CN112007622A - 用于提取金属的分子印迹聚合物珠粒及其用途 - Google Patents
用于提取金属的分子印迹聚合物珠粒及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112007622A CN112007622A CN202010704347.XA CN202010704347A CN112007622A CN 112007622 A CN112007622 A CN 112007622A CN 202010704347 A CN202010704347 A CN 202010704347A CN 112007622 A CN112007622 A CN 112007622A
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Images
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- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
- B01J20/26—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
- B01J20/265—Synthetic macromolecular compounds modified or post-treated polymers
- B01J20/267—Cross-linked polymers
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- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
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Abstract
本公开提供用于提取金属的分子印迹聚合物珠粒及其用途。具体地,本公开提供用于从化学混合物选择性螯合一种或多种靶标分子的分子印迹聚合物(MIP)技术。本文也公开MIP珠粒及其制备和使用方法。
Description
本申请是申请日为2016年6月8日、申请号为201680043706.3、发明名称为“用于提取金属的分子印迹聚合物珠粒及其用途”的中国发明申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本申请涉及用于提取金属的分子印迹聚合物珠粒及其用途。更具体来说,本申请涉及用于结合靶标化合物的阳离子分子印迹聚合物珠粒,其利用有机阴离子作为具有类似电荷和分子结构的阴离子金属复合物的替代物;以及所述分子印迹聚合物珠粒的用途。
背景技术
提取和回收工艺例如在水纯化、采矿和废物处理中是常见的。尽管特定单元操作和工艺化学对于这些工艺可不同,但基本方法是相同的–即通常是冗长、能量密集和昂贵的精细机械和化学工艺。这些工艺中的许多至少部分地利用吸收剂诸如活性炭或离子交换吸收剂以移除或螯合溶解物质。
炭(特别是活性炭)是一种常见吸收剂,但相对是非特异性的。已开发对“靶标”分子具有实质上改进的特异性的分子印迹聚合物(“MIP”),所述“靶标”分子将需要从工艺流(例如在废物处理应用中)移除或由于它的价值而需要从工艺流螯合(例如分离)。MIP是被设计来对特定靶标分子具有高度选择性的聚合物。MIP通过使与靶标分子配位或“结合”的可聚合配体聚合来制备。将靶标分子和可聚合配体合并成预聚合混合物,使其形成复合物,接着聚合(通常在一种或多种非配体单体和交联单体存在下)。因此,靶标分子充当用以限定聚合基质内对靶标分子具有特异性(例如具有对应于靶标分子的形状或尺寸)的空腔或吸收位点的“模板”。接着在MIP用作吸收剂之前从它移除靶标分子。
然而,尽管对所需靶标分子具有高度选择性,但MIP具有显著缺点。举例来说,如果靶标分子具有高度价值(例如贵金属)或危险性(例如毒性或放射性),那么相较于选择性较小但远远更便宜的吸收剂,需要在制备MIP时使用靶标分子自身作为模板可由于例如靶标分子的成本或为处理靶标分子所需的预防措施而极其昂贵。此外,因为在聚合物合成期间靶标分子必须保持与可聚合配体复合,所以如果靶标分子/可聚合配体复合物不稳定或另外与聚合条件(例如催化剂、其它单体、低溶解性等)不相容,那么可能完全不可能制备MIP,或需要复杂或困难的反应条件。因此,将合乎需要的是制备具有有利选择性和常规MIP材料的其它特征,但不具有在制备MIP时使用靶标分子作为模板所固有的劣势的吸收剂。本公开的方法和材料提供超过常规MIP材料和工艺的此类改进。
发明内容
本公开大体上涉及分子印迹聚合物。更具体来说,本公开涉及用于结合靶标化合物的阳离子分子印迹聚合物珠粒,其利用有机阴离子作为具有类似电荷和分子结构的阴离子金属复合物的替代物。因此,本公开涉及化学、聚合物和材料科学的领域。
本公开部分地提供大网络聚合物珠粒及其制备和使用方法。本公开也提供从一种或多种靶标金属离子与其它离子掺混的溶液选择性螯合所述一种或多种靶标金属离子的方法。本公开解决对可用于以良好产率选择性分离所需靶标,具有高靶标移除效率,对靶标具有良好处理量,并且可再生的新型MIP技术的需要。
本公开的一个实施方案涉及多个大网络聚合物珠粒,其包含具有多个选择性结合靶标金属离子的复合空腔的共聚物,其中所述共聚物由以下各物制备:
(a)是阳离子性或阴离子性,并且与非金属替代离子复合的配体单体,
(b)不带电荷单体,和
(c)交联单体;
其中:
(i)在所述复合空腔中,所述共聚物的电荷与所述靶标金属离子的电荷相反,并且
(ii)所述非金属替代离子与所述靶标金属离子具有大致上相同的形状和电荷。
另一实施方案涉及一种制备大网络分子印迹聚合物珠粒的方法,其包括使以下各物聚合:
(a)是阳离子性或阴离子性,并且与非金属替代离子复合的配体单体,
(b)不带电荷单体,和
(c)交联单体;
由此形成多个大网络分子印迹聚合物珠粒,各自具有多个选择性结合靶标金属离子的复合空腔,其中所述非金属替代离子的尺寸和电荷与所述靶标金属离子大致上相同。
一些实施方案涉及从一种或多种靶标金属离子与其它离子掺混的溶液选择性螯合所述一种或多种靶标金属离子的方法,其包括首先使大网络聚合物珠粒与洗提溶液(stripping solution)接触,借此从所述大网络聚合物珠粒移除非金属替代离子,接着使经洗提珠粒与所述溶液接触,由此将所述靶标离子选择性螯合在所述大网络聚合物珠粒中。
除非另外定义,否则本文所用的所有技术和科学术语都具有与由本公开所属领域的普通技术人员通常所理解相同的含义。在起冲突的情况下,将以包括定义的本说明书为准。在说明书中,除非上下文另外明确规定,否则单数形式也包括复数形式。尽管与本文所述的那些方法和材料类似或等效的方法和材料可用于实施或测试本公开,但以下描述适合方法和材料。本文提及的所有出版物、专利申请、专利和其它参考文献都出于所有目的以引用的方式并入本文。不承认本文引用的参考文献是要求保护的本发明的先前技术。此外,材料、方法和实例仅具有说明性而非意图具有限制性。
本公开的其它特征和优势将根据以下详细描述和权利要求而显而易知。
特别地,本发明通过如下实现:
1.多个大网络聚合物珠粒,其包含具有多个选择性结合靶标金属离子的复合空腔的共聚物,其中所述共聚物由以下各物制备:
(a)是阳离子性或阴离子性,并且与非金属替代离子复合的配体单体,
(b)非配体单体,和
(c)交联单体;
其中:
(i)在所述复合空腔中,所述共聚物的电荷与所述靶标金属离子的电荷相反,并且
(ii)所述非金属替代离子与所述靶标金属离子具有大致上相同的形状和电荷。
2.如条目1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是阳离子。
3.如条目2所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述靶标金属离子是阴离子金属复合物。
4.如条目3所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述非金属替代离子是有机阴离子。
5.如条目3所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述非金属替代离子是无机阴离子。
6.如条目1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述靶标金属离子选自由以下组成的组:Au(CN)2 -、Ag(CN)2 -、AuCl4 -、Au(S2O3)2 3-、Hg(CN)4 2-及其组合。
7.如条目6所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中当所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -或Ag(CN)2 -时,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,当所述靶标金属离子是Au(S2O3)2 3-时,所述非金属替代离子是五硫磺酸根,并且当所述靶标金属离子是Hg(CN)4 2-时,所述非金属替代离子是间苯二甲酸根。
8.如条目1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述珠粒对所述靶标金属离子具有大于约10的选择性系数。
9.如条目1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其具有约0.1-500m2/g的表面积。
10.如条目1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其具有在约250μm至约1.5mm的范围内的平均粒度。
11.如条目2所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是选自由以下组成的组的可聚合阳离子:铵、吡啶鎓、吡咯烷鎓、咪唑鎓、胍鎓、磷鎓和硫鎓。
12.如条目11所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是4-乙烯基苯甲基铵化合物。
13.如条目12所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵或N,N-二甲基-N-癸基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵。
14.如条目12所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵。
15.如条目12所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是N,N-二甲基-N-癸基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵。
16.一种制备大网络分子印迹聚合物珠粒的方法,其包括使以下各物聚合:
(a)是阳离子性或阴离子性,并且与非金属替代离子复合的配体单体,
(b)不带电荷单体,和
(c)交联单体;
由此形成多个大网络分子印迹聚合物珠粒,各自具有多个选择性结合靶标金属离子的复合空腔,
其中所述非金属替代离子的尺寸和电荷与所述靶标金属离子大致上相同。
17.如条目16所述的方法,其中所述配体单体是阳离子。
18.如条目17所述的方法,其中所述靶标金属离子是阴离子金属复合物。
19.如条目18所述的方法,其中所述非金属替代离子是有机阴离子。
20.如条目18所述的方法,其中所述非金属替代离子是无机阴离子。
21.如条目18所述的方法,其中所述靶标金属离子选自由以下组成的组:Au(CN)2 -、Ag(CN)2 -、AuCl4 -、Au(S2O3)2 3-、Hg(CN)4 2-及其组合。
22.如条目21所述的方法,其中当所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -或Ag(CN)2 -时,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,当所述靶标金属离子是Au(S2O3)2 3-时,所述非金属替代离子是五硫磺酸根,并且当所述靶标金属离子是Hg(CN)4 2-时,所述非金属替代离子是间苯二甲酸根。
23.如条目16所述的方法,其中所述珠粒对所述靶标离子具有大于约10的选择性系数。
24.如条目16所述的方法,其中所述大网络分子印迹聚合物珠粒具有约0.1-500m2/g的表面积。
25.如条目17所述的方法,其中所述配体单体是选自由以下组成的组的可聚合阳离子:铵、吡啶鎓、吡咯烷鎓、咪唑鎓、胍鎓、磷鎓和硫鎓。
26.如条目25所述的方法,其中所述配体单体选自由以下组成的组:N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵、N,N-二甲基-N-癸基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵、N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵和N,N-二甲基-N-癸基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵。
27.一种从一种或多种靶标金属离子与其它离子掺混的溶液选择性螯合所述一种或多种靶标金属离子的方法,其包括首先使如条目1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒与洗提溶液接触,借此从所述大网络聚合物珠粒移除所述非金属替代离子,接着使所述经洗提珠粒与所述溶液接触,由此将所述靶标离子选择性螯合在所述大网络聚合物珠粒中。
28.如条目27所述的方法,其中所述靶标离子选自由以下组成的组:Au(CN)2 -、Ag(CN)2 -、Au(S2O3)2 3-、Hg(CN)4 2-及其组合。
29.一种从含金矿石回收金的方法,其包括:
(1)将所述含金矿石压碎,
(2)使所述压碎矿石与浸出剂接触,由此形成包含阴离子金复合物的水溶液,
(3)使所述水溶液与如条目1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒接触,借此使所述阴离子金复合物选择性复合在所述珠粒的所述复合空腔中,
(4)用洗提溶液洗提所述珠粒,借此从所述珠粒大致上移除所述阴离子金复合物,
(5)以电解方式使所述回收的金复合物还原以形成金金属。
30.如条目29所述的方法,其中所述浸出剂是氯化物水溶液,所述阴离子金复合物是AuCl4 -,并且所述方法在步骤(2)之后进一步包括:
(a)用还原剂使所述AuCl4 -还原以形成Au+,
(b)使所述Au+与氰化物水溶液复合以形成AuCN2 -的水溶液,
其中在步骤(3)中,使AuCN2 -的所述水溶液选择性复合在所述珠粒的所述复合空腔中。
附图说明
图1是MIP生产工艺的示意图。
图2提供本公开的MIP(“Proto1”)相较于活性炭(“炭”)在对模拟金浸出工艺流进行Au(CN)2 -螯合方面的比较。
图3提供示例性MIP工艺(“6WIC珠粒”)相对于常规活性炭工艺的比较。
具体实施方式
在各个实施方案中,本公开涉及用于制备分子印迹聚合物(“MIP”)吸收剂或材料的改进方法、通过所述方法制备的MIP吸收剂或材料、以及利用本公开的MIP吸收剂或材料的改进方法。
基于吸收的工艺常常被设计来从混合物分离、提取或螯合特定分子物质或“靶标”分子,以分离靶标分子(例如由于它的价值),从混合物移除特定物质(例如由于它的毒性或其它危险性质),或检测靶标分子(或与靶标分子相关的分子)。分子印迹聚合物是具有被特定调适以结合特定靶标分子的吸收位点的高度选择性吸收剂。已知MIP的实例以及制备和使用MIP的方法包括美国专利号7,067,702;7,319,038;7,476,316;7,678,870;8,058,208;8,591,842中公开的那些,所述美国专利出于所有目的以引用的方式整体并入本文。这些MIP是通过使靶标分子的可聚合配体(即“配体单体”)在由一种或多种非配体单体(例如苯乙烯或不与靶标分子形成复合物的其它单体)和一种或多种交联剂组成的聚合物基质中聚合来制备的共聚物。按照惯例,为MIP所特有的“模板化”吸收位点通过以下方式制备:形成配体单体与靶标分子的适当复合物,接着在一种或多种非配体单体和至少一种交联剂存在下在适合的聚合条件下使所得靶标分子-配体单体复合物聚合。所得聚合物结构包含具有含有靶标分子的分散结合位点或空腔(“复合空腔”)的聚合非配体单体的基质,所述靶标分子仍然与(现时是聚合的)配体单体复合。因为聚合在靶标分子存在下进行,所以靶标分子形成“模板”以使复合空腔的尺寸和形状为特定靶标分子所特有,从而导致相对于其它分子,与靶标分子高度选择性结合。用于制备MIP材料的模板化工艺的示意图显示于图1中。
如上所讨论,尽管利用靶标分子作为分子模板提供对于结合靶标分子而言最优的高度选择性复合空腔,但常规MIP制造工艺由于在制造时需要使用靶标分子自身而造成显著制造和/或按比例扩大问题。因此,大规模制造将需要使用大量靶标分子,如果靶标分子昂贵,相对不可用,具有毒性,具有放射性,干扰MIP的聚合等,或这些因素的任何组合,那么此可为特定问题(甚至在小规模制造的情况下)。
惊人的是,申请人已发现通过用适当选择的“替代”分子替代靶标分子,常规MIP的选择性优势可被保留而不需要使用靶标分子自身作为结合位点的模板。如本文将例示,对靶标分子“A”具有选择性的MIP可通过以下方式制备:使适合的替代分子“B”与配体单体的复合物、非配体单体和交联单体聚合,前提是“A”和“B”使用相同物理化学机理与配体单体复合,具有类似尺寸和/或形状,并且“B”相较于“A”具有一个或多个以下特点:价格较低廉,危险性(即毒性、放射性)较小,或更可与聚合条件相容。所得“替代”模板化MIP,尽管也许对靶标分子的选择性稍微小于使用常规工艺(其中靶标分子充当分子模板)制备的那些,但价格更低廉,制备更安全,制造和按比例扩大更容易等,还在例如分离或提取应用中具有足以在性能方面类似于常规MIP的选择性,还在成本方面实质上更低。此外,本公开的“替代”模板化MIP由于它们在相对低廉成本下具有高性能的组合而在总体分离工艺成本方面提供实质性改进。
尽管本文公开的MIP材料和方法的各种例示实施方案涉及离子性MIP,但视靶标分子的化学结构和特征而定,可采用用于结合特定靶标分子的任何适合的物理化学相互作用。配体单体与靶标分子之间的可被利用来制备根据本公开的MIP材料的各种不同物理化学相互作用包括共价、离子、离子-偶极、氢键合、偶极-偶极、诱导偶极或瞬时偶极-诱导偶极(即伦敦分散(London dispersion))吸引性相互作用,以及使库仑和立体排斥性相互作用最小化。当靶标分子是离子(例如“靶标离子”)时,适宜的是通过选择具有携带互补电荷的离子官能团的配体单体来利用离子相互作用。举例来说,当靶标离子是阳离子时,配体单体包括能够与阳离子靶标离子形成复合物的阴离子官能团(例如羧酸根、磺酸根、膦酸根或其它酸盐),并且当靶标离子是阴离子时,配体单体包括能够与阴离子靶标离子复合的阳离子官能团(例如季铵离子)。当靶标分子呈中性(即不具有形式电荷)时,适合的不带电荷配体单体包括但不限于包括诸如胺、膦、酯、醚、穴状配体、硫醚、希夫碱(Schiff base)等的官能团的单体。中性靶标分子通常包括例如小有机分子诸如但不限于杀害虫剂、药物分子、放射性示踪剂等。
适合的替代物可通过首先表征靶标分子的尺寸、形状和相关物理化学特征来选择。具有类似分子形状和尺寸以及类似物理化学特征的候选替代分子可接着通过例如使用可商购获得的分子建模程序诸如Ultra14.0进行分子建模来鉴定。举例来说,如果靶标分子是离子性的,那么将选择替代离子以与靶标离子具有类似尺寸、形状和电荷。有利的是,替代物应相对廉价,无毒,并且不干扰聚合(即不应与配体单体形成高度不稳定复合物,使聚合催化剂中毒,抑制引发剂,与其它单体或聚合溶剂反应,不溶于聚合溶剂中等)。
已设计用于从水溶液提取阴离子金属盐的可聚合配体,例如4-乙烯基苯甲基三正丁基氯化铵和如本文所述的其它阳离子配体。此类配体可溶于水中直至与阴离子诸如硫氰酸根反应或复合,接着从溶液沉淀。所得沉淀可溶于有机溶剂中。诸如硫氰酸根的阴离子模拟特定靶标金属阴离子诸如二氰合金酸根或二氰合银酸根(其两者均是具有单一负电荷的线性分子)的分子形状和电荷。接着使所得配体/阴离子对聚合至疏水性聚合物基质诸如苯乙烯中以形成多孔珠粒或粒子,多孔珠粒或粒子可接着用于从水溶液选择性移除所需金属阴离子(例如二氰合金酸根或二氰合银酸根)。
使用配体/阴离子复合物来产生离子选择性MIP树脂提供一种优于现有离子交换树脂的材料,例如对靶标离子具有改进的选择性,在使用期间维持更好活性,对用以使靶标离子与竞争离子交换结合位点的其它物质分离的多个工艺步骤的需要得以减少,以及具有改进的再生性质。在制备MIP时使用所述“替代物”而非靶标离子也使用于开发和按比例扩大分子印迹聚合物树脂的总成本降低,以及使潜在危险废物的量和/或对靶标分子的回收(供进一步使用)和它们的相关处理成本降低。
根据本公开的MIP珠粒可具有在从近似球形至细长不规则形状(例如类似于茅屋乳酪凝块的不规则形状)的范围内的任何适合的形状,或形成为特定所需形状。
在各个实施方案中,合乎需要的是分子印迹聚合物呈珠粒形式,特别是具有足够多孔性以便允许在珠粒内外进行流畅质量传递的多孔珠粒。
术语“珠粒”是指平均粒度在约250μm至约1.5mm的范围内的多个粒子。在一些实施方案中,珠粒的平均粒度可为约250μm、约300μm、约350μm、约400μm、约450μm、约500μm、约550μm、约600μm、约650μm、约700μm、约750μm、约800μm、约850μm、约900μm、约950μm、约1000μm、约1050μm、约1100μm、约1150μm、约1200μm、约1250μm、约1300μm、约1350μm、约1400μm、约1450μm或约1500μm,包括在任何这些值之间的任何范围。在特定实施方案中,平均粒度范围是约0.3mm至1.1mm。
在一些实施方案中,本公开的MIP珠粒具有大致上单峰粒度分布。在其它实施方案中,对于MIP珠粒,可合乎需要的是具有双峰或其它多峰粒度分布。
在许多工艺中,材料处理或质量流动要求规定精细粒子的百分比应较低。因此,在特定实施方案中,小于约10%的本公开的MIP珠粒具有小于约250μm的粒度。在其它实施方案中,小于约5%或小于约1%的珠粒具有小于约250μm的粒度。珠粒的平均粒度可通过本领域中通常已知的各种分析方法测量,所述方法包括例如ASTM D 1921-06。
或者,分子印迹聚合物可呈非珠粒形式,诸如纳米线、薄膜或膜或粉末。根据本公开的MIP可用作液体电极中的离子载体或用作石墨电极的涂层以提供用于检测多种药物和其它化合物的高度灵敏性MIP离子选择性电极。
在大多数实施方案中,合乎需要的是本公开的珠粒是多孔的以有助于在珠粒内外的质量流动。在特定实施方案中,本公开的MIP珠粒被表征为“大网络”或“大孔”,此是指存在平均孔直径大于100nm的孔隙的网状结构。在各个实施方案中,制备平均孔直径在100nm至2.4μm的范围内的聚合物珠粒。
在一些实施方案中,平均孔直径可为约100nm、约200nm、约300nm、约400nm、约500nm、约600nm、约700nm、约800nm、约900nm、约1000nm、约1100nm、约1200nm、约1300nm、约1400nm、约1500nm、约1600nm、约1700nm、约1800nm、约1900nm、约2000nm、约2100nm、约2200nm、约2300nm或约2400nm,包括在任何这些值之间的范围。
珠粒也可为中孔的,或也包括中孔(除大孔之外)。术语“中孔”是指多孔网状结构具有10nm至100nm的平均孔直径。在一些实施方案中,中孔平均孔直径可为约10nm、约15nm、约20nm、约25nm、约30nm、约35nm、约40nm、约45nm、约50nm、约55nm、约60nm、约65nm、约70nm、约75nm、约80nm、约85nm、约90nm、约95nm或约100nm,包括在任何这些值之间的任何范围。
此外,珠粒也可为微孔的,或除大孔和/或中孔之外也包括微孔。术语“微孔”是指多孔网状结构具有小于10nm的平均孔直径。在一些实施方案中,微孔平均孔直径可为约0.5nm、约1nm、约1.5nm、约2nm、约2.5nm、约3nm、约3.5nm、约4nm、约4.5nm或约5nm或约5.5nm、约6nm、约6.5nm、约7nm、约7.5nm、约8nm、约8.5nm、约9nm、约9.5nm或约10nm,包括在任何这些值之间的范围。
大网络聚合物珠粒具有约0.1至约500m2/g,例如约0.1、约0.5、约1、约5、约10、约15、约20、约30、约40、约50、约60、约70、约80、约90、约100、约150、约200、约250、约300、约350、约400、约450或约500m2/g的表面积,包括介于其之间的所有范围和子范围。
珠粒的结构和多孔性主要由聚合的条件决定。珠粒的所需多孔性可通过选择替代物/配体单体复合物、非配体单体和交联剂以及它们的量、以及反应溶剂和任选成孔添加剂或触变剂的组成来实现。多孔性决定可进入特定结构的物质、分子或离子的尺寸和它的扩散和交换速率,以及在珠粒结构内外的质量流动速率。
触变剂可显著改进对珠粒形成和大致上均一珠粒或粒度的控制。本文采用的适合触变剂取决于采用的单体的类型和量以及悬浮介质。触变剂也可在悬浮聚合工艺期间有利地充当悬浮剂。所述触变剂的代表性实例包括但不限于纤维素醚诸如羟乙基纤维素(可以商标名“CELLOSIZE”商购获得)、交联聚丙烯酸诸如以名称“CARBOPOL”而得知的那些、聚乙烯醇诸如以商标名“RHODOVIOL”而得知的那些、硼酸、胶状物诸如黄原胶等及其混合物。触变剂的量可影响树脂的尺寸(即使用较大量的触变剂常常导致形成较小树脂粒子)。
基于单体混合物中单体的重量,触变剂的量通常是约1.5重量%至约5重量%。在一些实施方案中,基于单体混合物中一种单体或多种单体(单体的组合)的重量,触变剂的量是约1.5重量%至约2.5重量%。
本公开的珠粒可通过各种聚合技术来制备。聚合物基质可接着通过适合的聚合技术在替代物/配体单体复合物存在下来形成以形成印迹树脂。可接着回收树脂产物。适合的聚合技术的非限制性实例可包括水性悬浮聚合、反相悬浮聚合(例如在全氟化碳中)、非水性分散聚合、两阶段溶胀聚合、气溶胶聚合、乳胶种子乳液聚合、电聚合和在多孔珠粒基底上进行的本体聚合。在一个实施方案中,聚合方法是含有非配体单体、任选交联剂和替代物/配体单体复合物的有机相和含有至少一种或多种触变剂的水相的可共聚混合物的水性悬浮聚合。
根据本公开的非共价电聚合分子印迹聚合物(E-MIP)可用作用于检测药物和其它化学物质的具有高选择性的化学灵敏性超薄膜。电聚合是一种用于制备经MIP改性电极的策略。将具有特殊选择性的MIP薄膜沉积在可例如用于分析来自生物流体的蛋白质或用于药物、农业、食品和环境(例如水处理)分析中的检测器的表面上。
在本公开的某些实施方案中,MIP通过使如本文所述的替代物/配体单体复合物和其它单体悬浮聚合来制备。在悬浮聚合程序中,可在开始反应之前单独彻底混合各个相,接着添加至聚合反应容器中。尽管这个成分混合可在除反应容器以外的容器中进行,但混合可或者在聚合反应容器中在惰性氛围下进行,特别是当所采用的单体经受氧化时。此外,为改进最终树脂产物的产率和选择性,合乎需要的是配体单体在聚合条件下以及在最终产物中具有水解稳定性。举例来说,配体单体可在悬浮聚合制剂中以及在水处理环境下具有水解稳定性以使得在聚合和树脂的有用期限期间大致上避免水解。
可使本公开的可聚合配体/替代物复合物在悬浮聚合条件下聚合,其中水相含有水中的触变剂诸如聚乙烯醇和硼酸,并且有机相包含例如可聚合配体/替代物复合物、苯乙烯(非配体单体)、二乙烯基苯(交联单体)、有机溶剂和AIBN(引发剂)。例如用搅拌器搅拌两相混合物。通过改变温度、搅拌、可聚合配体/替代物装载量、溶剂比率和交联程度,可获得不同珠粒结构和性质。举例来说,具有所需尺寸的球形和多孔珠粒可通过在聚合期间控制搅拌或搅动来获得。当搅拌聚合混合物以使溶解于有机反应介质中的单体以小滴形式分散在水相内时,适合的是小滴具有的尺寸使得当转化成聚合物珠粒时,所述聚合物珠粒是大致上球形和多孔的,并且具有所需尺寸。不适合反应条件可导致不形成珠粒或形成极小珠粒,替代物向水相中的损失较高,总产率较低,以及多孔性不足以致存在向复合空腔的不良质量传递。在一特定实施方案中,配体单体是可聚合铵盐,诸如一种本文公开的可聚合铵盐,并且替代物是阴离子,例如一种本文公开的阴离子。在更具体的实施方案中,配体单体是可聚合4-乙烯基苯甲基铵盐,并且替代物是硫氰酸根、五硫磺酸根、间苯二甲酸根、磷酸根或丁二酸根。
聚合可在任何适合温度下进行。在一些实施方案中,反应在高温例如高于约50℃下在任选引发剂存在下进行。可使用的适合的引发剂包括但不限于过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化二乙酰和偶氮基-双异丁腈(AIBN)。基于所聚合的单体的重量,采用的引发剂的量可在约0.005至约1.00重量%的范围内。在引发剂存在下,使反应温度维持在引发剂变得具有活性所处的温度以上。如果高能辐射用于引发聚合,那么可采用较低温度例如约-30℃至约200℃。苯乙烯聚合可以热方式引发。
在整个聚合中进行的适当和足够搅拌或搅动通常提供具有所需尺寸的大致上球形和多孔珠粒。举例来说,可搅拌聚合混合物以通过剪切作用来使单体(溶解于溶剂有机相中)分散在水性溶剂相中,由此形成小滴。通过选择适当搅拌水平,小滴具有的尺寸可使得当转化成聚合物珠粒时,所述聚合物珠粒是大致上球形和多孔的,并且将具有如本文讨论的所需尺寸。
各种手段可用于维持适当搅拌。当在由不锈钢制得的反应器中进行聚合时,所述反应器可配备有具有一个或多个搅拌器叶片的可旋转轴。当圆底烧瓶用作反应器时,顶置式搅拌器可用于搅拌反应介质。为获得所需结果所必需的搅拌量将视所聚合的特定单体以及所需特定聚合物珠粒尺寸而变化。因此,可在某一限度内调控搅拌速度诸如rpm(每分钟转数)。视单体的反应性而定,聚合时间可从约3小时至约72小时进行变化。
当聚合完成时,可从通常交联聚合物珠粒移除替代物而不实质上影响复合空腔。移除替代分子提供例如具有在其中具有互补分子空腔的多孔结构的珠粒,其对靶标分子(或离子)具有高结合亲和力。举例来说,当替代物是硫氰酸根(用于提供二氰合银酸根或二氰合金酸根选择性空腔)时,可通过用Fe2(SO4)3溶液冲洗来从珠粒中的结合位点移除(“洗提”)硫氰酸根以提供适于螯合来自例如采矿浸出工艺的二氰合银酸根或二氰合金酸根的配体/硫酸根复合物。
在其中替代分子共价结合于配体的实施方案中,任何适当的方法都可用于裂解替代物与配体之间的共价键,但形成的共价键应优选在形成MIP之后在适于释放替代分子,而不不利影响MIP的选择性结合特征的条件下裂解。为实现此举,丙酮、异丙醇、甲醇或其它适合有机溶剂可用于使所得聚合物溶胀,从而允许以更大程度到达配位替代物。共价键可通过使pH大幅变化或通过添加大量竞争性分子来裂解以释放替代物。
视特定树脂和所处理液体介质而定,本公开的MIP材料可再次使用(再生)一次以上,并且常常多达约30次或更多次。再生可以与移除原始印迹离子几乎相同的方式实现,例如用适当溶液洗提或洗涤。
大网络MIP珠粒特别适用于从溶液选择性移除或吸附靶标溶解物质,所述溶液例如是水流,例如饮用水、湖泊、溪流、工业流出物流、采矿提取流和废物流等。在一个实施方案中,本公开的MIP珠粒由配体单体制备,所述配体单体是离子性的例如阳离子性(用于与阴离子复合)或阴离子性(用于与阳离子复合)。
在一特定实施方案中,本公开的MIP珠粒适用于螯合来自采矿操作的贵金属诸如金(Au)或银(Ag)。对贵金属诸如金或银的开采通常将金和/或银矿石压碎,接着用浓缩氰化物溶液(常常在压力下)提取压碎矿石以形成除其它污染物诸如Hg(CN)4 2-和尤其各种铜、镍、锌、钴、铬和铁盐之外也含有可溶性氰化物复合物例如Au(CN)2 -和Ag(CN)2 -的水溶液。替代性提取工艺可形成其它可溶性贵金属盐诸如AuCl4 -和Au(S2O3)2 3-(以及其它污染性金属物质的各种盐)。按照惯例,可溶性金或银复合物用活性炭提取,从活性炭洗脱,接着电解成金属形式。
在一个实施方案中,本公开的MIP可适用于检测和/或移除稀土金属(REM)或元素(REE)。由于REE的物理化学性质极其类似,所以使用常规分离方法使它们彼此分离可极其困难。
本公开的REM或REE定义为周期表中一组17个化学元素中的一者,所述17个化学元素具体来说是15个镧系元素(例如铈(Ce)、镝(Dy)、铒(Er)、铕(Eu)、钆(Gd)、钬(Ho)、镧(La)、镥(Lu)、钕(Nd)、镨(Pr)、钷(Pm)、钐(Sm)、铽(Tb)、铥(Tm)、镱(Yb)以及钪(Sc)和钇(Y)。
每年生产的所有金中的约60%已通过金-氰化物工艺(GCP)的某一变化形式来获得。对于适合的GCP溶液,活性炭是用于移除二氰合金酸根的最常见螯合基质,占提取的所有金的超过一半(或在2004年超过1250吨)。活性炭制造成本低廉,易于吸收金,对金具有相当选择性,并且具有较大金装载量。不幸的是,活性炭也对四氰化汞(II)具有高亲和力,并且在一些条件下,四氰化汞(II)可实际上从活性炭置换二氰合金酸根。另外,活性炭的再生是能量密集的,并且需要大量资金布局。如同二氰合银酸根(见于GCP中的银物质)一样,当从活性炭洗脱时,四氰化汞(II)与二氰合金酸根一起解吸。四氰化汞(II)也在分离金属金的电解沉积工艺期间被还原成元素汞。
此外,对于活性炭,洗脱工艺不是100%高效,并且某一痕量的汞保持在活性炭上。随后,在对活性炭进行热再活化后,汞被热还原成汞金属,其接着挥发并逃逸至大气中。再活化步骤不可避免,因为活性炭也吸收可结垢并实质上降低它的处理量的有机物质。
因此,由于难以使金洗脱,或由于在GCP中存在竞争性污染物(诸如有机物、汞和铜盐),所以活性炭的可回收处理量(即基于在洗脱之后最终回收的金的量的有效处理量)可十分低下(低至1g Au/kg C,但更通常是3-4g Au/kg C)。这个较低的可回收处理量导致显著工艺成本(例如大部分资金成本和大部分操作成本),因为这需要大型炭床和频繁洗涤循环来回收金和/或银盐。因此,更易于以及在较温和条件下洗脱金和银盐的用于金和银提取工艺的具有更大高效性和选择性的吸附剂将显著降低贵金属开采(和随后提取)工艺中的资金和操作成本。本公开的MIP吸收剂提供所述改进的吸收剂。
常规离子交换树脂也已被评估为用于螯合可溶性贵金属复合物的具有更大选择性和较高处理量的吸收剂。然而,尽管阴离子交换树脂诸如Dowex1和Amberlite IRA 900RF的处理量较高(约5-7g Au/kg树脂相对于约3-4g Au/kg C),但这些树脂相较于炭吸收剂实质上更昂贵。例如,分别来说,散装活性炭的成本是每kg约1-2美元,而Dowex 1或AmberliteIRA 900RF的成本可为每kg 50美元至160美元。此外,所述阴离子交换树脂仅可再生5-25次,并且因为需要大型离子交换床来处理通常在金开采浸出流的情况下遇到的较大流体体积,所以利用离子交换树脂的提取工艺的总体资金和操作成本相较于使用炭吸收剂的常规工艺不显著改进,如图2中所图解显示。
如本文所述使用作为模板的替代物而非靶标分子制备的本公开的MIP材料相较于常规离子交换树脂提供优越性质。常规离子交换材料可提供靶标分子例如Au(CN)2 -和/或Ag(CN)2 -的相对较高初始装载量,但处理量在使用中快速降低,从而需要在相对少数洗脱循环之后进行替换,以及从而在使用期间使提取能力降低。由于存在未在洗脱循环期间移除的其它金属如铜,常规离子交换树脂易于“中毒”。此外,常规离子交换树脂可对pH变化敏感。如同在再生期间珠粒结合和释放离子一样,树脂珠粒在使用中也会溶胀和收缩。随着时间流逝以及在特定外部条件(例如水力冲击、氯和氯胺降解、结垢(颗粒和有机物)、氧化、来自再生过程的渗透性冲击和来自反洗的碱性磨损)下等等,珠粒可弱化并破裂。此外,视含金/银溶液的矿石含量而定,常规离子交换树脂的性能高度可变。
相比之下,本公开的MIP材料对金和银盐具有高选择性(95%或更高),比常规离子交换树脂具有显著更高处理量(例如约20-50g Au/kg MIP树脂),在使用期间处理量得以更好保持且吸附可变性较小,并且再生/洗脱成本较低。此外,相比于使用靶标分子自身对复合空腔模板化的MIP材料,本公开的MIP材料的制造实质上更廉价,并且相比于常规离子交换树脂是类似的或适度更昂贵。因此,相对于围绕常规吸收剂(例如活性炭、常规离子交换树脂、用靶标分子进行模板化的常规MIP树脂等)设计的常规工艺,本公开的MIP材料可提供实质上降低的资金和工艺成本。
已提出用于提取贵金属的常规MIP珠粒(例如美国专利号7,746,316),因为相较于常规离子交换树脂(或炭),对贵金属离子的较高选择性允许MIP珠粒的床体积较小,但因为常规MIP珠粒使用靶标贵金属离子作为MIP珠粒的模板加以制备,所以制备大量MIP珠粒需要的成本过高。此外,二氰酸金和二氰酸银复合物是毒性的,并且难以大量用单体配体/二氰合金酸根或二氰合银酸根复合物进行操作。因此,尚无实际或商业上可行的方式来在为处理金和银浸出流所需的规模上制备MIP珠粒。
此外,尽管如本文公开的使用替代物制备的MIP珠粒在理论上选择性小于使用靶标离子作为模板制备的那些,但本公开的MIP珠粒相较于常规吸收剂诸如活性炭或常规离子交换树脂提供实质性成本节约。在采矿操作中,本公开的MIP珠粒可使总体提取增加三(3)至五(5)%,并且可使操作成本降低多达60%。这些树脂珠粒可基本上被加塞代入工厂的当前操作中,而不进行工厂重新设计。此外,由于它们相较于常规MIP材料具有较低制造成本,所以对于提取较低价值金属(例如铜、锂等)(其中常规MIP材料对于进行此举将极其昂贵),本公开的“替代”MIP材料具有成本效益。
出于类似原因,用MIP珠粒处理废水流以移除毒性和/或放射性金属复合物(例如Hg(CN)4 2-、UO2(CO3)2 2-、VO4 3-等)不切实际,并且在使用这些靶标离子对MIP珠粒模板化来制备的常规MIP珠粒的情况下同样在商业上不可行,因为相应处理工艺的规模将在MIP生产工艺中需要相应大量的这些危险金属复合物。
在制备MIP吸收剂方面的所述按比例扩大问题可通过以下方式来规避:用仔细选择的与靶标离子具有近似相同形状、尺寸和电荷的替代离子替代在制备MIP时作为模板的相应靶标离子,以便在MIP中产生与将已使用靶标离子自身作为模板产生的那些复合空腔类似的复合空腔。然而,相比于靶标离子,替代物的花费更少且更可易于获得,毒性较小,与配体单体形成足够稳定的复合物,并且另外不损害使MIP聚合的能力。举例来说,适于制备适于选择性结合Au(CN)2 -、Ag(CN)2 -或AuCl4 -的分子印迹聚合物的替代物是硫氰酸根。适于制备适于选择性结合Au(S2O3)2 3-的分子印迹聚合物的替代物是五硫磺酸根。适于制备适于选择性结合Hg(CN)4 2-的分子印迹聚合物的替代物是间苯二甲酸根。适于制备适于选择性结合VO4 3-的分子印迹聚合物的替代物是磷酸根。适于制备适于选择性结合UO2(CO3)2 2-的分子印迹聚合物的替代物是丁二酸根。
在常规工艺中,目标已通常在于使吸收剂对待移除或螯合的所需靶标物质的选择性最大化。这对于使用MIP材料作为吸收剂的工艺特别确切,因为MIP材料对在制备MIP材料时用作模板的靶标分子展现极高选择性。然而,由使用靶标分子作为模板制备的MIP材料(即常规MIP材料)提供的额外选择性不转化成显著工艺优势,特别是如果用于对MIP材料模板化的靶标分子昂贵,具有毒性,难以获得,或干扰MIP材料自身的聚合。所述因素可显著增加制造MIP材料的成本,并且由此抵消由较高选择性提供的任何处理优势。
本发明申请人已发现在许多工艺中,足以提供相比于对溶液中的其它物质,对所需靶标分子显著更具选择性的MIP材料,或换句话说,足以提供对待分离混合物中的非靶标物质的选择性实质上较小或排斥所述非靶标物质的MIP材料。
使用适合替代物而非靶标分子(例如离子)制备的MIP材料(例如珠粒或大网络珠粒)对靶标分子(例如离子)具有选择性。MIP材料结合“A”和物质“B”的混合物中的物质“A”的选择性可通过使用以下关系的“选择性系数”来表征:
其中“[A]”和“[B]”是指溶液中A和B的摩尔浓度,并且“[A’]”和“[B’]”是指MIP材料中经复合“A”和“B”的浓度。
对于使用靶标分子对复合空腔模板化制备的常规MIP材料,对靶标分子的选择性系数将高于其它物质,因为复合空腔关于靶标分子的形状、尺寸、电荷等加以最优构造。对于使用替代分子而非靶标分子对MIP材料模板化,根据本公开制备的MIP材料,对替代分子的选择性系数将高于例如靶标分子,但MIP材料对靶标分子的选择性将仍然显著高于对待分离混合物中的其它溶解物质。对于大多数分离,相对于对待分离混合物中的其它物质,对靶标离子的选择性系数应为至少约10、至少约11、至少约12、至少约13、至少约14、至少约15、至少约20、至少约25、至少约30、至少约35、至少约40、至少约45、至少约50、至少约55、至少约60、至少约70、至少约80、至少约90、至少约100、至少约200、至少约300、至少约400、至少约500,包括在任何这些值之间的范围。
如本文所用,术语“结合(bind/binding)”或“键合(bond/bonded/bonding)”是指化学物质通过共有以及交换电子或质子达成原子彼此吸引来固持在一起的物理现象。这个术语包括诸如以下的键型:离子、配位、氢键、共价、极性共价或配位共价。用于键合的其它术语诸如香蕉键、芳族键或金属键也包括在这个术语的含义内。选择性结合相互作用是指如本文所述的由MIP对离子(阴离子或阳离子)展现的优先和可逆结合。
本公开的一个实施方案涉及多个大网络聚合物珠粒,其包含具有多个选择性结合靶标金属离子的复合空腔的共聚物,其中所述共聚物由以下各物制备:
(a)是阳离子性或阴离子性,并且与非金属替代离子复合的配体单体,
(b)非配体单体,和
交联单体;
其中:
(i)在所述复合空腔中,所述共聚物的电荷与所述靶标金属离子的电荷相反,并且
(ii)所述非金属替代离子与所述靶标金属离子具有大致上相同的形状和电荷。
本公开的配体单体包括单齿、二齿和多齿配体。为给定阳离子或阴离子分子印迹聚合物珠粒所需的配体的量和类型将取决于靶标化合物和相关配体上可用的配位位点的数目。众多组合是可能的。举例来说,靶标阳离子配体复合物可含有具有4个配位位点的靶标化合物。这个靶标化合物可与单齿配体或二齿配体形成许多组合。靶标化合物可接着键合于1至4个单齿配体或1至2个二齿配体,假定各配体完全与靶标化合物配位。当然,本公开的方法涵盖由配体和/或靶标化合物达成的部分配位。举例来说,靶标配体复合物可具有1至4个单齿配体或1至4个二齿配体。本领域技术人员可基于各自的物理和化学性质和本文公开内容形成配体和靶标化合物的多个组合。在一个实施方案中,配体的混合物可用于结合特定靶标化合物。
靶标阳离子配体复合物可通过配体和靶标化合物的提供总体稳定复合物的组合来形成。本公开的方法包括限制在聚合期间的氧化/还原(氧化还原)副反应的靶标阳离子配体复合物。在一个实施方案中,相对于SCE(标准甘汞电极),靶标阳离子配体复合物具有至少0.3eV的氧化还原电势。另外,靶标阳离子配体复合物可在各种pH范围下形成。在一个实施方案中,靶标阳离子配体复合物可在1至13的pH范围内形成。在另一实施方案中,靶标阳离子配体复合物可在5至9的pH范围内聚合。
在一些实施方案中,配体分子是特征在于具有可聚合基团例如乙烯基的硬碱配体。
在各个实施方案中,本公开的配体单体具有一个或多个阳离子官能团。所述阳离子配体可为但不限于阳离子含氧杂环、阳离子含氮杂环、阳离子含硫杂环、阳离子含磷杂环、铵盐、磷鎓盐、酰基鎓盐、金属茂鎓盐、脒鎓盐、亚铵盐、三苯甲基盐、吡啶鎓盐、吡咯烷鎓盐、咪唑鎓盐、胍鎓盐、磷鎓盐、硫鎓盐或其混合物。在特定实施方案中,阳离子配体是铵盐,诸如烷基和/或取代的烷基铵盐。在一个实施方案中,配体可为4-乙烯基苯甲基-N,N-二甲基-N-癸基铵、4-乙烯基苯甲基-N-癸基-N-甲基-D-葡糖铵、N-甲基乙烯基吡啶鎓或4-乙烯基苯甲基-N,N-二甲基-D-葡糖铵。
配体单体的可聚合基团可包括本领域中的任何常规可聚合基团例如乙烯基、苯乙烯基、丙烯酰基、甲基丙烯酰基等,或任何本文公开的单体的任何可聚合基团。
在其它实施方案中,配体单体是4-乙烯基苯甲基铵化合物诸如N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵盐或N,N-二甲基-N-癸基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵盐。
在一个实施方案中,N-甲基乙烯基吡啶鎓和4-乙烯基苯甲基-N,N-二甲基-D-葡糖铵可用于反相悬浮聚合反应中。
4-乙烯基苯甲基-N,N-二甲基-N-癸基铵已显示用于从水移除含金阳离子的特别良好结果(美国专利号7,476,316)。在另一实施方案中,4-乙烯基苯甲基-N,N-二甲基-N-癸基铵和4-乙烯基苯甲基-N-癸基-N-甲基葡糖铵可用于悬浮聚合反应中。
在一些实施方案中,非金属替代离子是有机阴离子。本公开的非金属或有机替代离子与靶标金属离子具有大致上相同的形状和电荷。
大致上相同的尺寸和形状意指如果叠加在彼此上以使在由空间填充模型限定的体积之间的重叠最大化(例如借助于商业分子建模程序诸如Ultra 14.0所确定),那么靶标分子(例如靶标阴离子)的空间填充模型和替代物(例如非金属替代离子/有机阴离子)的空间填充模型将相差至多约50%,例如至多约50%、至多约45%、至多约40%、至多约35%、至多约30%、至多约25%、至多约20%、至多约15%、至多约10%或至多约5%,包括介于其之间的所有范围和子范围。
或者,尺寸和形状与靶标分子大致上相同的替代物可通过所得MIP材料对靶标分子(例如靶标离子)的选择性来在功能上定义。因为本发明MIP材料的复合空腔由替代分子而非靶标分子加以模板化,所以MIP材料对替代物质的选择性将高于对靶标分子的选择性。然而,就替代分子的尺寸和形状将大致上与靶标分子的尺寸和形状相同而言,所得MIP材料将对靶标分子具有相对较高选择性系数。因此,对靶标分子的较高选择性将指示靶标的尺寸和形状与替代分子的尺寸和形状大致上类似。在一些实施方案中,用替代分子进行模板化的本公开的MIP材料对靶标分子的选择性系数大于约10。在其它实施方案中,本公开的MIP材料的选择性系数大于:约15、约20、约25、约30、约35、约40、约45、约50、约100、约150、约200、约300、约400、约500、约600、约700、约800、约900或约1000,包括介于其之间的所有范围。
如本文所讨论,复合空腔对靶标分子的选择性取决于对具有大致上相同尺寸、形状和与配体单体的物理化学相互作用的替代物的适当选择。申请人已发现对配体单体的选择也可影响复合空腔的选择性。举例来说,如果靶标分子是阴离子(例如阴离子金属复合物),那么阳离子配体单体可包括可聚合铵盐。对铵官能团上取代基团的选择可影响复合空腔对靶标离子的最终选择性,以及影响单体配体/替代物复合物的溶解性和聚合特征。更具体来说,当靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -或Ag(CN)2 -,并且非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根时,相较于相对类似的其中一个或多个N-戊基被另一烷基替换的配体单体,配体单体N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵提供改进的MIP性质。类似地,当靶标金属离子是Au(S2O3)2 3-,并且非金属替代离子是五硫磺酸根时,相较于相对类似的其中一个或多个N-甲基或N-癸基被另一烷基替换的配体单体,配体单体N,N-二甲基-N-癸基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵提供改进的MIP性质。
本公开的MIP材料适于选择性结合靶标分子。在特定实施方案中,靶标分子是离子性的,并且MIP材料具有携带互补(相反)电荷的配体,借此MIP材料可与靶标离子复合。适合的靶标离子可为任何金属盐,例如但不限于过渡金属的卤化物、氰化物、硫酸盐、氯化物、硫代硫酸盐、碳酸盐等,锑的氧离子、砷的氧离子、铍的氧离子、溴的氧离子、碳的氧离子、氯的氧离子、铬的氧离子、氮的氧离子、磷的氧离子、硒的氧离子、硫的氧离子、锰的氧离子、锝的氧离子、硼的氧离子、钒的氧离子、钼阴离子、钨阴离子及其混合物。在一个实施方案中,靶标分子可为砷酸盐、亚砷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氰化物盐、二氰合金酸根、二氰合银酸根、四氯合金酸根、Hg(CN)4 2-、VO4 3-或UO2(CO3)2 2-。
Au(CN)2 -、Ag(CN)2 -或AuCl4 -的一特定和非限制性非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根。Au(S2O3)2 3-的一特定和非限制性非金属替代离子是五硫磺酸根。Hg(CN)4 2-的一特定和非限制性非金属替代离子是间苯二甲酸根。VO4 3-的一特定和非限制性非金属替代离子是磷酸根。UO2(CO3)2 2-的一特定和非限制性非金属替代离子是丁二酸根。
在一些实施方案中,靶标金属离子是阴离子金属复合物。靶标金属离子可选自由以下组成的组:Au(CN)2 -、Ag(CN)2 -、AuCl4 -、Au(S2O3)2 3-、Hg(CN)4 2-、UO2(CO3)2 2-、VO4 3-及其组合。在一些实施方案中,靶标金属离子包含贵金属。
在一些实施方案中,大网络聚合物珠粒包含具有多个选择性结合包括Au(CN)2 -、Ag(CN)2 -的靶标金属离子的复合空腔的共聚物,并且其中所述共聚物由阳离子配体单体制备。
在一些实施方案中,靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -或Ag(CN)2 -,并且非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根。
在一些实施方案中,靶标金属离子是Au(S2O3)2 3-,并且非金属替代离子是五硫磺酸根。
一些实施方案涉及靶标金属离子是Hg(CN)4 2-,并且非金属替代离子是间苯二甲酸根。
在其它实施方案中,靶标金属离子是VO4 3-,并且非金属替代离子是磷酸根。
在某些实施方案中,靶标金属离子是UO2(CO3)2 2-,并且非金属替代离子是丁二酸根。
广泛多种单体可作为非配体单体用于合成根据本公开的MIP。可用于制备本公开的MIP的非配体单体的适合非限制性实例包括甲基丙烯酸甲酯、其它甲基丙烯酸烷基酯、烷基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸烯丙酯或丙烯酸芳酯和甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯或甲基丙烯酸芳酯、氰基丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯、取代的苯乙烯、甲基苯乙烯(多取代的),包括1-甲基苯乙烯;3-甲基苯乙烯;4-甲基苯乙烯等;乙烯基酯,包括乙酸乙烯酯、氯乙烯、甲基乙烯基酮、偏二氯乙烯、丙烯酰胺、甲基丙烯酰胺、丙烯腈、甲基丙烯腈、2-乙酰胺基丙烯酸;甲基丙烯酸2-(乙酰氧基乙酰氧基)乙酯;1-乙酰氧基-1,3-丁二烯;2-乙酰氧基-3-丁烯腈;4-乙酰氧基苯乙烯;丙烯醛;丙烯醛二乙基缩醛;丙烯醛二甲基缩醛;丙烯酰胺;2-丙烯酰胺基乙醇酸;2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸;丙烯酸;丙烯酸酐;丙烯腈;丙烯酰氯;l-α-丙烯酰基氧基-β,β-二甲基-γ-丁内酯;N-丙烯酰氧基丁二酰亚胺丙烯酰氧基三(羟甲基)氨基-甲烷;N-丙烯酰氯;N-丙烯酰基吡咯烷酮;N-丙烯酰基-三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷;甲基丙烯酸2-氨基乙酯;N-(3-氨基丙基)甲基丙烯酰胺;(邻、间或对)-氨基-苯乙烯;甲基丙烯酸叔戊酯;甲基丙烯酸2-(1-氮杂环丙烷基)乙酯;4-苯甲基氧基-3-甲氧基苯乙烯;2-溴丙烯酸;4-溴-1-丁烯;3-溴-3,3-二氟丙烷;6-溴-1-己烯;3-溴-2-甲基丙烯腈;2-(溴甲基)丙烯酸;8-溴-1-辛烯;5-溴-1-戊烯;顺-1-溴-1-丙烯;-溴苯乙烯;对溴苯乙烯;溴三氟乙烯;(±)-3-丁烯-2-醇;1,3-丁二烯;1,3-丁二烯-1,4-二甲酸3-丁烯醛二乙基缩醛;1-丁烯;3-丁烯-2-醇;氯甲酸3-丁烯酯;2-丁基丙烯醛;叔丁基丙烯酰胺;丙烯酸丁酯;甲基丙烯酸丁酯;(邻、间、对)-溴苯乙烯;丙烯酸叔丁酯;l-香芹酮(l-carvone);(S)-香芹酮;乙酸(-)-香芹酯;3-氯丙烯酸;2-氯丙烯腈;2-氯乙基乙烯醚;2-氯甲基-3-三甲基甲硅烷基-1-丙烯;3-氯-1-丁烯;3-氯-2-氯甲基-1-丙烯;3-氯-2-甲基丙烯;2,2-双(4-氯苯基)-1,1-二氯乙烯;3-氯-1-苯基-1-丙烯;间氯苯乙烯;邻氯苯乙烯;对氯苯乙烯;乙酸1-氰基乙烯酯;1-环丙基-1-(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)乙烯;2,3-二氯-1-丙烯;2,6-二氯苯乙烯;1,3-二氯丙烯;2,4-二乙基-2,6-庚二烯醛;1,9-癸二烯;1-癸烯;1,2-二溴乙烯;1,1-二氯-2,2-二氟乙烯;1,1-二氯丙烯;2,6-二氟苯乙烯;二氢香芹醇;(±)-二氢香芹酮;乙酸(-)-二氢香芹酯;3,3-二甲基丙烯醛;N,N’-二甲基丙烯酰胺;3,3-二甲基丙烯酸;3,3-二甲基丙烯酰氯;2,3-二甲基-1-丁烯;3,3-二甲基-1-丁烯;甲基丙烯酸2-二甲基氨基乙酯;1-(3-丁烯基)-4-乙烯基苯;2,4-二甲基-2,6-庚二烯-1-醇;2,4-二甲基-2,6-庚二烯醛;2,5-二甲基-1,5-己二烯;2,4-二甲基-1,3-戊二烯;2,2-二甲基-4-戊烯醛;2,4-二甲基苯乙烯;2,5-二甲基苯乙烯;3,4-二甲基苯乙烯;1-十二碳烯;3,4-环氧基-1-丁烯;2-乙基丙烯醛;丙烯酸乙酯;2-乙基-1-丁烯;丙烯酸(±)-2-乙基己酯;甲基丙烯酸(±)-2-乙基己酯;2-乙基-2-(羟甲基)-1,3–丙二醇三丙烯酸酯;2-乙基-2-(羟甲基)-1,3–丙二醇三甲基丙烯酸酯;甲基丙烯酸乙酯;乙基乙烯基醚;乙基乙烯基酮;乙基乙烯基砜;(1-乙基乙烯基)三丁基锡;间氟苯乙烯;邻氟苯乙烯;对氟苯乙烯;乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯);GA GMA;1,6-庚二烯;1,6-庚二烯酸;1,6-庚二烯-4-醇;1-庚烯;1-己烯-3-醇;1-己烯;六氟丙烯;1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯;1-十六碳烯;1,5-己二烯-3,4-二醇;1,4-己二烯;1,5-己二烯-3-醇;1,3,5-己三烯;5-己烯-1,2-二醇;5-己烯-1-醇;丙烯酸羟丙酯;3-羟基-3,7,11-三甲基-1,6,10-十二碳三烯;甲基丙烯酸异戊酯;甲基丙烯酸异丁酯;异戊二烯;2-异丙烯基苯胺;氯甲酸异丙烯酯;二甲基丙烯酸4,4’-亚异丙酯;异氰酸3-异丙基-a-a-二甲基苯;异蒲勒醇(isopulegol);衣康酸(itaconic acid);衣康酰氯;(±)-里哪醇(linalool);乙酸里哪酯;对薄荷-1,8-二烯;对薄荷-6,8-二烯-2-醇;亚甲基氨基乙腈;甲基丙烯醛;[3-(甲基丙烯酰基氨基)-丙基]三甲基氯化铵;甲基丙烯酰胺;甲基丙烯酸;甲基丙烯酸酐;甲基丙烯腈;甲基丙烯酰氯;乙酰乙酸2-(甲基丙烯酰基氧基)乙酯;(3-甲基-丙烯酰氧基丙基)三甲氧基甲硅烷;2-(甲基丙烯酰基氧基)乙基三甲基甲基硫酸铵;2-甲氧基丙烯(异丙烯基甲基醚);2-(溴甲基)丙烯酸甲酯;5-甲基-5-己烯-2-酮;甲基丙烯酸甲酯;N,N’亚甲基双丙烯酰胺;2-亚甲基戊二腈;2-亚甲基-1,3-丙二醇;3-甲基-1,2-丁二烯;2-甲基-1-丁烯;3-甲基-1-丁烯;3-甲基-1-丁烯-1-醇;2-甲基-1-丁烯-3-炔;2-甲基-1,5-庚二烯;2-甲基-1-庚烯;2-甲基-1-己烯;3–甲基-1,3-戊二烯;2-甲基-1,4-戊二烯;(±)-3-甲基-1-戊烯;(±)-4-甲基-1-戊烯;(±)-3-甲基-1-戊烯-3-醇;2-甲基-1-戊烯;甲基乙烯基醚;甲基-2-乙烯基环氧乙烷;甲基乙烯基砜;4-甲基-5-乙烯基噻唑;香叶烯(myrcene);t-硝基苯乙烯;3-硝基苯乙烯;1-十九碳烯;1,8-壬二烯;1-十八碳烯;1,7–辛二烯;7–25辛烷-1,2-二醇(7-25ctane-1,2-diol);1-辛烯;1-辛烯-3-醇;1-十五碳烯;1-戊烯;1-戊烯-3-醇;t-2,4-戊烯酸(t-2,4-pentenoic acid);1,3-戊二烯;1,4-戊二烯;1,4-戊二烯-3-醇;4-戊烯-1-醇;4-戊烯-2-醇;4-苯基-1-丁烯;苯基乙烯基硫醚;乙烯基磺酸苯酯;2-丙烯-1-磺酸钠盐;苯基乙烯基亚砜;1-苯基-1-(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)乙烯;丙烯;黄樟素(safrole);苯乙烯(乙烯基苯);4-苯乙烯磺酸钠盐;苯乙烯磺酰氯;3-磺丙基丙烯酸钾盐;3-磺丙基甲基丙烯酸钠盐;四氯乙烯;四氰乙烯;反3-氯丙烯酸;2-三氟甲基丙烯;2-(三氟甲基)丙烯酸;2,4,4’-三甲基-1-戊烯;3,5-双(三氟甲基)苯乙烯;2,3-双(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)-1,3-丁二烯;1-十一碳烯;乙酸乙烯酯;乙烯基乙酸;4-乙烯基苯甲醚;9-乙烯基蒽;山嵛酸乙烯酯;苯甲酸乙烯酯;乙酸乙烯基苯甲酯;乙烯基苯甲醇;3-乙烯基氯甲苯;3-(乙烯基苯甲基)-2-氯乙基砜;4-(乙烯基苯甲基)-2-氯乙基砜;N-(对乙烯基苯甲基)-N,N’-二甲基胺;4-乙烯基联苯(4-苯基苯乙烯);溴乙烯;2-乙烯基丁烷;乙烯基丁基醚;9-乙烯基咔唑;乙烯基甲醇;乙烯基鲸蜡基醚;氯乙酸乙烯酯;氯甲酸乙烯酯;巴豆酸乙烯酯;乙烯基过氧环己烷;4-乙烯基-1-环己烯;4-乙烯基环己烯二氧化物;乙烯基环戊烯;乙烯基二甲基氯甲硅烷;乙烯基二甲基乙氧基甲硅烷;乙烯基二苯基膦;2-乙基己酸乙烯酯;乙烯基2-乙基己基醚;乙烯基醚酮;乙烯基乙烯;乙烯基亚乙基三羰基铁;乙烯基二茂铁;甲酸乙烯酯;乙烯基十六基醚;偏二氟乙烯;1-乙烯基喹啉;碘乙烯;月桂酸乙烯酯;乙烯基溴化镁;乙烯基均三甲苯;乙烯基2-甲氧基乙基醚;乙烯基甲基二氯甲硅烷;乙烯基甲基醚;乙烯基甲基酮;2-乙烯基萘;5-乙烯基-2-降冰片烯;壬酸乙烯酯;苯基乙酸乙烯酯;乙烯基膦酸、双(2-氯乙基)酯;丙酸乙烯酯;4-乙烯基吡啶;2-乙烯基吡啶;1-乙烯基-2-吡咯烷酮;2-乙烯基喹啉;1-乙烯基杂氮硅三环;乙烯基砜;乙烯基磺酸钠盐;a-乙烯基甲苯;对乙烯基甲苯;乙烯基三乙酰氧基甲硅烷;乙烯基三丁基锡;三氯乙烯;乙烯基三氯甲硅烷;乙烯基三氯甲硅烷(三氯乙烯基甲硅烷);乙烯基三乙氧基甲硅烷;乙烯基三乙基甲硅烷;三氟乙酸乙烯酯;乙烯基三甲氧基甲硅烷;乙烯基三甲基壬基醚;乙烯基三甲基甲硅烷;乙烯基三苯基溴化磷鎓(三苯基乙烯基溴化磷鎓);乙烯基三-(2-甲氧基乙氧基)甲硅烷;2-戊酸乙烯酯等。
丙烯酸酯封端或另外不饱和氨基甲酸酯、碳酸酯和环氧化物也可用于MIP中。不饱和碳酸酯的一实例是烯丙基二乙二醇碳酸酯。不饱和环氧化物包括但不限于丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、烯丙基缩水甘油醚和1,2-环氧基-3-烯丙基丙烷。
对MIP赋予刚性或结构完整性的交联(Cross-linking/crosslinking)剂或交联单体为本领域技术人员所知,并且包括二官能性、三官能性和四官能性丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯、二乙烯基苯(DVB)、亚烷基二醇和聚亚烷基二醇二丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯,包括乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA)和乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸乙烯酯或丙烯酸烯丙酯或甲基丙烯酸乙烯酯或甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯,二乙烯基苯、二烯丙基二甘醇二碳酸酯、顺丁烯二酸二烯丙酯、反丁烯二酸二烯丙酯、衣康酸二烯丙酯、乙烯基酯诸如草酸二乙烯酯、丙二酸二乙烯酯,丁二酸二烯丙酯、异氰脲酸三烯丙酯、双酚A或乙氧基化双酚A的二甲基丙烯酸酯或二丙烯酸酯、亚甲基或聚亚甲基双丙烯酰胺或26ismuth-丙烯酰胺(26ismuth-acrylamide),包括六亚甲基双丙烯酰胺镧化物或六亚甲基双甲基丙烯酰胺,二(烯)叔胺、三亚甲醇丙烷三丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四丙烯酸酯、二乙烯基醚、二乙烯基砜、苯二甲酸二烯丙酯、三烯丙基蜜胺、甲基丙烯酸2-异氰酸基乙酯、丙烯酸2-异氰酸基乙酯、丙烯酸3-异氰酸基丙酯、甲基丙烯酸1-甲基-2-异氰酸基乙酯、丙烯酸1,1-二甲基-2-异氰酸基乙酯、四乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、四乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二丙烯酸酯、三乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、己二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、己二醇二丙烯酸酯、二乙烯基苯;1,3-二乙烯基四甲基二硅氧烷;8,13-二乙烯基-3,7,12,17-四甲基-21H,23H-卟吩;8,13-二乙烯基-3,7,12,17–四甲基-21H,23H-丙酸;8,13-二乙烯基-3,7,12,17-四甲基-21H,23H-丙酸二钠盐;3,9-二乙烯基-2,4,8,10-四氧杂螺[5,5]十一烷;二乙烯基二氯化锡等。
MIP必须具有足够刚性以使靶标离子可易于移除而不影响聚合物的完整性。在所述情况下,当聚合物基质不足够具有刚性时,可引入交联剂或其它硬化剂。在印迹MIP中,交联剂(交联试剂或单体)实现3个主要功能:1)交联剂在控制聚合物基质的形态方面是重要的,无论所述形态是凝胶型、大孔性还是微凝胶粉末;2)它用于使印迹结合位点(复合空腔)稳定;和3)它对聚合物基质赋予机械稳定性。在特定实施方案中,通常需要较高交联率以对永久多孔材料提供足够机械稳定性。
可使用有效使本公开的单体聚合以产生MIP而不使配体/替代物复合物解离的任何适合的条件。本公开的单体可通过自由基聚合等来聚合。为本领域技术人员所知的任何紫外或热自由基引发剂都可用于优选自由基聚合中。紫外和热引发剂的实例包括过氧化苯甲酰、过氧化乙酰、月桂基过氧化物、偶氮基双异丁腈(AIBN)、过乙酸叔丁酯、过氧化异丙苯、叔丁基过氧化物;叔丁基氢过氧化物、过氧基-二碳酸双(异丙基)酯、安息香甲基醚、2,2'-偶氮双(2,4-二甲基-戊腈)、过氧辛酸叔丁酯、邻苯二甲酸过氧化物、二乙氧基苯乙酮、过氧化异丁酸叔丁酯、二乙氧基苯乙酮、1-羟基环己基苯基酮、2,2-二甲基氧基-2-苯基苯乙酮和啡噻嗪、二异丙基黄原素二硫醚、2,2'-偶氮双-(2-甲脒基丙烷);2,2'-偶氮基双异丁腈-;4,4'-偶氮双-(4-氰基戊酸);1,1’-偶氮双-(环己烷甲腈)-;2,2'-偶氮双-(2,4-二甲基戊腈);等及其混合物。
对单体和交联剂的选择将由为聚合物所需的化学(亲水性、化学稳定性、交联程度、接枝于其它表面的能力、与其它分子的相互作用等)和物理(多孔性、形态、机械稳定性等)性质决定。应选择配体单体/替代物复合物、单体和交联剂的量以提供展现所需结构完整性、多孔性和亲水性的交联聚合物。视所选配体/替代物复合物、单体和交联剂的特定性质/反应性以及聚合物将最终用于的特定应用和环境而定,量可广泛变化。可改变各反应物的相对量以在聚合物载体结构中实现配体/替代物复合物的所需浓度。通常,配体替代物复合物的量将相当于单体的约0.01mmol%至约100mmol%,包括:单体的约0.02、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5、1、2、3、4、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80、85、90、95或100mmol%。交联剂的量通常相当于单体的约1.0至约10mmol%,包括约1.5、2、3、4、5、6、7、8或9mmol%。自由基引发剂的量可为单体的约0.005至1mol%,包括约0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、0.6、0.7、0.8或0.9mol%。(摩尔百分比是指相对于在聚合之前单体总量的百分比。)
可改变聚合的溶剂、温度和手段以获得具有最优物理或化学特征例如多孔性、稳定性和亲水性的聚合材料。溶剂也将基于它使反应混合物的所有各种组分增溶和形成合乎需要的聚合物形态的能力加以选择。
交联程度可在约1%至约95%的范围内。在一些实施方案中,交联程度是约5%至约80%。
可使用提供适合的溶解性并且可与所需反应条件相容以形成本公开的MIP材料的任何溶剂。在其中通过悬浮聚合条件制备MIP材料的一些实施方案中,溶剂可为有机溶剂的混合物。举例来说,溶剂可包括长链脂族醇诸如戊醇、己醇、庚醇、辛醇、壬醇、癸醇、十一醇、十二醇,包括其饱和和不饱和异构体(例如甲基和乙基戊醇、甲基和乙基己醇、甲基和乙基庚醇等)、脂族烃(例如丁烷、戊烷、己烷、庚烷等)、芳族烃(例如苯、甲苯、二甲苯等)及其组合。
由此获得的树脂呈多孔珠粒形式。多孔珠粒可具有开放孔眼结构以便珠粒内的大部分开放体积彼此以及与珠粒表面上的外部开口互联。
在一个实施方案中,本公开提供一种从一种或多种靶标金属离子与其它离子掺混的溶液选择性螯合所述一种或多种靶标金属离子的方法,其包括首先使本公开的大网络聚合物珠粒与洗提溶液接触,借此从所述大网络聚合物珠粒移除非金属替代离子,接着使经洗提珠粒与所述溶液接触,由此将所述靶标离子选择性螯合在所述大网络聚合物珠粒中。接着用能够置换靶标离子的离子溶液从珠粒洗提经螯合的靶标离子,由此使珠粒再生以再次用于螯合靶标离子。
在一个实施方案中,靶标离子是例如在从贵金属(例如金或银)开采操作的氰化物浸出流获得的复杂混合物中的二氰合金酸根(或二氰合银酸根),并且本公开的MIP材料是通过使苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯和N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)硫氰酸铵聚合来制备的大网络MIP珠粒。珠粒初始呈硫氰酸盐形式。在初始使用之前,通过使珠粒与Fe2(SO4)3的溶液接触来将硫氰酸根阴离子洗提出珠粒,由此提供呈“硫酸盐”形式的珠粒。接着使这些珠粒与含有二氰合金酸根(或二氰合银酸根)离子的氰化物浸出溶液(通常也包括各种Hg、Cu、Ni、Zn和Fe离子)接触。二氰合金酸根(或二氰合银酸根)离子选择性结合珠粒。在达到(或接近)处理量后,接着洗提(例如用硫氰酸盐溶液)珠粒以释放金、银和其它微量金属,接着再生(例如使用Fe2(SO4)3的溶液)以再用于螯合。不同于使用活性炭的常规金螯合工艺,这种工艺更简单,因为它消除为常规工艺所需的炭再处理,并且洗提(洗脱)步骤可在苛刻性较小的条件(例如较低温度和压力)下进行。参见图3。相对于常规活性炭吸收工艺,这使总体工艺的资金成本与操作成本两者均降低。
本公开的另一实施方案涉及当氯化物用作用于从难选矿石开采金的浸出剂时,对四氯合金酸根进行螯合。使用氯化物作为浸出剂的优势是这避免对高毒性氰化物溶液的使用及其后续处置。然而,四氯合金酸根(或当存在的氯化物不足时通过水解形成的其氧氯化物)非常难以从离子交换树脂洗脱,伴有长久洗脱时间以及仅少量金得以回收。另外,最通常使用的洗脱剂硫脲是一种疑似致癌物质,并且不合乎大规模使用的需要。因此,这个工艺就它广泛用于金开采而言具有许多挑战。环境因素、金摄取效率、四氯合金酸根于基质上的吸附以及最终从基质使金高效洗脱全都是氯化物的成问题争论点。尽管前3个因素仍待解决,但据信本公开的离子性MIP珠粒与新型洗脱方法联用可快速和高效将金以它的氰化物或硫氰酸盐形式洗脱。
可用能够使Au3+还原成Au+并且相对廉价、无毒或另外可与贵金属提取工艺中使用的材料和工艺化学物质相容的弱还原剂诸如抗坏血酸或亚硫酸盐使四氯合金酸根从Au3+快速还原成Au+。当在氰化钾存在下进行用还原剂使金还原时,所得二氰合金酸根可例如使用本公开的MIP材料立刻再捕集,而在还原期间不损失二氰合金酸根。可接着用硫氰酸盐洗脱二氰合金酸根,这是一种被证明并且极其快速的系统。由于一些离子交换树脂具有高度选择性性质,其它金属将不与金一起被还原,并且随后在硫氰酸盐洗脱工艺期间被洗脱。
本公开提供用于制备MIP的方法。MIP可通过对已知技术进行修改来制备,所述技术包括但不限于美国专利号4,406,792、4,415,655、4,532,232、4,935,365、4,960、762、5,015,576、5,110,883、5,208,155、5,310,648、5,321,102、30 5,372,719、5,786,428、6,063,637和6,593,142中所述的那些,所述美国专利各自的整个内容出于所有目的以引用的方式整体并入本文。
当浸出物含有大量溶解固体、含碳物质或大量汞时,本公开的MIP材料,特别是使用硫氰酸根(作为二氰合金酸根或二氰合银酸根的替代物)和N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵(作为可聚合配体)制备的那些,也特别适用于螯合二氰合金酸根或二氰合银酸根。浸出物中存在含碳物质是依赖于活性炭作为吸收剂的常规螯合工艺的特定问题,因为存在含碳物质会显著降低活性炭对二氰合金酸根的处理量。类似地,浸出流中的汞可通过与二氰合金酸根竞争吸收剂中的吸收位点来使常规活性炭或离子交换吸收剂的处理量降低。相比之下,本公开的MIP材料提供对二氰合金酸根的优越选择性,并且受存在所述污染物的影响实质上较小(或不受影响)。
在进行一定修改的情况下,本公开的用于使用诸如硫氰酸根的替代物制备例如二氰合金酸根选择性MIP珠粒的方法将可应用于螯合其它金盐或更具毒性或价值的元素的许多其它金属盐诸如铜、锰、镍、汞、铅、铀、钴、铬、REM和REE(或其组合)的盐,仅举几例。
本公开的快速和有成本效益的基于替代物的分子印迹聚合物技术也可应用于许多化学、生物学和工程领域中,例如作为传感器的亲和材料检测食品中的化学物质、抗微生物剂和染料残余物,作为吸附剂用于固相提取、结合测定、人工抗体、色谱固定相、催化、药物开发和筛选、移除化学反应中的副产物、检测和/或螯合爆炸物和爆炸物残余物等。基于替代物的分子印迹聚合物通过特定微腔结合位点来在提取方面赋予广泛范围的能力。这个技术也可适用于从化学混合物选择性提取和分离单一元素。
使用MIP技术制备的本公开的大网络珠粒也适用于从水性介质例如饮用水、湖泊、溪流、灌溉径流、工业流出物、采矿废物等移除污染物。
在整篇描述中,当将方法或工艺描述为具有、包括或包含特定工艺步骤时,工艺也基本上由所述处理步骤组成或由所述处理步骤组成。此外,应了解,步骤的顺序或执行某些动作的顺序是不重要的,只要方法保持可操作即可。此外,两个或更多个步骤或动作可同时进行。
实施例
实施例1制备大网络珠粒
配体的示例性合成
五硫磺酸双(N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)-N-癸基-N,N-二甲基铵)的示例性合成:
在配备有微型搅拌棒的20mL小瓶中将N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)-N-癸基-N,N-二甲基氯化铵(1.08g,3.2mmol)溶解于去离子(DI)水(3mL)中。也将硫代硫酸钠(1g,4mmol)溶解于DI水(0.67mL)中,并且添加配体溶液。立刻,溶液变得浓厚和粘稠,并且添加额外DI水(3mL)以使溶液稀薄。在搅拌下用冰浴使溶液冷却至0℃。历经1分钟的过程逐滴添加浓盐酸(0.67mL)。快速形成白色物质,其接着由黄色油状物替换,使所述黄色油状物从溶液分离。使混合物在4℃下沉降过夜。次日,轻轻倒出水相,并且用水(5ml)洗涤残余物。使残余物真空干燥以产生在0℃以下变为蜡状的油状物(1.30g,94%产率)。产物在4℃下稳定储存数周而无可觉察的降解。NMR(400MHz,CDCl3,估计值7.54-7.36(dd,8H);6.68–6.60(dd,2H);5.78–5.73(d,2H);5.31–5.28(d,2H);4.78(s,4H);3.30–3.28(t,4H);3.15(s,12H);1.70(bs,4H);1.25–1.19(m,28H);0.84(t,6H)。
N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)-N,N,N-三正戊基硫氰酸铵的示例性合成:
使配备有侧臂的圆底烧瓶脱气,加热至80℃,并且维持在惰性氛围下。添加10mL乙腈,接着添加4-氯甲基苯乙烯和三正戊胺(用分子筛干燥)(11.37g,50mmol,TCIAmerica),并且保持在惰性氛围下。使混合物在80℃下反应六(6)小时。在真空下移除乙腈,并且将残余物溶解于25mL乙醚中。产物(N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)-N,N,N-三正戊基氯化铵)是白色固体。通过将乙醚添加至产物中以及使用5.5cm中等快速定性滤纸(Medium FastQualitative filter)过滤来用25mL乙醚洗涤产物两次。产物是白色蓬松固体,使其在真空下干燥3小时。
将N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)-N,N,N-三正戊基氯化铵(7.60g,20mmol)溶解于水(50mL)中。将含硫氰酸钾(1.94g,20mmol)的水(30mL)以5mL/min的速率添加至配体溶液中。形成白色沉淀,并且有油状物从溶液沉降。将油状物冷藏过夜。轻轻倒出水溶液,并且用50mL水洗涤残余物。使残余物真空干燥以产生油状物(N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)-N,N,N-三正戊基硫氰酸铵),其在0℃以下变为玻璃状(定量产率:8.05g)。
示例性悬浮聚合
制备水相
通过温和加热至80℃来将聚乙烯醇(PVOH,平均Mw 89,000-98,000,99+%水解,10.26g)溶解于水(540mL)中。将4.42g硼酸溶解于135mL水中,并且当PVOH冷却至50℃时缓慢添加。
制备有机相和聚合
使5g复合物与48.75mL乙基己醇和1.25mL二甲苯在配备有搅拌棒的100mLErlenmeyer烧瓶中合并,并且使其搅拌直至完全溶解。使35.88mL苯乙烯和13.68mL二乙烯基苯与复合物的溶液合并,并且使其搅拌,用隔垫覆盖,置于环境条件下。将0.5g AIBN添加至溶液中,并且使其完全溶解。当溶解时,将溶液添加至加料漏斗中,并且脱气直至反应温度达到75℃。当温度达到80℃时,以1mL/s的速率向溶液中添加水相。使反应进行,伴有连续搅拌约8小时。
反应后珠粒清理
在反应完成后,通过过滤来从水溶液回收珠粒。接着将珠粒浸渍在去离子水(200mL)中10分钟,接着过滤。将在去离子水中浸渍和过滤重复两次。将珠粒在甲醇中洗涤两次,并且在丙酮中洗涤两次。需要时,可使用适当网筛根据尺寸对珠粒进行分级。可接着在活化之前在5至50℃的温度下将珠粒无限期地储存在水中。
珠粒活化
将湿珠粒放置至大型夹套玻璃柱中,并且移除所有夹带空气。接着将柱加热至50℃,并且以0.1个床层体积/分钟的速率添加硫酸铁水合物的溶液(0.22M),持续15个床层体积。接着在环境温度至50℃下用水(10个床层体积)冲洗珠粒。
大网络珠粒相对于活性炭的性质
用具有以下在表1中显示的金属离子组成的测试溶液测试如上制备的大网络珠粒。
表1:见于合成浮选浓缩贵液中的主要金属浓度和相对百分比。
发现如上所述制备的珠粒对二氰合金酸根具有18mg Au/g珠粒的可恢复性处理量(即基于在吸收之后从珠粒洗提的量),而活性炭对金的可恢复性处理量是3mg Au/g炭。相对于活性炭的21%,珠粒对金的选择性是95%。珠粒的洗脱时间显著短于活性炭(珠粒的2小时相对于活性炭的22小时),并且相较于活性炭的95℃,在低得多的温度(室温)下进行。另一重要结果是相较于活性炭,珠粒仅吸收极少量的汞(图2)。发现金相对于铜的选择性(αAu,Cu)接近40,而金相对于其它污染性金属的α值甚至更高。
使如上所述制备的珠粒和活性炭在合成浮选浓缩溶液的情况下进行第二循环。根据本公开的珠粒保持它们的性能特征,而比较性活性炭吸收剂的活性显著下降。贯穿各个装载、洗脱和再生循环,珠粒也似乎维持它们的体积。
使如上所述制备的珠粒进行16个用于从贵液回收金的模拟循环。循环代表金装载、金洗提和珠粒再生以供它们的下次使用。循环需要大幅改变pH(从10.5至1.5)和离子强度,从mM(毫摩尔)至2M(摩尔)溶液。显示历经16个循环,珠粒保持它们的金处理量,发现此对于这个制剂是卓越的30g Au/kg MIP珠粒。
对汞的吸收
除使用邻苯二甲酸根作为替代分子之外,如上所述制备的大网络珠粒具有约16gHg/Kg珠粒的工作处理量。
珠粒的机械稳定性
显示如上所述制备的珠粒相比于通过相当简单方法获得的活性炭具有更大机械稳健性。将3个小瓶装备搅拌棒和10mL DI水,将pH调整至10.5。向第一小瓶中放置100mgAmberlite 400,向第二小瓶中放置100mg本发明珠粒,并且向第3小瓶中放置100mg活性炭。将全部3个小瓶都放置在搅拌板上,并且在100rpm下搅拌12小时。当完成时,Amberlite树脂与珠粒两者均保持完整,而活性炭已显著降解,其中在活性炭上方的溶液由于混悬碳粒子而近乎不透明。
本发明可以其它特定形式体现而不脱离其精神或主要特征。因此,前述实施方案在所有方面都应被视为说明性的而非限制本文所述的本发明。因此,本发明的范围由随附权利要求而非由先前描述所指示,并且落入权利要求的等效含义和范围内的所有变化都意图包括在其中。
Claims (32)
1.多个大网络聚合物珠粒,其包含具有多个选择性结合靶标金属离子的复合空腔的共聚物,其中所述共聚物由以下各物制备:
(a)是阳离子性或阴离子性,并且与非金属替代离子复合的配体单体,
(b)非配体单体,其选自由以下组成的组:甲基丙烯酸甲酯、苯乙烯及其混合物;和
(c)交联单体,其选自由以下组成的组:乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA)、二乙烯基苯及其混合物;
其中:
(i)在所述复合空腔中,所述共聚物的电荷与所述靶标金属离子的电荷相反,并且
(ii)所述非金属替代离子与所述靶标金属离子具有大致上相同的尺寸、形状和电荷。
2.如权利要求1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是阳离子并且所述靶标金属离子是阴离子金属复合物。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述靶标金属离子选自由以下组成的组:金盐、银盐、铜盐、锰盐、镍盐、汞盐、铅盐、铀盐、钴盐、铬盐及其组合。
4.如权利要求3所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述非金属替代离子选自由以下组成的组:硫氰酸根、五硫磺酸根、间苯二甲酸根、和丁二酸根。
5.如权利要求1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是4-乙烯基苯甲基铵化合物。
6.如权利要求5所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三-C4-10烷基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵化合物。
7.如权利要求6所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三-C4-6烷基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵化合物。
8.如权利要求1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,所述非配体单体是苯乙烯,所述交联单体是二乙烯基苯,并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -。
9.如权利要求1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,所述非配体单体是甲基丙烯酸甲酯,所述交联单体是乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA),并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -。
10.如权利要求1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是乙烯基苯甲基三正丁基铵,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,所述非配体单体是苯乙烯,所述交联单体是二乙烯基苯,并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -。
11.如权利要求1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是乙烯基苯甲基三正丁基铵,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,所述非配体单体是甲基丙烯酸甲酯,所述交联单体是乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA),并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -。
12.如权利要求1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,所述非配体单体是甲基丙烯酸甲酯,所述交联单体是二乙烯基苯,并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -。
13.如权利要求1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是双(N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)-N-癸基-N,N-二甲基铵),所述非金属替代离子是五硫磺酸根,所述非配体单体是苯乙烯,所述交联单体是二乙烯基苯,并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(S2O3)2 3-。
14.如权利要求1所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵,所述非金属替代离子是五硫磺酸根,所述非配体单体是苯乙烯,所述交联单体是二乙烯基苯,并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(S2O3)2 3-。
15.一种制备大网络分子印迹聚合物珠粒的方法,其包括使以下各物聚合:
(a)是阳离子性或阴离子性,并且与非金属替代离子复合的配体单体,
(b)非配体单体,其选自由以下组成的组:甲基丙烯酸甲酯、苯乙烯及其混合物;和
(c)交联单体,其选自由以下组成的组:乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA)、二乙烯基苯及其混合物;;
由此形成多个大网络分子印迹聚合物珠粒,各自具有多个选择性结合靶标金属离子的复合空腔,
其中所述非金属替代离子的尺寸、形状和电荷与所述靶标金属离子大致上相同。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述配体单体是阳离子并且所述靶标金属离子是阴离子金属复合物。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述靶标金属离子选自由以下组成的组:金盐、银盐、铜盐、锰盐、镍盐、汞盐、铅盐、铀盐、钴盐、铬盐及其组合。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述非金属替代离子选自由以下组成的组:硫氰酸根、五硫磺酸根、间苯二甲酸根、和丁二酸根。
19.如权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -并且所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根。
20.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述配体单体是4-乙烯基苯甲基铵化合物。
21.如权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三-C4-10烷基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵化合物。
22.如权利要求21所述的方法,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三-C4-6烷基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵化合物。
23.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,所述非配体单体是苯乙烯,所述交联单体是二乙烯基苯,并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -。
24.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,所述非配体单体是甲基丙烯酸甲酯,所述交联单体是乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA),并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -。
25.如权利要求15所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是乙烯基苯甲基三正丁基铵,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,所述非配体单体是苯乙烯,所述交联单体是二乙烯基苯,并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -。
26.如权利要求15所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是乙烯基苯甲基三正丁基铵,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,所述非配体单体是甲基丙烯酸甲酯,所述交联单体是乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA),并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -。
27.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵,所述非金属替代离子是硫氰酸根,所述非配体单体是甲基丙烯酸甲酯,所述交联单体是二乙烯基苯,并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(CN)2 -。
28.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述配体单体是双(N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)-N-癸基-N,N-二甲基铵),所述非金属替代离子是五硫磺酸根,所述非配体单体是苯乙烯,所述交联单体是二乙烯基苯,并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(S2O3)2 3-。
29.如权利要求15所述的大网络聚合物珠粒,其中所述配体单体是N,N,N-三戊基-N-(4-乙烯基苯甲基)铵,所述非金属替代离子是五硫磺酸根,所述非配体单体是苯乙烯,所述交联单体是二乙烯基苯,并且所述靶标金属离子是Au(S2O3)2 3-。
30.一种从一种或多种靶标金属离子与其它离子掺混的溶液选择性螯合所述一种或多种靶标金属离子的方法,其包括首先使如权利要求1-14任一项所述的大网络聚合物珠粒与洗提溶液接触,借此从所述大网络聚合物珠粒移除所述非金属替代离子,接着使所述经洗提珠粒与所述溶液接触,由此将所述靶标离子选择性螯合在所述大网络聚合物珠粒中。
31.一种从含金矿石回收金的方法,其包括:
(1)将所述含金矿石压碎,
(2)使所述压碎矿石与浸出剂接触,由此形成包含阴离子金复合物的水溶液,
(3)使所述水溶液与如权利要求1-14任一项所述的大网络聚合物珠粒接触,借此使所述阴离子金复合物选择性复合在所述珠粒的所述复合空腔中,
(4)用洗提溶液洗提所述珠粒,借此从所述珠粒大致上移除所述阴离子金复合物,和
(5)以电解方式使所述回收的金复合物还原以形成金金属。
32.如权利要求31所述的方法,其中所述浸出剂是氯化物水溶液,所述阴离子金复合物是AuCl4 -,并且所述方法在步骤(2)之后进一步包括:
(a)用还原剂使所述AuCl4 -还原以形成Au+,和
(b)使所述Au+与氰化物水溶液复合以形成AuCN2 -的水溶液,
其中在步骤(3)中,使AuCN2 -的所述水溶液选择性复合在所述珠粒的所述复合空腔中。
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HK1256014A1 (zh) | 2019-09-13 |
US9504988B1 (en) | 2016-11-29 |
AU2016297956A1 (en) | 2018-02-01 |
BR112018001744A2 (pt) | 2018-09-11 |
MX2018001038A (es) | 2018-11-09 |
AU2016297956B2 (en) | 2021-01-21 |
RU2018104571A (ru) | 2019-08-27 |
US11458453B2 (en) | 2022-10-04 |
RU2719736C2 (ru) | 2020-04-22 |
RU2018104571A3 (zh) | 2019-11-07 |
PE20180759A1 (es) | 2018-05-03 |
CA2993292A1 (en) | 2017-02-02 |
CN107847906A (zh) | 2018-03-27 |
CN112007622B (zh) | 2023-01-10 |
EP3328539A4 (en) | 2019-01-02 |
CA2993292C (en) | 2023-10-03 |
US20210252477A1 (en) | 2021-08-19 |
CN107847906B (zh) | 2020-08-14 |
WO2017019181A1 (en) | 2017-02-02 |
MX2024003035A (es) | 2024-03-27 |
EP3328539A1 (en) | 2018-06-06 |
US10814306B2 (en) | 2020-10-27 |
US20180214845A1 (en) | 2018-08-02 |
BR112018001744B1 (pt) | 2021-12-21 |
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