol, 1-2% of thickening agent, 0.01-0.05% of chelating agent, 0.15-0.3% of preservative, 0.1-0.2% of essence and the balance of deionized water.
Preferably, the compound oxidized tea polyphenol consists of enzymatic oxidized tea polyphenol and acidic oxidized tea polyphenol.
Preferably, the weight ratio of the enzymatic oxidation tea polyphenol to the acidic oxidation tea polyphenol is 5: 1-3.
Preferably, the weight ratio of the enzymatically oxidized tea polyphenols to the acidic oxidized tea polyphenols is 5: 2.
Preferably, the acidic oxidized tea polyphenol is obtained by oxidizing tea polyphenol by using an acidic oxidizing agent; preferably, the acidic oxidizing agent is selected from an acetic acid solution, a hydrochloric acid solution or a citric acid solution. More preferably, the specific preparation method of the acidic oxidized tea polyphenol in the invention comprises the following steps:
weighing tea polyphenol, dissolving the tea polyphenol in deionized water to form a tea polyphenol water solution, keeping the temperature of circulating water at 20 ℃, stirring, adding 0.01mol/L acetic acid solution, carrying out oxidation reaction for 20-40 min, introducing air in the reaction process, adding ethyl acetate 1-3 times of the reaction liquid after the reaction is finished, carrying out centrifugal layering, taking supernatant, carrying out reduced pressure concentration to obtain extract, and carrying out spray drying to obtain the acidic oxidized tea polyphenol.
Wherein, in the preparation process, the concentration of the tea polyphenol in the tea polyphenol water solution can be 5-10 g/L; the oxidation reaction time is 30 min; the ventilation rate was 0.5L/min.
Preferably, the enzymatic oxidation of tea polyphenol is obtained by promoting oxidation of tea polyphenol by polyphenol oxidase; more preferably, the specific preparation method of the enzymatic oxidation tea polyphenol comprises the following steps:
weighing tea polyphenol, dissolving the tea polyphenol in deionized water to form a tea polyphenol water solution (pH is adjusted to 5.5 by adopting a pH regulator), keeping the temperature of circulating water at 37 ℃, adding polyphenol oxidase while stirring, introducing air in the reaction process, carrying out enzymatic oxidation reaction for 30-60 min, after the reaction is finished, inactivating the enzyme, adding ethyl acetate in an amount which is 1-3 times that of the reaction liquid, carrying out centrifugal layering, taking supernate, concentrating the supernate under reduced pressure to obtain extract, and carrying out spray drying to obtain the enzymatic oxidation tea polyphenol.
Wherein the concentration of tea polyphenol in the tea polyphenol water solution can be 1-3 g/L; the concentration of the polyphenol oxidase in the reaction solution is 1-2 g/L; the ventilation volume is 0.6L/min; the oxidation reaction time is 50 min.
Preferably, the thickener is sodium chloride; the preservative is a mixture of methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone; the chelating agent is disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid.
The invention also aims to provide a method for preparing the green safe residue-free liquid detergent, which comprises the following steps:
adding deionized water with a formula amount into a stirring pot, heating to 40-50 ℃, adding the compound oxidized tea polyphenol, and uniformly stirring; continuously heating to 60-70 ℃, adding the soapberry extract and the chelating agent, and uniformly stirring; cooling to 45-50 ℃, adding a thickening agent, and uniformly stirring; cooling to below 45 deg.C, adding antiseptic and essence, stirring, and filtering.
Aiming at the defect of insufficient foaming and foam stabilizing performances of the soapberry extract, the inventor of the invention unexpectedly finds that the high-temperature foaming power and the foam stabilizing performance of the soapberry extract can be improved by adding the acidic oxidized tea polyphenol, but the low-temperature foaming performance is not obviously improved; furthermore, the addition of the oxidized tea polyphenol obtained by an enzymatic method on the basis of the original technology has unexpected technical effects, the surface living system has good foaming performance and foam stabilizing capability at 15 ℃ and 40 ℃, and the integral detergency is obviously improved. If oxidized tea polyphenol obtained by alkaline oxidation is added, although the overall performance is improved compared with the single action of the soapberry extract, the difference is larger compared with the addition of enzymatic oxidized tea polyphenol and acidic tea polyphenol.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the green safe detergent provided by the invention forms a surface activity system by compounding two kinds of tea polyphenol oxides with the soapberry extract, the prepared detergent is safer and milder, and meanwhile, the composition of the surface activity system is reasonably matched, so that the obtained detergent has the advantages of strong detergency, good high-low temperature foaming, rich and durable foam and high secondary foaming rate, and the defects of insufficient foaming power, insufficient foam stability and weak detergency of the detergent containing the soapberry extract are overcome.
(2) The surfactants adopted by the invention are all derived from natural plant components, and do not contain components such as anionic surfactants and the like which have greater skin irritation, so that the skin irritation is small, and the skin irritation is more green and safe.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples, which are not intended to limit the invention in any way. Reagents, methods and apparatus used in the present invention are conventional in the art unless otherwise indicated.
Unless otherwise indicated, reagents and materials used in the following examples are commercially available.
Example 1 preparation of acidic oxidized tea polyphenols
Weighing tea polyphenol, dissolving in deionized water to form a tea polyphenol water solution, keeping the temperature of circulating water at 20 ℃, stirring, adding 0.01mol/L acetic acid solution to enable the pH of a reaction solution to be 2.9, carrying out oxidation reaction for 30min, introducing air in the reaction process, adding ethyl acetate 2 times the amount of the reaction solution after the reaction is finished, centrifuging and layering, taking supernatant, concentrating under reduced pressure to obtain extract, and carrying out spray drying to obtain the acidic oxidized tea polyphenol.
Wherein, in the preparation process, the concentration of the tea polyphenol in the tea polyphenol water solution is 5 g/L; the ventilation rate was 0.5L/min.
Example 2 preparation of enzymatically oxidized tea polyphenols
Weighing tea polyphenol, dissolving in deionized water to form tea polyphenol water solution (pH is adjusted to 5.5 by adopting a pH regulator), keeping the temperature of circulating water at 37 ℃, adding polyphenol oxidase while stirring, introducing air in the reaction process, carrying out enzymatic oxidation reaction for 50min, after the reaction is finished, inactivating the enzyme, adding ethyl acetate 2 times of the reaction liquid, carrying out centrifugal layering, taking supernatant, concentrating under reduced pressure to obtain extract, and carrying out spray drying to obtain the enzymatic oxidation tea polyphenol.
Wherein the concentration of tea polyphenol in the tea polyphenol water solution can be 3 g/L; the concentration of the polyphenol oxidase in the reaction solution is 1.5 g/L; the ventilation rate is 0.6L/min.
Examples 3 to 5 Green safe residue-free liquid detergent formulations and methods for preparing same (mass fraction)
| Components | Example 3 | Example 4 | Example 5 |
| Sapindus mukurossi extract | 22％ | 25％ | 20％ |
| Enzymatic oxidation of tea polyphenols | 5％ | 3％ | 5％ |
| Acidic oxidized tea polyphenols | 2％ | 0.6％ | 1％ |
| Sodium chloride | 1.2％ | 1.0％ | 1.5％ |
| Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt | 0.02％ | 0.01％ | 0.03％ |
| Methylisothiazolinone | 0.05％ | 0.1％ | 0.1％ |
| Methylchloroisothiazolinone | 0.05％ | 0.05％ | 0.05％ |
| Essence | 0.1％ | 0.1％ | 0.1％ |
| Deionized water | Balance of | Balance of | Balance of |
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
adding deionized water into a stirring pot, heating to 45 deg.C, adding compound oxidized tea polyphenols, and stirring; continuing to heat to 65 ℃, adding the soapberry extract and the disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, and uniformly stirring; cooling to 45 ℃, adding sodium chloride, and uniformly stirring; cooling to below 45 deg.C, adding methylisothiazolinone, methylchloroisothiazolinone and essence, stirring, and filtering.
Comparative example 1 is different from example 3 in that the mass fraction of the soapberry extract is increased to 29% without adding the complex oxidized tea polyphenol, and the rest parameters are the same as example 3.
Comparative example 2 differs from example 3 in that the mass fraction of enzymatically oxidized tea polyphenols was increased to 20% and the mass fraction of acid oxidized tea polyphenols was increased to 9% without adding the soapberry extract, and the remaining parameters were the same as in example 3.
Comparative example 3 differs from example 3 in that the mass fraction of acid-oxidized tea polyphenols was increased to 7% without adding the enzymatically oxidized tea polyphenols, and the remaining parameters were the same as in example 3.
Comparative example 4 differs from example 3 in that the mass fraction of enzymatically oxidized tea polyphenols was increased to 7% without adding acid oxidized tea polyphenols, and the remaining parameters were the same as in example 3.
Comparative example 5 differs from example 3 in that the acidic oxidized tea polyphenol is replaced by the basic oxidized tea polyphenol and the remaining parameters are the same as in example 3.
The preparation method of the alkaline oxidized tea polyphenol comprises the following steps:
weighing tea polyphenol, dissolving in deionized water to form a tea polyphenol water solution, keeping the temperature of circulating water at 20 ℃, stirring, adding 0.01mol/L sodium bicarbonate solution to enable the pH of a reaction solution to be 9.2, carrying out oxidation reaction for 30min, introducing air during the reaction process, adding ethyl acetate 2 times of the reaction solution after the reaction is finished, carrying out centrifugal layering, taking supernatant, concentrating under reduced pressure to obtain extract, and carrying out spray drying to obtain the acidic oxidized tea polyphenol.
Wherein, in the preparation process, the concentration of the tea polyphenol in the tea polyphenol water solution is 5 g/L; the ventilation rate was 0.5L/min.
Test example I, sensory index evaluation
The appearance, odor and stability of the detergents prepared in examples 3 to 5 were tested according to the national standard GB/T9985-2000 "hand dishwashing detergent", and the test results are shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1 results of sensory testing of detergents in examples 3 to 5
Test example two evaluation of foam Properties
The foaming properties of the detergents of examples 3 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 5 were measured at 15 ℃ and 40 ℃ by means of a Roche foam tester according to "determination of foaming power of detergent" (Ross-Miles method) in GB/T13173-2008, and the foam heights at that time and after 5min were recorded to characterize the foaming power and foam stability of the detergents, and the results are shown in Table 2 below.
TABLE 2 results of detergent foaming ability and foam stability test at different temperatures
With the increase of the temperature, the overall foam height of the liquid detergents in the examples 3-5 and the comparative examples 1-5 also shows a tendency of increasing, wherein the examples 3-5 have good foaming power at 15 ℃ and 40 ℃ and have good foam stability; the foaming force of the liquid detergent in comparative example 1 (soapberry extract) and comparative example 3 (soapberry extract and acidic oxidized tea polyphenol) is poor at low temperature, and is improved at high temperature, but the difference is larger compared with the liquid detergent in the examples; comparative example 2 using only the complex oxidized tea polyphenol as a surfactant, foaming force at 15 ℃ and 40 ℃ was not ideal; comparative example 4 (soapberry extract + enzymatically oxidized tea polyphenols) foaming power and foam stability were slightly, but not significantly, increased compared to the soapberry extract group; comparative example 5 foaming force was superior in each group, but foam stability was poor.
Test example three evaluation of detergency
The detergents prepared in examples 3 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 5 were tested for detergency according to "method 2, foam level method" in appendix B of GB/T9985-2000 "hand dishwashing detergent", and the test results are shown in Table 3 below.
TABLE 3 detergent dirt oil removal (%)
Note: the standard dish washing detergent is referred to as 'method 2, foam position' B1.4.3 in appendix B of national standard GB/T9985-2000 "hand dishwashing detergent".
As can be seen from Table 3, examples 3-5 of the present invention have excellent detergency that is significantly higher than that of the national standard dish washing detergent, and analysis of the results of other comparative examples shows that the detergency of the detergent prepared by using the soapberry extract alone as the surfactant is slightly lower than that of the standard dish washing detergent.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present invention should be construed as equivalents thereof, and all such changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications are intended to be included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The green safe residue-free detergent is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by mass: 10-25% of soapberry extract, 1-8% of compound oxidized tea polyphenol, 0.1-4% of thickening agent, 0.01-0.1% of chelating agent, 0.1-0.3% of preservative, 0.1-0.2% of essence and the balance of deionized water.
2. The green safe residue-free detergent as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following components in percentage by mass: 12-25% of soapberry extract, 3-8% of compound oxidized tea polyphenol, 1-2% of thickening agent, 0.01-0.05% of chelating agent, 0.15-0.3% of preservative, 0.1-0.2% of essence and the balance of deionized water.
3. A green safe residue-free detergent as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the compound oxidized tea polyphenol consists of enzymatically oxidized tea polyphenol and acidic oxidized tea polyphenol.
4. A green, safe and residue-free detergent as claimed in claim 3, wherein the weight ratio of the enzymatic oxidized tea polyphenol to the acidic oxidized tea polyphenol is 5: 1-3.
5. A green safe residue-free detergent according to claim 4, wherein the weight ratio of the enzymatically oxidized tea polyphenols to the acidic oxidized tea polyphenols is 5: 2.
6. A green safe residue-free detergent as claimed in claim 3, wherein the acidic oxidized tea polyphenol is obtained by oxidizing tea polyphenol with an acidic oxidizing agent.
7. The green safe residue-free detergent according to claim 6, wherein the acidic oxidizing agent is selected from an acetic acid solution, a hydrochloric acid solution or a citric acid solution.
8. A green, safe, residue-free detergent according to claim 3 wherein the enzymatic oxidation of tea polyphenols is achieved by the pro-oxidation of tea polyphenols using polyphenol oxidase.
9. A green safe residue-free liquid detergent according to claim 7, wherein the thickener is sodium chloride; the preservative is a mixture of methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone; the chelating agent is disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid.
10. A method for preparing a green safe residue-free liquid detergent according to any one of claims 1-9, comprising the steps of:
adding deionized water with a formula amount into a stirring pot, heating to 40-50 ℃, adding the compound oxidized tea polyphenol, and uniformly stirring; continuously heating to 60-70 ℃, adding the soapberry extract and the chelating agent, and uniformly stirring; cooling to 45-50 ℃, adding a thickening agent, and uniformly stirring; cooling to below 45 deg.C, adding antiseptic and essence, stirring, and filtering.
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