CN112321782A - 一种结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于光催化技术领域,更具体地,涉及一种结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料及其制备方法和应用。本发明制备方法包括以下步骤:(1)将醛基化合物、脒基化合物和无机盐加入到溶剂中混合均匀,使醛基化合物和脒基化合物发生缩聚反应生成初产物;(2)将初产物进行清洗,去除无机盐,获得结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料;其中,所述醛基化合物的化学式中含有2个以上的醛基,所述脒基化合物的化学式中含有2个以上的脒基。本发明通过盐模板的诱导作用使其结构长程有序,更利于光生载流子的迁移,与利用其它方法制备非结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料相比,具有有序的结构且单体组成具有更多的选择性,光催化效率高,适用性强,适合大规模应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光催化技术领域,更具体地,涉及一种结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
共价三嗪框架材料(CTFs)具有多样化的合成策略和结构基元,富氮性及强共轭性在光催化产氢领域有着良好的表现。高度有序的分子链排布能够提供有序的电子传输路径,从而提高光催化的效率。但是由于三嗪环强的化学稳定性,使得生成三嗪环的可逆性降低,截至目前仅有少数几种结构的结晶性CTFs被报道。有限的结晶结构制备策略极大地限制了构筑高光催化性能CTFs的灵活性和选择性。
熔融盐法在制备二维结晶性的无机材料和结晶性C3N4均有良好的效果。由于盐离子的极化作用能够稳定新生成的化学键,从而起到促进产物结晶的效果。但是该制备方法需要高温,温度为400℃,甚至达1200℃。如此高的合成温度很难保证聚合物结构骨架的完整性。因此,熔融盐的方法在制备结晶性聚合物方面受到限制,需要进一步加以改进。
发明内容
针对现有技术的以上缺陷或改进需求,本发明提供了一种结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料的制备方法,其目的在于借助醛基单体与脒的缩聚反应,通过盐模板的诱导作用,限制聚合反应的成核速率,从而形成有序的结构单元。进一步将该方法制备得到的结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料应用于光催化领域,由此解决现有技术的结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料制备方法受限及光催化效率低的技术问题。
为实现上述目的,按照本发明的一个方面,提供了一种结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将醛基化合物、脒基化合物和无机盐加入到溶剂中混合均匀,利用盐异相成核作用,使醛基化合物和脒基化合物发生缩聚反应生成初产物;
(2)将初产物进行清洗,去除无机盐,获得结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料;
其中,所述醛基化合物的化学式中含有2个以上的醛基,所述脒基化合物的化学式中含有2个以上的脒基。
虽然利用醛基与脒的缩聚反应制备得到共价三嗪有机框架材料已有报道,但所得到的聚合物材料多为无定型结构且普适性差。本发明通过以二元或多元醛基化合物为单体,借助于盐异相成核作用,解决了熔盐法需要高温的不足(400-1200℃),可以在非高温的条件下制备得到结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料,该发明方法具有较好的普适性,适用于多种结构的单体反应。其主要的反应机理为:以金属盐为模板,在相对低的温度下(100-180℃)可以确保金属盐的晶格不被破环,同时保持共价三嗪框架材料的完整性,利用金属盐作为晶种,发生异相成核作用,以此诱导目标产物的有序排布,从而使其在低温下即可产生结晶性;同时由于盐离子的极化作用能够稳定新生成的化学键,限制聚合反应的成核速率,进一步起到促进产物结晶的效果,最终在非高温条件下形成长程有序结构。将其应用在光催化领域,具有较高的光催化效率。
作为优选,所述醛基化合物中含有芳香环。芳香环的刚性结构有利于有序结构的形成,同时具有共轭性有利于光能的利用。
作为优选,所述醛基化合物对苯二甲醛、4,4’-联苯二甲醛、2,2'-联吡啶-5,5'-二甲醛、噻吩并[3,2-b]噻吩-2,5-二甲醛,1,3,5-三(对甲酰基苯基)苯和三(4-甲酰苯基)胺等二元或多元醛基单体中的一种或多种。
作为优选,所述脒基化合物中含有芳香环。
作为优选,所述脒基化合物为对苯二甲脒。
作为优选,所述无机盐的物质的量为所述醛基化合物的物质的量的1-2000倍。
作为优选,所述无机盐为水溶性无机盐,作为优选,所述无机盐为氯化钠、氯化钾、硝酸钠、硫酸钠、氯化铵、氯化锂、碳酸钠、碳酸钾中的一种或多种。
作为优选,所述缩聚反应的温度为100-180℃,所述溶剂为二甲基亚砜和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的一种或多种。
根据本发明的另一方面,保护一种结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料,根据前面所述的制备方法制备而成。
根据本发明的另一方面,保护一种结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料,所述应用包括作为光催化剂用于光解水制氢。
本发明的有益效果有:
(1)本发明通过以二元或多元醛基化合物为单体,在相对低的温度下,借助于盐异相成核作用,利用醛基与脒的缩聚反应,制备得到结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料。正是由于相对温和的反应条件,确保金属盐的晶格不被破环,同时保持共价三嗪框架材料的完整性,利用金属盐作为晶种,发生异相成核作用,并且由于盐离子的极化作用能够稳定新生成的化学键,从而起到促进产物结晶的效果,最终形成长程有序结构。
(2)本发明提出的结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料制备是在低温下缩聚反应,通过盐模板的异相成核作用使其结构长程有序,更利于光生载流子的迁移,与利用其它方法制备非结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料相比,具有有序的结构且单体组成具有更多的选择性,催化效率高,适用性强,适合大规模应用。其中,实验发现当醛基单体为三(4-甲酰苯基)胺时(实施例6),按照上述方法制备得到的结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料制用作光催化剂时催化效率比其它醛基单体制得的有机框架材料高出3-7倍。可能的原因是在该结构中的N原子比其它结构的供电子能力更强,更有利于光生电子的传输。
(3)本发明的制备方法能够选择不同的结构基元,能灵活的改变单体结构进而调控相应聚合物的性能,是一种温和且应用性广的普适性制备方法。
附图说明
图1是实施例1和对比实施例1所得结晶共价三嗪框架材料的XRD对比图;
图2是实施例2所得结晶共价三嗪框架材料的XRD图;
图3是实施例3所得结晶共价三嗪框架材料的XRD图;
图4是实施例4所得结晶共价三嗪框架材料的XRD图;
图5是实施例5所得结晶共价三嗪框架材料的XRD图;
图6是实施例6所得结晶共价三嗪框架材料的XRD图;
图7为实施例1-6光催化产氢性能测试的结果图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合附图及实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。此外,下面所描述的本发明各个实施方式中所涉及到的技术特征只要彼此之间未构成冲突就可以相互组合。
实施例
实施例1
(1)将对苯二甲醛(0.07g,0.5mmol),对苯二甲脒盐酸盐(0.24g,1.0mmol),Cs2CO3(0.65g,2.0mmol)和NaCl(5.00g)加到20.0mL的DMSO溶液中混合均匀,在搅拌的情况下分别在150℃反应72h,160℃反应24h,生成初产物;
(2)将初产物进行清洗,其中,用水洗涤两次,DMF洗涤一次,最后再用水洗涤。经过冷冻干燥,得到米白色粉末0.18g,产率85%。
实施例2
(1)将4,4’-联苯二甲醛(0.11g,0.5mmol),对苯二甲脒盐酸盐(0.24g,1.0mmol),Cs2CO3(0.65g,2.0mmol)和NaCl(5.00g)加到20.0mL的DMSO溶液中混合均匀,在搅拌的情况下分别在150℃反应72h,160℃反应24h,生成初产物;
(2)将初产物进行清洗,其中,用水洗涤两次,DMF洗涤一次,最后再用水洗涤。经过冷冻干燥,得到米白色粉末0.19g,产率77%。
实施例3
(1)将2,2'-联吡啶-5,5'-二甲醛(0.08g,0.375mmol),对苯二甲脒盐酸盐(0.18g,0.75mmol),Cs2CO3(0.489g,1.5mmol)和NaCl(7.50g)加到15mL的DMSO溶液中混合均匀,在搅拌的情况下分别在150℃反应72h,160℃反应24h,得到初产物;
(2)将初产物进行清洗,其中,用水洗涤两次,DMF洗涤一次,最后再用水洗涤。经过冷冻干燥,得到黄色粉末0.156mg,产率84%。
实施例4
(1)将噻吩并[3,2-b]噻吩-2,5-二甲醛(0.10g,0.5mmol),对苯二甲脒盐酸盐(0.24g,1.0mmol),Cs2CO3(0.65g,2.0mmol)和NaCl(5.00g)加到20.0mL的DMSO溶液中,在搅拌的情况下分别在150℃反应72h,160℃反应24h,得到初产物;
(2)将初产物进行清洗,其中,用水洗涤两次,DMF洗涤一次,最后再用水洗涤。经过冷冻干燥,得到红棕色粉末0.19g,产率77%。
实施例5
(1)将1,3,5-三(对甲酰基苯基)苯(0.12g,0.3mmol),对苯二甲脒盐酸盐(0.21g,0.9mmol),Cs2CO3(0.59g,1.8mmol)和NaCl(10.00g)加到20.0mL的DMSO溶液中,在搅拌的情况下分别在150℃反应72h,160℃反应24h,得到初产物;
(2)将初产物进行清洗,其中,用水洗涤两次,DMF洗涤一次,最后再用水洗涤。经过冷冻干燥,得到浅黄色粉末0.20g,产率81%。
实施例6
(1)将三(4-甲酰苯基)胺(0.10g,0.3mmol),对苯二甲脒盐酸盐(0.21g,0.9mmol),Cs2CO3(0.59g,1.8mmol)和NaCl(10.00g)加到20.0mL的DMSO溶液中混合均匀,在搅拌的情况下分别在150℃反应72h,160℃反应24h,得到初产物;
(2)将初产物进行清洗,其中,用水洗涤两次,DMF洗涤一次,最后再用水洗涤。经过冷冻干燥,得到浅黄色粉末0.20g,产率81%。
对比实施例
对比实施例1
本实施例与实施例1不同之处在于,在相同的合成条件,不添加NaCl,制备得到相应的固体。
测试实施例
1.X射线衍射图。
测试方法为:样品粉末装在测试槽内经玻璃片按压平整,用X射线衍射仪收集样品结晶性信息,样品测试范围:3-50°。
2.光催化产氢测试结果。
测试方法:取50mg实施例样品负载3%的Pt,加到50mL的去离子水中,超声至分散均匀后,转移到定制的光反应器中,并向该反应器中加入40mL去离子水和10mL三乙醇胺,通过鼓入N2的方法置换反应器中的氧气。当鼓泡30min,完成气体置换。以300W氙灯为光源,在测试的时候使用420nm的截止滤光片,光源的电流调为15A。在光照过程中每1h取一个气体样(3-4mL),通过手动进样,将气体样品注入到色谱内部。色谱配有2mL的定量环,TCD检测器,并用LabSolutions工作站记录和分析产生氢气量。
结果与讨论。
图1为实施例1得到的粉末X射线衍射图,从图中可以看出以NaCl为模板得到的样品具有更强的衍射峰,说明样品的结晶性有了明显的提高。
图2为实施例2得到的粉末X射线衍射图,从图中可以看出样品具有较好的结晶性。
图3为实施例3得到的粉末X射线衍射图,从图中可以看出样品具有较好的结晶性。
图4为实施例4得到的粉末X射线衍射图,从图中可以看出样品具有较好的结晶性。
图5为实施例5得到的粉末X射线衍射图,从图中可以看出样品具有较好的结晶性。
图6为实施例6得到的粉末X射线衍射图,从图中可以看出样品具有较好的结晶性。
图7为实施例1-6光催化产氢性能测试的结果图,从图中可以看出所有的结晶性共价三嗪框架材料均表现出光催化产氢性能。当醛基单体为三(4-甲酰苯基)胺时(实施例6),按照上述方法制备得到的结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料制用作光催化剂时催化效率比其它醛基单体制得的有机框架材料高出3-7倍,三(4-甲酰苯基)胺的结构中的N原子比其它结构的供电子能力更强,更有利于光生电子的传输。
本领域的技术人员容易理解,以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将醛基化合物、脒基化合物和无机盐加入到溶剂中混合均匀,使醛基化合物和脒基化合物发生缩聚反应生成初产物;
(2)将初产物进行清洗,去除无机盐,获得结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料;
其中,所述醛基化合物的化学式中含有2个以上的醛基,所述脒基化合物的化学式中含有2个以上的脒基。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述醛基化合物中含有芳香环。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述醛基化合物对苯二甲醛、4,4’-联苯二甲醛、2,2'-联吡啶-5,5'-二甲醛、噻吩并[3,2-b]噻吩-2,5-二甲醛,1,3,5-三(对甲酰基苯基)苯和三(4-甲酰苯基)胺等二元或多元醛基单体中的一种或多种。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述脒基化合物中含有芳香环。
5.根据权利要求4所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述脒基化合物为对苯二甲脒、联苯二甲脒中的一种。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述无机盐的物质的量为所述醛基化合物的物质的量的1-2000倍。
7.根据权利要求6所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述无机盐为水溶性无机盐,作为优选,所述无机盐为氯化钠、氯化钾、硝酸钠、硫酸钠、氯化铵、氯化锂、碳酸钠、碳酸钾中的一种或多种。
8.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述缩聚反应的温度为100-180℃,所述溶剂为二甲基亚砜和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中的一种。
9.一种结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料,其特征在于,根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的制备方法制备而成。
10.根据权利要求9所述的结晶性共价三嗪有机框架材料的应用,其特征在于,所述应用包括作为光催化剂用于光解水制氢。
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