CN112312901A - Ras癌蛋白抑制剂及其制备方法和使用方法 - Google Patents
Ras癌蛋白抑制剂及其制备方法和使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112312901A CN112312901A CN201980038063.7A CN201980038063A CN112312901A CN 112312901 A CN112312901 A CN 112312901A CN 201980038063 A CN201980038063 A CN 201980038063A CN 112312901 A CN112312901 A CN 112312901A
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Abstract
Description
政府权利
本发明是在美国政府的支持下完成的:由美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)资助,项目编号RR018733。美国政府对本发明拥有一定的权利。
背景技术
RAS是人类癌症中最常见的癌基因。三种人类RAS癌基因亚型中的一种亚型(KRAS、HRAS或NRAS)的激活突变约占所有癌症的四分之一[1]。KRAS还存在于两种选择性剪接形式,称为KRAS4A和KRAS4B。例如,在98%的胰腺导管腺癌、52%的结肠癌和32%的肺腺癌中发现KRAS突变体[1]。仅这三种癌症类型,就意味着美国每年有超过170,000人被诊断出患有KRAS突变型癌症,并导致超过120,000人的死亡[2]。目前尚无FDA批准的直接RAS蛋白抑制剂。已经有靶向RAS下游信号的药物,但其表现出令人失望的临床活性,这很可能是因为RAS是激活多个效应器的“中枢”(图2A),阻断任何一条(甚至两条)途径都将是无效的。
RAS是一种作为开关的G蛋白,当与鸟苷核苷酸、GTP或GDP结合时,在“开”和“关”之间切换。癌症中发现的RAS突变导致蛋白质在大多数情况下处于开启状态(即与GTP结合)。大多数药物靶点是具有明确“口袋”的蛋白质,可以被小分子靶向,如酶(底物结合位点)或激酶(ATP结合位点)。RAS缺乏这样的口袋,因此更难直接瞄准。
RAS抑制剂是已知的,但均未被批准用于治疗。KRAS(G12C),作为一种单特异性KRAS突变的抑制剂,能够抑制具有G12C突变的肿瘤细胞系,在1~10μM的浓度下可导致30%的细胞凋亡[3]。此外,Kobe0065和Kobe2602两种小分子RAS抑制剂可有效抑制HRAS转化的NIH 3T3细胞的锚定依赖性和非依赖性生长,其IC50值为2~10μM[4]。最近,一种小分子pan-RAS在体内异种移植小鼠癌症模型中显示出有效性[5]。
发明内容
一种用于治疗与RAS的激活突变相关的疾病、或用于治疗可通过降低RAS活性而治疗的疾病的化合物,选自式(Ⅰ)的化合物,
其盐及酯。所述化合物在癌症治疗中效果显著。
定义
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“烷基”是指一价、直链或支链的烃链。例如,术语“C1-C7烷基”或“C1-C4烷基”是指分别具有1至7个(如1、2、3、4、5、6或7),或1到4个(如1、2、3或4)碳原子的直链或支链饱和烃基。C1-C7烷基的实例包括但不限于甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、仲戊基、正己基和正庚基(n-septyl)。C1-C4烷基的实例包括但不限于甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、仲丁基和叔丁基。
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“烯基”是指含有一个或多个(如1、2、3或4个)双键的一价、直链或支链烃链。烯基的实例包括但不限于乙烯基、烯丙基、1-丙烯基、2-丙烯基、1-丁烯基、2-丁烯基、3-丁烯基、1-戊烯基、2-戊烯基、3-戊烯基、4-戊烯基、1-己烯基、2-己烯基、3-己烯基、4-己烯基和5-己烯基。
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“烷氧基”是指通过氧原子(烷基-O-)连接到分子其余部分的任何上述烷基。烷氧基的实例包括但不限于甲氧基(有时以MeO-表示)、乙氧基、异丙氧基、丙氧基和丁氧基。
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“炔基”是指含有一个或多个(如1、2、3或4个)三键的一价、直链或支链烃链,并且还可以任选地在链中包含一个或多个(如1、2、3或4个)双键。炔基的实例包括但不限于乙炔基、1-丙炔基、2-丙炔基、1-丁炔基、2-丁炔基、3-丁炔基、1-戊炔基、2-戊炔基、3-戊炔基、4-戊炔基、1-己炔基、2-己炔基、3-己炔基、4-己炔基和5-己炔基。
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“芳基”是指未取代时具有一价,5、6、7、8、9、10、11或12元的单环或双环的芳烃基团。芳基的实例包括但不限于苯基、萘基、甲苯基和二甲苯基。对于双环芳基,可以被单环取代或双环同时被取代。
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“环烷基”是具有一价,3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11或12元的单环或双环的烃基。可以是饱和环或部分不饱和环。环烷基的实例包括但不限于环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基、环庚基、环辛基和双环烷基(如诸如[2.2.2]双环辛烷或[3.3.0]双环辛烷的双环辛烷、诸如[4.3.0]双环壬烷的双环壬烷,以及诸如[4.4.0]双环癸烷(十氢化萘)的双环癸烷,或螺环化合物)。对于单环环烷基,环不是芳环。对于双环环烷基,如果一个环是芳环,则另一个环不是芳环。双环环烷基,可以被单环取代或双环同时被取代。
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“卤素”是指一价Cl、F、Br或I。
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“杂芳基”是指具有一价,5、6、7、8、9、10、11或12元的单环或双环的烃基,其中1、2、3、4、5或6个碳原子独立地选自氮原子、氧原子或硫原子的杂原子取代,并且单环或双环的环系结构为芳环。杂芳基的实例包括但不限于噻吩基(或噻吩)、呋喃基、吲哚基、吡咯基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、恶唑基、噻唑基(thiaxolyl)、喹啉基、嘧啶基、咪唑基、1-甲基咪唑基、三唑基、四唑基、1H-吡唑-4-基、1-甲基-吡唑-4-基、吡啶-3-基、吡啶-4-基、3,5-二甲基异恶唑基、1H-吡咯-3-基、3,5-二-甲基-吡唑基和1H-吡唑-4-基。对于双环杂芳基,如果一个环是芳基,则另一个是杂芳基。对于双环杂芳基,一个或两个环可以有一个或多个杂原子。对于双环杂芳基,一个或两个环可以被取代。N-杂芳基是指包含一个或多个(如1、2、3、4、5或6个)N原子的杂芳基;N-杂芳基也可以包含其他杂原子。O-杂芳基是指包含一个或多个(如1、2、3、4、5或6个)O原子的杂芳基;O-杂芳基也可以包含其他杂原子。S-杂芳基是指包含一个或多个(如1、2、3、4、5或6个)S原子的杂芳基;S-杂芳基也可以包含其他杂原子。
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“杂环基”是指具有一价,5、6、7、8、9、10、11或12元的单环或双环的烃基,其中1、2、3、4、5或6个碳原子独立地选自氮原子、氧原子或硫原子的杂原子取代,并且单环或双环的环系结构不为芳环。杂环基的实例包括但不限于苯并二氧杂环基、四氢吡喃基、吡咯烷基(如吡咯烷-1-基、吡咯烷-2-基、吡咯烷-3-基或吡咯烷-4-基)、哌嗪基(如哌嗪-1-基、哌嗪-2-基、哌嗪-3-基或哌嗪-4-基)、哌啶基(如哌啶-1-基、哌啶-2-基、哌啶-3-基或哌啶-4-基)、氮丙啶基(azepanyl)(如氮杂-1-基、氮杂-2-基、氮杂-3-基、氮杂-4-基或氮杂-5-基)、偶氮酰基(如偶氮-1-基、偶氮-2-基、偶氮-3-基、偶氮-4-基、偶氮-5-基、偶氮-6-基或偶氮-7-基)、偶氮萘酰基(如1-偶氮基)和吗啉基(如吗啉-1-基、吗啉-2-基、吗啉-3-基或吗啉-4-基,)。对于双环杂环基,如果一个环为芳环(如单环芳基或杂芳基),则另一个环不为芳基。对于双环杂环基,一个或两个环可以有一个或多个杂原子。对于双环杂环基,可以被单环取代或双环同时取代。N-杂环基是指包含一个或多个(如1、2、3、4、5或6个)N原子的杂环基;N-杂环基也可以包含其他杂原子。O-杂环基是指包含一个或多个(如1、2、3、4、5或6个)O原子的杂环基;O-杂环基也可以包含其他杂原子。S-杂环基是指包含一个或多个(如1、2、3、4、5或6个)S原子的杂环基;S-杂环基也可以包含其他杂原子。
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“杂原子”是指选自N原子、O原子或S原子的原子。
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“羟基”或“羟”表示一价-OH的存在。
如本文所用(除非另有说明),术语“取代的”(例如,如在取代的烷基中)是指化学基团(具有一个或多个氢原子)的一个或多个氢原子可以被一个或多个特定的非氢取代基替代。替代可以在一个或多个位置发生。术语“任选被取代的”是指化学基团(具有一个或多个氢原子)的一个或多个氢原子可以被取代,但不必须被取代。
本发明的一些化合物可以具有一个或多个手性中心,对于一个或多个手性中心中的任何一个,可以以旋光形式和外消旋形式存在并被分离。一些化合物可能表现出多态性。本发明的化合物包括任何光学活性物质、外消旋物或其混合物。如果手性中心不提供其化学结构构型(即,R或S)的指示,应该认为它代表R、S或外消旋物。当结构式没有指定手性中心的手性时,应该被认为代表R、S或外消旋物。
除非另有说明,所有含碳基团可以含有1至20个碳原子。
肿瘤和癌症包括实体瘤、增生性组织改变和弥漫性肿瘤。肿瘤和癌症的实例包括黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤、浆细胞瘤、肉瘤、神经胶质瘤、胸腺瘤、白血病、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、结肠癌、肝癌、食道癌、脑癌、肺癌、卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌、膀胱癌、肾癌、宫颈癌、肝癌和其他肿瘤。关于肿瘤和癌症的更多实例参见,例如Stedman[13]。
“治疗肿瘤”或“治疗癌症”是指显著抑制肿瘤或癌症的生长和/或转移。生长抑制可以通过减少肿瘤体积或减少转移的发生来表示。例如,可以通过常规程序检查肿瘤体积(例如用卡尺(dial caliper)获得二维测量值)来确定肿瘤生长。可以通过检查次级部位的肿瘤细胞或在体外检查活组织肿瘤细胞的转移潜能来确定转移。
“化疗剂”是一种可有效治疗人类癌症的化合物。
“药学上可接受的载体”包括与药物施用相容的任何和所有溶剂、分散介质、包衣、抗细菌和抗真菌剂、等渗剂和吸收延迟剂。这种载体或稀释剂的优选实例包括水、盐水、林格氏溶液和葡萄糖溶液,以及固体赋形剂。补充活性化合物也可以加入到组合物中。
“药物”、“治疗组合物”和“药物组合物”可互换使用,以表示在受试者中发挥治疗作用的化合物、物质、混合物或制剂。
如本文所用,RAS指基因的所有形式,包括KRAS、HRAS、NRAS,而KRAS指KRAS4A和KRAS4B。
附图说明
图1是在不同类型癌症中KRAS突变体的患病率图表。
图2A示出RAS作为激活多个效应器的“中枢”的图解。
图2B示出了RAS结合RalGDS蛋白的途径。
图3示出了小分子RAS抑制剂F3对致瘤表型Mia PaCa-2的特异性抑制图。
图4示出小分子RAS抑制剂F3对致瘤表型A549的特异性抑制图。
图5示出了10μM的F3对在塑料平皿上进行二维培养的Mia PaCa-2细胞的正常生长/存活的影响情况图。
图6示出了10μM的F3对在塑料平皿上进行二维培养的A549细胞的正常生长/存活的影响情况图。
图7示出了F3对野生型RAS激活的肿瘤细胞的有效性。
图8示出了野生型RAS激活的肿瘤细胞在塑料平皿上进行二维培养的正常生长/存活情况图。
图9示出了F3诱导的高水平失巢凋亡图。
图10示出了在三维软琼脂药物筛选中与F3一起测试的浓度为6.6μM的12种化合物(JAB-6化合物)的结果。
图11示出了在三维软琼脂药物筛选中以0.5μM浓度测试JAB-6-158和JAB-6-160的结果。
图12示出了以DMSO(对照)、F3和JAB-6-5处理的恶性外周神经鞘瘤细胞(MPNST肿瘤细胞)和Mia-Paca-2细胞在软琼脂中的菌落照片。
图13示出了应用NCI-H441细胞系进行异种肿瘤移植的NRG小鼠的F3体内测试结果图。
图14示出了应用Mia-Paca-2细胞系进行异种肿瘤移植的NRG小鼠的F3体内测试结果图。
图15示出了应用Mia-Paca-2细胞系进行异种肿瘤移植的NRG小鼠的F3体内测试结果图。
图16示出了F3/F3a衍生物与重组K-RAS蛋白直接结合的图。
图17示出了CD1小鼠体内RAS抑制剂的血浆浓度图。
图18示出了CD1小鼠体内RAS抑制剂在脑中的浓度图。
图19示出了口服给药后CD1小鼠体内RAS抑制剂的血浆浓度图。
图20示出了F3对肝功能的影响图。
图21示出了F3对肾功能的影响图。
具体实施方式
本申请基于小分子的开发,所述小分子是蛋白质相互作用(PPI)的抑制剂,可阻断RAS与其效应蛋白的结合。对超过一百万种化合物的数据库进行计算机分析发现了许多潜在的抑制剂。对得到的排名最高的潜在抑制剂进行测试,以识别先导化合物。在体外和体内制备和测试了先导化合物的变体,鉴定出RAS抑制剂家族。
由于HRAS与RALGDS复合体的结构是已知的,所以应用RAS的此种形式进行计算机分析。然而,对化合物活性的测试是针对更重要的K-RAS异构体的。无论如何,不同形式之间的大部分序列是高度保守的,并且不同形式的RAS之间的差异位于被认为对结合没有太大影响的区域,因此预期不同形式的化合物对RAS抑制的影响不会有显著变化。
所鉴定的化合物直接与RAS结合,并阻断其效应物相互作用与信号传导活性。它们在不抑制正常细胞生长和存活的情况下阻断RAS的转化活性。此外,它们可以通过失巢凋亡(至少部分地)起作用,并抑制体内肿瘤的形成。
H-RAS参考序列:MTEYKLVVVGAGGVGKSALTIQLIQNHFVDKYDPTIEDSYRKQVVIDGETCLLDILDTAGQEEYSAMRDQYMRTGEGFLCVFAINNTKSFEDIHQYREQIKRVKDSDDVPMVLVGNKCDLAARTVESRQAQDLARSYGIPYIETSAKTRQGVEDAFYTLVREIRQHK。
K-RAS4B参考序列:MTEYKLVVVG AGGVGKSALT IQLIQNHFVD EYDPTIEDSYRKQVVIDGETCLLDILDTAG QEEYSAMRDQ YMRTGEGFLC VFAINNTKSF EDIHHYREQI KRVKDSEDVP MVLVGNKCDLPSRTVDTKQA QDLARSYGIP FIETSAKTRQ GVDDAFYTLVREIRKHKEKM SKDGKKKKKK SKTKCVIM。
RAS参考序列与其共轭体RalGEF结合的目标区域为:ILE 21、ILE 24、GLN 25、HIS27、VAL 29、LYS 31、ASP 33、PRO 34、THR 35、ILE 36、GLU 37、ASP 38、SER 39、TYR 40、ARG41、LYS 42、LEU 56、TYR 64和MET 67。
其他目标区域的RAS参考序列的口袋和残基:GLY 13、GLY 15、LYS 16、SER 17、ALA18、LEU 19、ILE 21、GLN 22、HIS 27、PHE 28、VAL 29、ASP 30、LYS 31、TYR 32、ASP 33、PRO34、THR 35、ASP 38、TYR 40、ASP 57和ALA 146。
图2B示出了RAS结合RalGDS蛋白并激活它们的途径。在图中,F3代表阻断RAS与效应蛋白结合的RAS抑制剂。
RAS抑制剂选自式(Ⅰ)所示的化合物,
包括其光学异构体及其盐类和酯类。R1、R2和X1具有以下含义:
R1为一价H、羧基(-CO2H)、硝基(-NO2)、磺基(-SO3H)、卤素(例如F、Cl、Br或I)、芳基(如苯基)、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基(如吡啶基)、-(C1-C3)烷基-芳基(如-甲基-苯基)、-(C1-C3)烷基-环烷基、-(C1-C3)烷基-杂环基、-(C1-C3)烷基-杂芳基、C1-C8烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7或C8烷基)、C2-C8烯基(例如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7或C8烯基)、C2-C8炔基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7或C8炔基)、或C1-C7烷氧基(C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7烷氧基),其中,芳基(如苯基)、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基(如吡啶基),-(C1-C3)烷基-芳基(如-甲基-苯基)、-(C1-C3)烷基-环烷基、(C1-C3)烷基-杂环基、(C1-C3)烷基-杂芳基、C1-C7烷基、C2-C7烯基、C2-C7炔基或C1-C6烷氧基可以任选被一个或多个(如0、1、2、3、4、5或6个)卤素(如F、Cl、Br或I)、羟基(-OH)、C1-C5烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4或C5烷基)、C1-C4烷氧基(C1、C2、C3或C4烷氧基)、甲醇基(-COH)、羧基(-CO2H)、硝基(-NO2)、氰基(-CN)、氨基(-NH2)、氨甲酰基(-CONH2)、乙炔基(-CCH)、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基(-SO3H)取代。
X1是二价-(NH)-、-(CH2)-、-(NHCH2)-、-(CH2NH)-、-(C2H4)-、-(C2H2)-、-(C2)-、-O-、-O-(CH2)-、-(CH2)-O-、-S-、-S-(CH2)-,或-(CH2)-S-,其中,-(NH)-、-(CH2)-、-(NHCH2)-、-(CH2NH)-、-(C2H4)-、-(C2H2)-、-O-(CH2)-O-、-(CH2)-O-、-S-(CH2)-,或-(CH2)-S-可任选地被一个或多个(如0、1、2、3或4个)卤素(如F、Cl、Br或I)、羟基(-OH)、-RX、甲醇基(-COH)、羧基(-CO2H)、硝基(-NO2)、氰基(-CN)、氨基(-NH2)、氨甲酰基(-CONH2)、乙炔基(-CCH)、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基(-SO3H)取代。
RX是C1-C8烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7或C8烷基)、C2-C8烯基(例如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7或C8烯基)、C2-C8炔基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7或C8炔基)或C1-C7烷氧基(C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7烷氧基),其中C1-C8烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7或C8烷基)、C2-C8烯基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7或C8烯基)、C2-C8炔基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7或C8炔基)或C1-C7烷氧基(C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7烷氧基)可任选地被一个或多个(如0、1、2、3或4个)卤素(如F、Cl、Br或I)、羟基(-OH)、C1-C4烷基(如C1、C2、C3或C4烷基)、C2-C4烯基(如C2、C3或C4烯基)、C2-C4炔基(如C2、C3或C4炔基)、C1-C4烷氧基(C1、C2、C3或C4烷氧基)、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、甲醇基(-COH)、羧基(-CO2H)、硝基(-NO2)、氰基(-CN)、氨基(-NH2)、氨甲酰基(-CONH2)、乙炔基(-CCH)、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基(-SO3H)取代。
R2是芳基(如苯基)、环烷基、杂环基(如苯并二氧乙烯基(benzodioxolyl))、杂芳基(如吡啶基),-(C1-C3)烷基-芳基(如-甲基-苯基)、-(C1-C3)烷基-环烷基、(C1-C3)烷基-杂环基(如-甲基苯并二氧乙烯基(-methyl-benzodioxolyl)),或-(C1-C3)烷基-杂芳基,其中芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基(如吡啶基),-(C1-C3)烷基-芳基(如-甲基-苯基)、-(C1-C3)烷基-环烷基、(C1-C3)烷基-杂环基(如-甲基苯并二氧乙烯基(-methyl-benzodioxolyl))或-(C1-C3)烷基-杂芳基,可以任选地被一个或多个(如0、1、2、3、4、5或6个)卤素(如F、Cl、Br或I)、羟基(-OH)、C1-C16烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14、C15或C16烷基)、C2-C16烯基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14、C15或C16烯基)、C2-C16炔基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14、C15或C16炔基)、C1-C15烷氧基(C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14或C15烷氧基)、甲醇基(-COH)、羧基(-CO2H)、硝基(-NO2)、氰基(-CN)、氨基(-NH2)、氨甲酰基(-CONH2)、乙炔基(-CCH)、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3、磺基(-SO3H)、-SO2-R3、-(C=O)-R3或-O-R3取代。
R3是-NRaRb、芳基、环烷基(如环庚基)、杂环基(如1-氮杂基(1-azepanyl))、杂芳基(如吡啶基)、C1-C7烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7烷基)、C2-C7烯基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7烯基)、C2-C7炔基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7炔基)、或C1-C6烷氧基(C1、C2、C3、C4、C5或C6烷氧基),其中,芳基、环烷基(如环庚基)、杂环基(如1-氮杂基(1-azepanyl))、杂芳基(如吡啶基)、C1-C7烷基、C2-C7烯基、C2-C7炔基或C1-C6烷氧基可以任选地被一个或多个(如0、1、2、3、4、5或6个)卤素(如F、Cl、Br或I)、羟基(-OH)、C1-C5烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4或C5烷基)、C1-C4烷氧基(C1、C2、C3或C4烷氧基)、甲醇基(-COH)、羧基(-CO2H)、硝基(-NO2)、氰基(-CN)、氨基(-NH2)、氨甲酰基(-CONH2)、乙炔基(-CCH)、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基(-SO3H)取代。
Ra是一价的H、芳基(如苯基)、环烷基(如环己基)、杂环基、杂芳基(如吡啶基)、C1-C7烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7烷基)、C2-C7烯基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7烯基)、C2-C7炔基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7炔基)、或C1-C6烷氧基(C1、C2、C3、C4、C5或C6烷氧基),其中H、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基(如吡啶基和1-甲基咪唑基)、C1-C7烷基、C2-C7烯基、C2-C7炔基或C1-C6烷氧基可以任选被一个或多个(如0、1、2、3、4、5或6个)卤素(如F、Cl、Br或I)、羟基(-OH)、C1-C5烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4或C5烷基)、C1-C4烷氧基(C1、C2、C3或C4烷氧基)、甲醇基(-COH)、羧基(-CO2H)、硝基(-NO2)、氰基(-CN)、氨基(-NH2)、氨甲酰基(-CONH2)、乙炔基(-CCH)、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基(-SO3H)取代。
Rb是一价的H、芳基(如苯基)、环烷基(如环己基)、杂环基、杂芳基(如吡啶基)、C1-C7烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7烷基)、C2-C7烯基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7烯基)、C2-C7炔基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6或C7炔基)、或C1-C6烷氧基(C1、C2、C3、C4、C5或C6烷氧基),其中H、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基(如吡啶基和1-甲基咪唑基)、C1-C7烷基、C2-C7烯基、C2-C7炔基或C1-C6烷氧基可以任选被一个或多个(如0、1、2、3、4、5或6个)卤素(如F、Cl、Br或I)、羟基(-OH)、C1-C5烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4或C5烷基)、C1-C4烷氧基(C1、C2、C3或C4烷氧基)、甲醇基(-COH)、羧基(-CO2H)、硝基(-NO2)、氰基(-CN)、氨基(-NH2)、氨甲酰基(-CONH2)、乙炔基(-CCH)、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基(-SO3H)取代。
如果R2包括一个或多个甲醇基(-COH)、羧基(-CO2H)、氨基(-NH2)、C1-C16烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14、C15或C16烷基)、C2-C16烯基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14、C15或C16烯基)、C2-C16炔基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14、C15或C16炔基)、C1-C15烷氧基(C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14或C15烷氧基)取代,然后每个甲醇基(-COH)、羧基(-CO2H)、氨基(-NH2)、C1-C16烷基(如C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14、C15或C16烷基)、C2-C16烯基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14、C15或C16烯基)、C2-C16炔基(如C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14、C15或C16炔基)、C1-C15烷氧基(C1、C2、C3、C4、C5、C6、C7、C8、C9、C10、C11、C12、C13、C14或C15烷氧基)可以独立地且任选地被一个或多个(如0、1、2、3、4、5或6个)卤素(如F、Cl、Br或I)、羟基(-OH)、C1-C4烷基(如C1、C2、C3或C4烷基)、C2-C4烯基(如C2、C3或C4烯基)、C2-C4炔基(如C2、C3或C4炔基)、C1-C4烷氧基(C1、C2、C3或C4烷氧基)、甲醇基(-COH)、羧基(-CO2H)、硝基(-NO2)、氰基(-CN)、氨基(-NH2)、-NH(C1-C4烷基)(如-NHCH2CH3),-N(C1-C4烷基)(C1-C4烷基)(如-N(CH3)2)、氨基甲酰基(-CONH2)、乙炔基(-CCH)、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3、磺基(-SO3H)或-Rc取代。
对于每个选择,Rc可以相同或不同,并且可以是-CO-OCH3(甲基羧基)、-CO-NRfRg、-SO2-NRfRg、-NRfRg、-NH-CO-CH3、-NH-CO-NRfRg、-NH-CO-OCH3、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、5-7元单环杂环基、5-7元单环杂芳基、四唑基(如5-四唑基、2-四唑基或1-四唑基)、三唑基(如1-三唑基、2-三唑基或4-三唑基)、咪唑基(如1-咪唑基)、吡咯基(如1-吡咯基)、吡咯烷基(如1-吡咯烷基)、哌啶基(如1-哌啶基)、哌嗪基(如1-哌嗪基)、吗啉基(如4-吗啉基)、吡啶基(如2-吡啶基)、吡嗪基(如2-吡嗪基)、嘧啶基(如4-嘧啶基)、噻吩基、呋喃基、吡喃基、吡唑基、异噻唑基、异恶唑基、哒嗪基、呋喃基(furazanyl)、吡咯烷基、咪唑烷基、咪唑啉基、吡唑烷基或吡唑啉基,其中-CO-OCH3(甲基羧基)、-CO-NRfRg、-SO2-NRfRg、-NRfRg、-NH-CO-CH3、-NH-CO-NRfRg、-NH-CO-OCH3、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、5-7元单环杂环基、5-7元单环杂芳基、四唑基(如5-四唑基、2-四唑基或1-四唑基)、三唑基(如1-三唑基、2-三唑基或4-三唑基)、咪唑基(如1-咪唑基)、吡咯基(如1-吡咯基)、吡咯烷基(如1-吡咯烷基)、哌啶基(如1-哌啶基)、哌嗪基(如1-哌嗪基)、吗啉基(如4-吗啉基)、吡啶基(如2-吡啶基)、吡嗪基(如2-吡嗪基)、嘧啶基(如4-嘧啶基)、噻吩基、呋喃基、吡喃基、吡唑基、异噻唑基、异恶唑基、哒嗪基、呋喃氮基(furazanyl)、吡咯烷基、咪唑烷基、咪唑啉基、吡唑烷基或吡唑啉基可以任选地被一个或多个(如0、1、2、3、4、5、6或7个)卤素(如F、Cl、Br或I)、羟基(-OH)、C1-C4烷基(如C1、C2、C3或C4烷基)、C2-C4烯基(如C2、C3或C4烯基)、C2-C4炔基(如C2、C3或C4炔基)、C1-C4烷氧基(C1、C2、C3或C4烷氧基)、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、甲醇基(-COH)、羧基(-CO2H)、硝基(-NO2)、氰基(-CN)、氨基(-NH2)、氨基甲酰基(-CONH2)、乙炔基(-CCH)、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基(-SO3H)取代。
对于每个选择,Rf可以相同或不同,并且可以是H或C1-C4烷基(如C1、C2、C3或C4烷基)。对于每个选择,Rg可以相同或不同,并且可以是H或C1-C4烷基(如C1、C2、C3或C4烷基)。
一方面,式(Ⅰ)化合物可能不包括F3:
优选地,X1是被RX或-(CH2-)取代的-NH-。优选地,R1是间位被卤素、芳基取代的芳基,间位被C1烷基取代的芳基,邻位被卤素取代的芳基,间位被-CF3取代的芳基,对位被C1烷基取代的芳基,间位被C1烷氧基取代的芳基,对位被C1烷氧基取代的芳基,邻位被C1烷基取代的芳基,间位被一个卤素、C3烷基或C4烷基取代的烷基-芳基,其中卤素优选为F。优选地,R2是间位被SO2-R3取代且对位被C1烷基取代的芳基,间位被SO2-R3取代的芳基,间位被-(C=O)-R3取代且对位被C1烷基、芳基、烷基-杂环基(如甲基苯并二氧乙烯基(-methyl-benzodioxolyl))、杂环基(如苯并二氧乙烯基(-benzodioxolyl))取代的芳基,间位被SO2-R3取代且邻位被C1烷基取代的芳基,间位被SO2-R3取代且对位被C3烷基取代的芳基,间位被SO2-R3取代且对位被C2烷氧基取代的芳基,间位被SO2-R3取代且对位被-O((CH2)2)-N(CH3)2取代的芳基,间位被SO2-R3取代且对位被C5烷氧基取代的芳基、间位被SO2-R3取代且对位被-O((CH2)3)-N(CH3)2取代的芳基、间位被SO2-R3取代且对位被-O((CH2)6)-N(CH3)2取代的芳基、间位被SO2-R3取代且对位被-O((CH2)8)-N(CH3)2取代的芳基、间位被SO2-R3取代且对位被-O((CH2)4)-N(CH3)2取代的芳基,或间位被SO2-R3取代且对位被-C2烷氧基取代的芳基。优选地,RX是甲基。优选R3是C4-7杂环基、具有Ra C2烷基和Rb C2烷基的-NRaRb,具有Ra C3烷基和Rb H的-NRaRb,具有Ra环烷基和Rb H的-NRaRb,或具有Ra环芳基和Rb H的-NRaRb。还包括R1、R2、X1、RX和R3的优选选择的所有排列和组合。
优选地,所述化合物能够与RAS序列或RAS序列的一个或多个氨基酸相互作用,特别是所述化合物适于或能够与以下一个或多个RAS参考序列中的氨基酸相互作用(例如,通过共价键、离子键、范德华力、疏水相互作用、空间相互作用、亲水相互作用、氢键或其组合):ILE 21、ILE 24、GLN 25、HIS 27、VAL 29、LYS 31、ASP 33、PRO 34、THR 35、ILE 36、GLU37、ASP 38、SER 39、TYR 40、ARG 41、LYS 42、LEU 56、TYR 64、MET 67、GLY 13、GLY 15、LYS16、SER 17、ALA 18、LEU 19、ILE 21、GLN 22、HIS 27、PHE 28、VAL 29、ASP 30、LYS 31、TYR32、ASP 33、PRO 34、THR 35、ASP 38、TYR 40、ASP 57或ALA 146。
一种与激活RAS突变相关或可通过降低RAS活性来治疗的疾病,包括癌症和肿瘤,特别是那些已被鉴定为可激活RAS突变的癌症和肿瘤。可能需要应用RAS抑制剂治疗之前测试患者的活检样品,例如通过检测样品中一种或多种突变的RAS基因。图1列出了已发现具有KRAS基因突变体的多种癌症和肿瘤。可以应用RAS抑制剂治疗的其他疾病包括毛细血管畸形-AV畸形综合征、自身免疫性淋巴细胞增生综合征、心外膜综合征、1型遗传性牙龈纤维瘤病、1型神经纤维瘤病、努南(noonan)综合征、科斯特洛综合症(costello syndrome)、Legius综合征和努南(noonan)综合征伴多发雀斑样痣。
RAS抑制剂可以作为药物组合物给药。药物组合物配制成适宜其预期给药途径,包括静脉内、皮内、皮下、口服、吸入、透皮、经粘膜和直肠给药。给药后可进行功效测试,然后进行一个或多个给药和测试步骤。
“药学上可接受的载体”包括适宜于药物施用的任何及所有溶剂、分散介质、包衣、抗细菌和抗真菌剂、等渗剂和吸收延迟剂、固体赋形剂等。这种载体或稀释剂的优选实例包括水、盐水、林格氏溶液和葡萄糖溶液。也可以将补充活性化合物加入组合物中。用于肠胃外给药的溶液和悬浮液可以包括无菌稀释剂,例如注射用水、盐溶液、聚乙二醇、甘油、丙二醇或其他合成溶剂;抗菌剂,如苯甲醇或对羟基苯甲酸甲酯;抗氧化剂,如抗坏血酸或亚硫酸氢钠;缓冲剂如醋酸盐、柠檬酸盐或磷酸盐,以及用于调节张力的试剂如氯化钠或葡萄糖。酸碱度可以用酸或碱调节,如盐酸或氢氧化钠。肠胃外制剂可以装在安瓿、一次性注射器或由玻璃或塑料制成的多剂量小瓶中。
药物组合物配制成适宜于其预期给药途径,包括静脉内、皮内、皮下、口服、吸入、透皮、经粘膜和直肠给药。用于胃肠外、皮内或皮下给药的溶液和悬浮液可以包括无菌稀释剂,例如注射用水、盐溶液、聚乙二醇、甘油、丙二醇或其他合成溶剂;抗菌剂,如苯甲醇或对羟基苯甲酸甲酯;抗氧化剂,如抗坏血酸或亚硫酸氢钠;缓冲剂如醋酸盐、柠檬酸盐或磷酸盐,以及用于调节张力的试剂如氯化钠或葡萄糖。酸碱度可以用酸或碱调节,如盐酸或氢氧化钠。
给药方式优选为口服给药,包括散剂、片剂、胶囊、口服溶液剂、悬浮剂、舌下片或口含片。替代的给药形式包括直肠栓剂、吸入剂、硬膜外剂、皮下剂、鼻腔喷雾剂、经粘膜剂和皮内制剂。优选以单位剂型给药。单位剂型的实例包括口服组合物,例如片剂(如舌下片或口颊片剂)、胶囊剂(例如硬胶囊剂和软胶囊剂)、经粘膜和舌下贴剂及膜剂、预先计量的散剂包装和小袋、调味和/或增甜的水溶液或悬浮液。优选地,口服单位剂型以每天一次的剂量存在。赋形剂和佐剂也可以包含在口服和非口服的任何单位剂型中。
可以提供包含2~30、3~25或5~14个单位剂型(例如6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、15、20、40、50或60个单位剂型)的多剂型,例如试剂盒。优选地,多剂型包含足够的单位剂型,以在2~30、3~25或7~14天(例如4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、20或30天)的时间内施用。
适于注射的药物组合物包括用于临时制备无菌注射溶液或分散体的无菌水溶液或分散体。适于注射的药物组合物中可包含各种赋形剂。对于静脉给药,适宜的载体包括生理盐水、抑菌水、CREMOPHOR(BASF;Parsippany,NJ)或磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。在所有情况下,组合物必须是无菌的,并且应该为液体,以便应用注射器给药。这种组合物在生产和储存过程中应该是稳定的,并且必须防止微生物如细菌和真菌的污染。各种抗菌剂和抗真菌剂,例如对羟基苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、苯酚、抗坏血酸和硫柳汞,均可能含有微生物污染物。组合物中可以包括等渗剂如糖、多元醇如甘露醇、山梨醇和氯化钠。能够延迟吸收的组合物包括诸如单硬脂酸铝和明胶之类的试剂。无菌注射液可通过将所需量的化合物和任选的其它治疗成分与所需的一种或多种成分混合在适宜的溶剂中,然后灭菌来制备。用于制备无菌注射液的无菌固体的制备方法包括,通过真空干燥和冷冻干燥以产生固体。
局部应用可能对皮肤中存在的癌症和潜在的恶性肿瘤有效,例如黑色素瘤、脂溢性角化病和光化性角化病。用于局部给药的组合物可以是乳膏或洗剂的形式。
每种RAS抑制剂化合物的适宜剂量水平通常为每kg患者体重约0.01~约500mg。优选地,剂量水平为约0.1~约250mg/kg;更优选约0.5~约100mg/kg。适宜的剂量水平可以是约0.01~250mg/kg、约0.05~100mg/kg或约0.1~50mg/kg。在该范围内,剂量可以是0.05~0.5mg/kg、0.5~5mg/kg或5~50mg/kg。虽然每种类型的药物组合物可以以每天1~4次(例如每天1次或2次)的方案给药,但是给药的具体频率将取决于RAS抑制剂的体内半衰期。因此,每种RAS抑制剂可以每天给药一次、每周给药一次、每两或三周给药一次、每月给药一次或每60至90天给药一次。
然而,对于任何特定患者而言,具体的剂量水平和给药频率可以改变,并且取决于多种因素,包括所用具体化合物的活性、该化合物的代谢稳定性和作用时间、年龄、体重、一般健康状况、性别、饮食、给药方式和时间、排泄速率、药物联用、特定病症的严重程度以及接受治疗的患者。
本申请中记载的动物模型中有效剂量的数据也可用于确定人体中的有效剂量。可从美国卫生和公众服务部获得建议[14]。
可以通过检查癌症向身体不同部位(尤其是淋巴结)的扩散情况来测试施用RAS抑制剂的受试者,以确定其是否有效治疗癌症。可以使用任何适宜的诊断方法测试,例如活检、内窥镜检查、血液测试或诊断成像测试,例如X射线或CT扫描。RAS抑制剂的施用和随后的测试可以重复进行,直到获得所需的治疗结果。同样,可以对受试者进行测试,以确定潜在的恶性肿瘤、癌症或赘生物是否已通过肿瘤、癌症或赘生物的尺寸缩小或消失而得到有效治疗。
本文所述的药物组合物可进一步包含其它具有治疗活性的化合物,其和/或可与本文所述的适于治疗癌症和肿瘤的物理技术结合使用。常用的具有治疗活性的化合物的实例包括长春瑞滨丝裂霉素(mytomycin)、喜树碱、环磷酰胺甲氨蝶呤、枸橼酸他莫昔芬、5-氟尿嘧啶、伊立替康、阿霉素、氟他胺、紫杉醇多西他赛、长春碱、甲磺酸伊马替尼蒽环类、来曲唑、三氧化二砷阿那曲唑、曲普瑞林、奥佐米星(ozogamicin)、盐酸伊立替康卡介苗(BCG)、活醋酸亮丙内酯植入物(Viadur)、贝沙罗汀依西美坦盐酸拓扑替康吉西他滨盐酸盐盐酸柔红霉素(Daunorubicin)、吉西他滨盐酸盐枸橼酸托若米芬(Fareston)、卡铂顺铂(和)、奥沙利铂和其他任何含铂肿瘤药物,曲妥珠单抗拉帕替尼吉非替尼西妥昔单抗帕尼单抗替西罗莫司依维莫司凡德他尼(ZactimaTM)、维罗非尼(ZelborafTM)、克唑替尼伏立诺他贝伐单抗)、免疫疗法、抗肿瘤抗体、抗核苷类药物、放射治疗、热疗、基因疗法和光动力疗法。这些药物或疗法可以在本文所述的一种或多种RAS抑制剂之前、之后或同时施用。特别优选的是用免疫疗法(如pembrolizumab或nivolumab,它们是阻断PD-1的免疫监测点抑制剂)或施用抗核素剂(如AS1411或与金纳米颗粒结合的AS1411)。
任何可能发展成肿瘤、癌症或转移性癌症的哺乳动物均可以通过本文所述的方法进行治疗。优选治疗的哺乳动物为人类。可以治疗的其他哺乳动物包括小鼠、大鼠、山羊、绵羊、骆驼、牛、马和伴生动物,如狗或猫。可以通过诊断肿瘤或癌症来确定需要治疗的对象。可以治疗任何形式的肿瘤或癌症,包括乳腺癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌、皮肤癌、肺癌、结肠癌、胰腺癌、结肠直肠癌、甲状腺癌、精原细胞瘤、黑素瘤、肉瘤、膀胱癌、肝癌、肾癌、神经胶质瘤、髓样癌(如骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS),IMF,急性髓细胞白血病(AML)或慢性粒细胞白血病(CML))或淋巴疾病(如急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)、霍奇金淋巴瘤或毛细胞白血病)。也可以治疗转移性癌症;极易发生转移的癌症包括肺癌、黑色素瘤、结肠癌、肾细胞癌、前列腺癌、宫颈癌、膀胱癌、直肠癌、食道癌、肝癌、口腔癌和喉癌、多发性骨髓瘤、卵巢癌和胃癌。可以治疗可能患有转移性癌症的患者;也可以在癌症转移前治疗已患有癌症的患者,以预防癌症转移。类似地,任何可能发展成潜在恶性肿瘤的哺乳动物都可以通过本文所述的方法进行治疗。
实施例
实施例1:化合物的合成
可以通过首先制备相应的胺R1-NH2和R2-NH2,然后与二酸X1(CH2COOH)2顺序反应来制备式Ⅰ化合物,二酸X1(CH2COOH)2可以任选为环状酸酐的形式。在下面的实施例中,R1和R2包含取代的苯基。在第一个实施例中,取代的苯基分别被标记为“A”和“B”。
磺酰胺片段的合成;
方案一、F3磺酰胺片段的合成。
F3的合成从构建磺酰胺4(F3的B环)开始。通过用两当量的胺2处理市售磺酰氯1来制备磺酰胺。在催化氢化条件下还原硝基3,以优异的总收率完成了合成。用适宜的仲胺或叔胺取代2,制备多种磺酰胺衍生物。
对于某些类似物,磺酰氯不是市售,而是通过一步法制备。请参阅下面化合物9的实验作为示例。化合物4为已知化合物,由改进的文献制备[6]。
实验:
1-((2-甲基-5-硝基苯基)磺酰基)氮杂环庚烷(1-((2-Methyl-5-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)azepane)3。在0℃下,向含有2.50g(10.6mmol)磺酰氯1的75mL的THF溶液中滴加2.4mL(2.1g,21.2mmol)六亚甲基亚胺2。所得溶液在0℃下搅拌1.5小时,在室温下搅拌2小时,此时如TLC所示反应完成。缓慢加入90mL水并搅拌5分钟以终止反应。分离各层,水相用100mL乙酸乙酯萃取两次。合并的有机层用盐水洗涤,用硫酸钠干燥,并通过硅胶塞过滤(用乙酸乙酯冲洗)。真空除去溶剂,得到3.04g(96%)深黄色油状物3。
3-(氮杂-1-磺酰基)-4-甲基苯胺(3-(Azepan-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-methylaniline)4。向含有3.04g(10.3mmol)芳基硝基3的125mL的乙酸乙酯-甲醇(1:1)的溶液中小心加入400mg10%的钯碳。将悬浮液在氢气气氛(气球)下搅拌16小时。然后将悬浮液通过硅藻土塞过滤(用乙酸乙酯冲洗),真空浓缩,得到2.89g(100%)无色油状的苯胺4。
可以通过使用合适的仲胺或叔胺代替胺2,从合成的或市售的磺酰氯制备其它苯胺。
F3及其相关衍生物的合成:
方案二、F3及其相关衍生物的合成
使用磺酰胺4,F3的合成开始于通过微波辐射加热乙酸酐与市售的亚氨基二乙酸5以生成活性环酐[7]。苯胺4开环提供了高产率的所需酸(6)[8,9]。应用HATU/TEA方案将酸6与苯胺7偶联完成F3的合成。我们发现EDCl的产量很低。此外,酰胺形成步骤中的苯胺4和7可以互换(即可将苯胺4或7用于第一步反应)。
实验:
2-((2-((3-(氮杂-1-基磺酰基)-4-甲基苯基)氨基)-2-氧代乙基)(甲基)氨基)乙酸(2-((2-((3-(Azepan-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-methylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)(methyl)amino)acetic acid)6。含500mg(3.40mmol)亚氨基二乙酸5的3mL的乙酸酐溶液通过微波辐射在150℃下搅拌1小时。冷却至室温后,真空除去溶剂,粗制中间体在高真空下干燥5小时。将中间体溶于20mL的THF,向所得溶液中加入913mg(3.40mmol)苯胺4。通过微波辐射在100℃下搅拌反应4小时。冷却至室温,混合物通过硅胶塞过滤,用乙酸乙酯冲洗,然后用乙酸乙酯-甲醇(1:1)溶液冲洗。真空浓缩乙酸乙酯-甲醇(1:1)溶液的洗脱液,得到350mg浅棕色固体形式的6(26%)。
N-(3-(氮杂-1-基磺酰基)-4-甲基苯基)-2-((2-((3-氟苯基)氨基)-2-氧代乙基)(甲基)氨基)-乙酰胺(N-(3-(Azepan-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-methylphenyl)-2-((2-((3-fluorophenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)(met hyl)amino)-acetamide)F3。向含有159mg(0.400mmol)酸6和0.08mL(89mg,0.800mmol)苯胺7的4mL的二甲基甲酰胺溶液中加入228mg(0.600mmol)HATU,然后加入0.17mL(121mg,1.20mmol)三乙胺。搅拌反应溶液18小时,然后用40mL水稀释。搅拌5分钟后,溶液用30mL乙酸乙酯萃取三次。用水和盐水洗涤合并的有机层。用硫酸钠干燥后,真空除去溶剂,粗产物用硅胶层析(4g Combiflash,0→100%己烷-乙酸乙酯,历时11分钟),得到93mg(47%)白色泡沫状的F3。
为制备衍生物而开发的其他化学方法:
JAB-7-160的合成
通过不同的方案制备了几种化合物,包括JAB-7-160、JAB-7-160的同系物、JAB-7-158和JAB-7-181。这些涉及制备高度功能化的苯胺。
方案三、JAB-7-160的合成
芳基氯8在氯磺酸中加热过夜生成磺酰氯9[10,11]。用六亚甲基亚胺2处理高产率得到磺酰胺10。需要仔细监测反应以避免芳基氯的取代。在关键步骤中,在叔丁醇钠的存在下,用市售的2-(二甲氨基)乙醇进行芳基取代,以高产率生成芳基醚11。通过芳基硝基的氢化,然后利用HATU/TEA方案将所得苯胺(12)与酸13偶联完成合成。任选地,可以用芳基溴化物(而不是芳基氟化物)来代替芳基氯化物8。
通过类似方法制备衍生物JAB-7-158、JAB-8-54、JAB-8-55、JAB-8-60、JAB-8-63和JAB-8-66。
实验:
2-氯-5-硝基苯-1-磺酰氯(2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride)9。将含有1g(6.35mmol)芳基氯8的3mL的氯磺酸溶液(小心!)在120℃搅拌18小时。冷却至室温后,将反应物小心滴加到150mL冰水中(放热的!)。将水悬浮液用75mL乙酸乙酯萃取三次。合并的有机组分用盐水洗涤,干燥(硫酸钠),真空浓缩。残留物用硅胶层析(12g Combiflash,0→50%己烷-乙酸乙酯,历时11分钟),得到620mg(38%)低熔点棕色固体9。
1-((2-氯-5-硝基苯基)磺酰基)氮杂环庚烷(1-((2-Chloro-5-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)azepane)10。在0℃时将0.30mL(264mg,2.66mmol)六亚甲基亚胺2加入到含有620mg(2.42mmol)磺酰氯9的30mL的THF溶液中,然后加入0.33mL(244mg,2.42mmol)三甲胺依次。所得溶液搅拌5小时,同时缓慢升温至室温。薄层色谱显示反应完全。通过缓慢加入30mL水并搅拌5分钟来终止反应。分离各层,水相用40mL乙酸乙酯萃取两次。合并的有机层用盐水洗涤,干燥(硫酸钠),真空浓缩。残留物用硅胶层析(12g Combiflash,0→20%己烷-乙酸乙酯,历时11分钟),得到636mg(53%)的黄色固体10。
2-(2-(氮杂-1-基磺酰基)-4-硝基苯氧基)-N,N-二甲基乙胺(2-(2-(Azepan-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-nitrophenoxy)-N,N-dimethylethanamine)11。向含有90mg(0.94mmol)叔丁醇钠的7mL的二甲基甲酰胺溶液中滴加0.09mL(76mg,0.86mmol)的2-(二甲氨基)乙醇。搅拌30分钟后,向反应液中加入4mL含300mg(0.94mmol)芳基氯10的二甲基甲酰胺溶液。混合液在室温下搅拌18小时,然后加入15mL水淬灭。搅拌5分钟后,水溶液用10mL乙酸乙酯萃取3次。将合并的有机物干燥(硫酸钠),真空浓缩。残留物用硅胶柱层析(4g Combiflash,0→50%乙酸乙酯-甲醇,历时11分钟),得到275mg(79%)棕色油状的11。
3-(氮杂-1-基磺酰基)-4-(2-(二甲氨基)乙氧基)苯胺(3-(Azepan-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)aniline)12。应用所述制备的4方法制备衍生物。从250mg(0.672mmol)芳基硝基11中分离出236mg(100%)的12,作为粘稠糖浆。
2-((2-((3-氟苯基)氨基)-2-氧乙基)(甲基)氨基)乙酸(2-((2-((3-fluorophenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)(methyl)amino)acetic acid)13。应用所述制备6的方法制备衍生物,不同之处在于使用苯胺7代替磺酰胺,粗产物通过色谱法纯化(硅胶,4gCombiflash,0→20%二氯甲烷-甲醇,历时11分钟)。从566mg(5.10mmol)苯胺7中分离出541mg(44%)棕色泡沫状的13。
N-(3-(氮杂-1-基磺酰基)-4-(2-(二甲基氨基)乙氧基)苯基)-2-((2-((3-氟苯基)氨基)-2-氧乙基)-(甲基)氨基)乙酰胺(N-(3-(azepan-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)phenyl)-2-((2-((3-fluorophenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-(methyl)amino)acetamide)(JAB-7-160)。应用所述制备F3的方法制备衍生物。分离出87mg(27%)的棕色固体JAB-7-160。
JAB-7-181的合成
方案四、JAB-7-181的合成
在氯磺酸中将芳基溴化物14加热过夜以产生磺酰氯15开始合成[10,11]。用六亚甲基亚胺2处理以可接受的产率得到磺酰胺16。需要仔细监测反应以避免芳基溴的取代。在关键步骤中,芳基溴化物16和1-戊炔之间的钯催化交叉偶联(Sonogashira偶联)以定量产率进行。在芳基硝基和炔烃同时氢化后,利用HATU/TEA方案将所得苯胺(18)与酸13偶联完成合成。
实验:
2-溴-5-硝基苯-1-磺酰氯(2-Bromo-5-nitrobenzene-1-sulfonyl chloride)15。应用所述制备9的方法制备衍生物。从1.00g(4.95mmol)芳基硝基14中分离出650mg(43%)的低熔点棕色固体15。
1-((2-溴-5-硝基苯基)磺酰基)氮杂环庚烷(1-((2-Bromo-5-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)azepane)16。应用所述制备10的方法制备衍生物。从650mg(2.16mmol)磺酰氯15中分离出640mg(81%)的黄色固体16。
1-((5-硝基-2-(戊-1-炔-1-基)苯基)磺酰基)氮杂环庚烷(1-((5-Nitro-2-(pent-1-yn-1-yl)phenyl)sulfonyl)azepane)17。向含有100mg(0.302mmol)芳基溴化物16的3mL的THF-三乙胺(2:1)溶液中加入0.04mL(25mg,0.36mmol)的1-戊炔、3.0mg(0.15mmol)的碘化亚铜和11mg(0.15mmol)的双(三苯基膦)二氯化钯。溶液脱气,然后在微波辐射下于80℃搅拌2小时。所得溶液在室温下继续搅拌过夜,然后通过硅胶塞过滤(乙酸乙酯冲洗)。真空除去溶剂,残留物用硅胶层析(4g Combiflash,0→15%己烷,乙酸乙酯,历时11分钟),得到111mg(100%)褐色油状的17。
3-(氮杂-1-基磺酰基)-4-戊基苯胺(3-(Azepan-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-pentylaniline)18。应用制备4的方法制备衍生物。从111mg(0.317mmol)芳基硝基17中分离出100mg(97%)的黄色半固体18。
N-(3-(氮杂-1-基磺酰基)-4-戊基苯基)-2-((2-((3-氟苯基)氨基)-2-氧代乙基)(甲基)氨基)乙酰胺(N-(3-(Azepan-1-ylsulfonyl)-4-pentylphenyl)-2-((2-((3-fluorophenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)(meth yl)amino)acetamide)(JAB-7-181)。应用制备F3的方法制备衍生物。从105mg(0.324mmol)的苯胺18中分离出49mg(28%)白色泡沫状的JAB-7-181。
除F3外,合成的化合物结构如下所示:
实施例2:化合物的测试
结合试验
F3/F3a衍生物与重组K-RAS蛋白的直接结合。应用热荧光分析测定重组K-RAS蛋白与化合物F3之间,或重组K-RAS蛋白与化合物JAB-6-5之间是否存在直接相互作用。用γGTPS加载重组K-RAS12v蛋白,并以200μM化合物/5μM蛋白的比例用于结合分析。对照化合物C4靶向不同的蛋白质,预期不会结合RAS。三种衍生物的测定结果一式三份。除C4外,F3和JAB-6-5均观察到显著的曲线位移。从曲线可以推断出预测的kD在55.5℃时约为25μM。结果如图16所示。
三维软琼脂药物筛选(体外试验)
绝大多数实体瘤源于上皮细胞。体内正常的上皮细胞在基底膜结构上生活/生长。为了在体外培养这种细胞,将它们涂覆在塑料组织培养皿上进行二维培养。对塑料的粘附类似于基底膜上的自然生长,并通过整合素与固体二维表面的相互作用为细胞提供必要的生存信号。如果将这些非癌细胞悬浮在远离固体表面的培养基中,它们将失去整合素的生存信号,并通过一种称为失巢凋亡的过程死亡,该过程是程序性细胞死亡的一种。
肿瘤细胞已获得癌基因如RAS的突变。RAS的突变引起蛋白质的组成型激活,由于RAS信号对它们进行了补偿,其后果之一是造成某些肿瘤细胞变得独立于整合素生存信号。因此,它们不再需要在二维基底膜上生长。这一特性使它们能够生长成肿瘤。它还允许这种细胞在体外三维培养系统中生长,而正常细胞则不能。事实上,在三维培养中生长的能力与在动物体内形成肿瘤的能力密切相关[12]。
因此,肿瘤细胞在二维中的标准生长不一定绝对需要RAS功能障碍,但在三维中的生长(就像在真正的肿瘤中一样)则需要。这意味着,针对在三维(RAS依赖性)生长条件下生长的细胞而不是标准二维(不完全RAS依赖性)条件下生长的细胞进行RAS抑制分子的检测时,其灵敏度最高。
三维培养的技术过程包括在培养基中制备1.6%的熔融琼脂,然后添加血清至10%。将在12孔板中的每个孔中应用1mL这种琼脂培养基铺板,并使其凝固。此为底部琼脂,防止任何添加到孔中的细胞接触板的塑料底部,以确保一切保持悬浮。同时,将剩余的琼脂培养基保持在42℃以防止凝固。然后用胰蛋白酶将靶细胞消化成单细胞悬液,并与普通培养基/药物组合物混合。然后加入2/3体积的融化的琼脂培养基,并将混合物铺在底部琼脂上。琼脂/培养基冷却时凝固,将细胞悬浮在三维环境中。通常,将在2周内形成悬浮在琼脂中的肿瘤球(菌落)。可以在倒置显微镜下对菌落的数量计数甚至对其大小进行定量以测定肿瘤球的抑制作用。
在三维软琼脂药物筛选中对合成的化合物进行测试,包括F3、JAB-6-176和JAB-8-60。所有受试化合物均抑制三维软琼脂中靶细胞的生长,但对正常二维生长影响不大。这表明这些化合物对正常的非肿瘤细胞具有低毒性。在下面的表2中,列出了不同的细胞系,测试F3的结果在“备注”列中。所有细胞系均是常见的,可从ATCC信息库(www.atcc.org/en/Products/Cells_and_Microorganisms/Cell_Lines.aspx)中公开获得。NF1静默细胞是NF1基因(RAS的负调节剂)缺陷细胞,导致野生型RAS的过度激活。DAB2IP缺陷细胞也是如此。EGFR+++细胞过度表达EGFR受体,也导致野生型RAS的过度激活。
表2
*B-RAF突变体应不依赖RAS,因此具有抗性。
图3和图4显示了小分子RAS抑制剂F3对致瘤表型的特异性抑制。显示了小分子对A549 K-RAS激活的肺肿瘤细胞系和K-RAS激活的胰腺癌细胞系MiaPaCa-2在软琼脂中生长的影响。0=载体(DMSO)。p值小于0.05。图5和图6显示了10μM的F3对在塑料培养皿上二维培养的相同细胞的正常生长/存活的影响。药物对在塑料培养皿上细胞正常生长的影响的分析表明,即使药物为10μM,在二维培养时对细胞生长也没有影响。图7显示F3对野生型激活的肿瘤细胞同样有效。图8为相同细胞在塑料培养皿上进行二维培养时正常生长/存活的图。
RAS激活导致对失巢凋亡的抗性,而抑制RAS功能会使RAS转化细胞对失巢凋亡重新敏感。RAS/RalGDS通路被认为是RAS介导的失巢凋亡抑制的重要组成部分。为了证明这种效果,将Mia-Paca-2细胞接种在为防止细胞附着而用polyHEMA处理过的组织培养孔中。48小时后,通过台盼蓝排除法分析培养物的细胞死亡。发现F3诱导高水平的失巢凋亡。图9示出了这些结果。
图10示出了与F3一起测试的浓度为6.6μM的另外12种化合物(JAB-6系列化合物)在三维软琼脂药物筛选中的结果。图11示出了在相同测定中以0.5μM浓度测试JAB-6-158和JAB-6-160的结果。图12示出了用二甲基亚砜(对照)、F3和JAB-6-5处理的恶性周围神经鞘瘤细胞(MPNST肿瘤细胞)和Mia-Paca-2细胞在软琼脂中的菌落的照片。这些数据表明,所有具有式Ⅰ的化合物均有望抑制RAS的作用。
异种移植小鼠的肿瘤抑制(体内试验)
在NRG小鼠中应用细胞系异种移植肿瘤在体内测试化合物F3。应用的细胞系包括Mia-Paca-2(胰腺癌)和NCI-H441(肺癌)。与对照组相比,试验显示肿瘤体积减小。NCI-H441的结果如图13所示。Mia-Paca-2的结果如图14和图15所示。(每三天用12mg/kg的二甲基亚砜/PBS(载体)或F3药物治疗NRG小鼠)。应用F3治疗的动物中产生的肿瘤大约是应用Mia-Paca-2治疗的动物中产生的肿瘤体积的一半(实验的P值为0.014)。
药代动力学(体内)
为了确定RAS抑制剂在体内的清除率,给CD1小鼠腹腔注射5mg/kg的F3。测定随时间变化的血药浓度。结果如图17所示。同样,测定脑组织中药物浓度,结果如图18所示。以30mg/kg口服给药后测量血药浓度,结果如图19所示。
毒性(体内)
对F3进行了初步的体内毒性试验。NRG小鼠每隔一天腹腔注射10mg/kg药物,持续2周。没有观察到明显的疼痛或痛苦迹象,也没有观察到体重减轻。因此,在该药物用量水平下,化合物在体内似乎没有特别的毒性。
为了测试肝脏及肾功能的毒性,向小鼠注射F3或注射DMSO作为对照,并测定血液中天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)和血液尿素氮(BUN)的水平。结果如图20和图21所示。
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Claims (17)
1.一种用于治疗与RAS的激活突变相关的疾病、或用于治疗可通过降低RAS活性而治疗的疾病的选自式(Ⅰ)的化合物和其盐及酯,
其中,
R1为一价H、羧基、硝基、磺基、卤素、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、-(C1-C3)烷基-芳基、-(C1-C3)烷基-环烷基、-(C1-C3)烷基-杂环基、-(C1-C3)烷基-杂芳基、C1-C8烷基、C2-C8烯基、C2-C8炔基、或C1-C7烷氧基,任选被卤素、羟基、C1-C5烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、氨甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基取代;
X1是二价-(NH)-,-(CH2)-,-(NHCH2)-,-(CH2NH)-,-(C2H4)-,-(C2H2)-,-(C2)-,-O-,-O-(CH2)-,-(CH2)-O-,-S-,-S-(CH2)-,或-(CH2)-S-,任选地被卤素、羟基、-RX、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、氨甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基取代;
RX是C1-C8烷基、C2-C8烯基、C2-C8炔基或C1-C7烷氧基,任选地被卤素、羟基、C1-C4烷基、C2-C4烯基、C2-C4炔基、C1-C4烷氧基、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、氨甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基取代;
R2是芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基,-(C1-C3)烷基-芳基、-(C1-C3)烷基-环烷基、-(C1-C3)烷基-杂环基或-(C1-C3)烷基-杂芳基,任选地被卤素、羟基、C1-C16烷基、C2-C16烯基、C2-C16炔基、C1-C15烷氧基、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、氨甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3、磺基、-SO2-R3、-(C=O)-R3或-O-R3取代;
R3是-NRaRb、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、C1-C7烷基、C2-C7烯基、C2-C7炔基、或C1-C6烷氧基,任选地被卤素、羟基、C1-C5烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、氨甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基取代;
Ra是一价的H、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、C1-C7烷基、C2-C7烯基、C2-C7炔基、或C1-C6烷氧基,任选被卤素、羟基、C1-C5烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、氨甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基取代;和
Rb是一价的H、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、C1-C7烷基、C2-C7烯基、C2-C7炔基、或C1-C6烷氧基,其中H、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、C1-C7烷基、C2-C7烯基、C2-C7炔基或C1-C6烷氧基任选被卤素、羟基、C1-C5烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、氨甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基取代;
其中,
如果R2选自甲醇基、羧基、氨基、C1-C16烷基、C2-C16烯基、C2-C16炔基、C1-C15烷氧基的取代基,则每个取代基独立且任选地被卤素、羟基、C1-C4烷基、C2-C4烯基、C2-C4炔基、C1-C4烷氧基、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、-NH(C1-C4烷基),-N(C1-C4烷基)(C1-C4烷基)、氨基甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3、磺基或-Rc取代;和
对于每个选择,Rc可以相同或不同,并且可以是-CO-OCH3、-CO-NRfRg、-SO2-NRfRg、-NRfRg、-NH-CO-CH3、-NH-CO-NRfRg、-NH-CO-OCH3、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、5-7元单环杂环基、5-7元单环杂芳基、四唑基、三唑基、咪唑基、吡咯基、吡咯烷基、哌啶基、哌嗪基、吗啉基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、噻吩基、呋喃基、吡喃基、吡唑基、异噻唑基、异恶唑基、哒嗪基、呋喃基(furazanyl)、吡咯烷基、咪唑烷基、咪唑啉基、吡唑烷基或吡唑啉基,任选地被卤素、羟基、C1-C4烷基、C2-C4烯基、C2-C4炔基、C1-C4烷氧基、芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、氨基甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基取代;
对于每个选择,Rf可以相同或不同,并且可以是H或C1-C4烷基;和
对于每个选择,Rg可以相同或不同,并且可以是H或C1-C4烷基。
3.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R1是芳基、环烷基、杂环基或杂芳基,任选被卤素、羟基、C1-C5烷基、C1-C4烷氧基、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、氨基甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基取代。
5.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中X1是二价-(NH)-、-(CH2)-、-O-或-S-,任选被卤素、羟基、-RX、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、氨甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3或磺基取代。
6.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,X1为-N(CH3)-、-S-、-O-、-C(CH3)2-或-C(HCH3)-。
7.权利要求1所述的化合物,其中R2是被-SO2-R3、-(C=O)-R3取代并且进一步任选地被卤素、羟基、C1-C16烷基、C2-C16烯基、C2-C16炔基、C1-C15烷氧基、甲醇基、羧基、硝基、氰基、氨基、氨甲酰基、乙炔基、-CF3、-CF2CF3、-OCF3、-OCF2CF3、磺基、-SO2-R3、-(C=O)-R3或-O-R3取代的芳基、环烷基、杂环基、杂芳基。
11.一种药物组合物,包含权利要求1所述的化合物和药学上可接受的载体。
12.前述权利要求中任一项所述化合物在制备治疗癌症的药物中的应用。
13.前述权利要求中任一项所述化合物。
14.一种治疗与RAS的激活突变相关的疾病、或治疗可通过降低RAS活性而治疗的疾病的方法,包括向有此需要的患者施用权利要求1-10中任一项所述的化合物。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述患者为人。
16.根据权利要求14所述的方法,其中所述疾病为肿瘤或癌症。
17.根据权利要求14-16中任一项所述的方法,还包括施用与金纳米颗粒结合的pembrolizumab、nivolumab、AS1411或AS1411中的至少一种。
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