CN112005964B - Breeding method and application of rex rabbit specialized paternal line - Google Patents
Breeding method and application of rex rabbit specialized paternal line Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a selective breeding method and application of a rex rabbit specialized father line, wherein the selective breeding method comprises the following steps: firstly, establishing a breeding target of a specialized father line which mainly improves the growth performance and the fur quality; screening rex rabbit groups, and selecting individuals with excellent growth and fur performance to establish breeding basic groups; establishing a performance measuring system, and measuring the breeding basic group on time according to the performance measuring system to obtain a performance measuring value of the breeding basic group; formulating a seed selection scheme and a matching scheme according to the performance measured value of the breeding basic group; and (4) carrying out locked subculture breeding on the breeding basic group by utilizing the seed selection scheme and the matching scheme to achieve the breeding target, thus obtaining the special parent line of the rex rabbit. The breeding method is simple and feasible, the existing strain genetic resources are used, and the breeding performance of the obtained rex rabbit specialized paternal line is obviously improved through systematic breeding of 4-5 generations, and the effect of combining ability as a male parent is obvious.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of rabbit genetic breeding, and particularly relates to a selective breeding method of a rex rabbit specialized father line and application thereof.
Background
Rex rabbit (also named as rex rabbit) is a precious rabbit for both skin and meat. The beaver rabbit is bred after mutation of hair type of meat rabbit, and its coat hair has the typical characteristics of 'thin, dense and flat', and its fur quality is good, and market value is high. In 1924, raccoon beaver-colored ricks rabbits were first shown at the international bleb in paris, france to receive a high degree of evaluation by people, and then the ricks rabbits were rapidly spread around the world. As the breeding history of the rex rabbits is short, the genetic basis is narrow, systematic breeding is lacked, and the growth speed and the heavy performance of the rex rabbits are low. China is a big country for breeding rex rabbits, excellent rex rabbit varieties are seriously lacked in production, the production index of the rex rabbits is generally lower than that of meat rabbits by 30% or more at present, and the disadvantages of low production performance and poor breeding benefit of the rex rabbits are obvious under the condition that the price of fur is relatively low, so that the rex rabbit industry is continuously atrophied. Because the reproductive capacity, the growth capacity and the fur quality of the rex rabbits have genetic antagonism, the selection of a full-purpose variety with high production performance and high fur quality is difficult. And by applying a mating line breeding technical strategy, main selection characters are reasonably distributed, different specialized rex rabbit male parent strains and female parent strains are respectively bred, and a mating hybridization breeding system is established, so that the gene complementation potential and the hybrid vigor can be exerted on the whole, and the optimal breeding and production effects are realized. At present, no commercial rex rabbit complete line varieties exist at home and abroad, no report on breeding of the rex rabbit specialized line is found, and the breeding method and successful experience of the advanced and applicable rex rabbit specialized line are lacked, so that the progress and healthy development of the rex rabbit breed industry in China are restricted.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a breeding method of a rex rabbit specialized father line and application thereof. The inventor utilizes the mating line theory to breed the special parental line of the rex rabbit so as to be convenient for hybridization production with the special maternal line, and the improvement of the production performance of the rex rabbit becomes a necessary and effective method.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for breeding a rex rabbit specialized father line comprises the following steps:
(1) Establishing a breeding target of a specialized father line which mainly improves the growth performance and the fur quality;
(2) Screening rex rabbit groups, and selecting individuals with excellent growth and fur performance to establish breeding basic groups;
(3) Establishing a performance measuring system, and measuring the breeding basic group on time according to the performance measuring system to obtain a performance measuring value of the breeding basic group;
(4) Formulating a seed selection scheme and a matching scheme according to the performance measured value of the breeding basic group;
(5) And (4) carrying out locked subculture breeding on the breeding basic group by utilizing the seed selection scheme and the matching scheme to achieve the breeding target, thus obtaining the special parent line of the rex rabbit.
Further, in the step (1), the breeding targets are that the body weight of 13 weeks is more than or equal to 2.5kg, the body weight of 17 weeks is more than or equal to 2.8kg, and the first-order skin ratios of 13 weeks and 17 weeks are more than 95%.
Further, in the step (2), the genetic source of the rex rabbit population is a French rex rabbit or German rex rabbit or a strain bred by taking the French rex rabbit or German rex rabbit as a main genetic resource, and the specific genetic source is as follows: a special rex rabbit strain (species) such as Sichuan white rex rabbit, which is bred by taking a French or German rex rabbit as a main genetic resource and mainly aiming at improving the growth speed; secondly, only French or German rex rabbits have been introduced historically, and no other closed group with external blood exists; thirdly, the determined growth performance is excellent, the quality of the fur is stable, although the sources are mixed, the locked breeding group is adopted in the last 3 years; the scale of the rex rabbit population is as follows: more than or equal to 200 female rabbits, more than or equal to 30 male rabbits, and distant relativity among breeding rabbit individuals.
Furthermore, the individual with excellent growth performance refers to a rex rabbit individual with fast early weight gain, good body shape and excellent fur quality; the minimum production performance requirement of the breeding basic group is as follows: the number of born alive is more than or equal to 6.8, the weight of 3-week-old litter is more than or equal to 2.2kg, the number of 5-week-old weaning is more than or equal to 6, the weight of 5-week-old weaning individual is more than or equal to 720g, and the weight of 13-week-old litter is more than or equal to 2.3kg.
Furthermore, the individuals with excellent growth performance are selected and retained in three stages of 13 weeks old, 17 weeks old and 23 weeks old respectively according to the sequence from high to low of the female breeding rabbit index and the male breeding rabbit index, and then selected and retained as a breeding basic group according to the health condition and the semen quality at 23 weeks old.
Further, the selection among the three stages of 13 weeks old, 17 weeks old and 23 weeks old is as follows: respectively measuring the weight, body type and fur quality of the three stages for grading, then respectively calculating the selection index of the breeding rabbits according to the weight weighting of 0.4, 0.2 and 0.4 after standardizing the 3 indexes, and then reserving the breeding rabbits according to the index height; 200 rabbits before the female rabbit and 30 rabbits before the male rabbit are selected as a breeding basic group according to the health condition and the semen quality at 23 weeks of age.
Furthermore, the number of female rabbits in the breeding core group of each generation is not less than 150, and the number of male rabbits is not less than 30. The performance measurement scale of each generation for selecting and reserving the breeding rabbits is not less than 2000.
Further, in step (3), the performance measurement system comprises the following measurement properties: litter size, litter size and litter weight; the number of weaning individuals in the litter and the weight of weaning individuals are counted; individual weight, body type score, fur score and reproductive development score at 13 weeks of age; individual weight, body type score, fur score and reproductive development score at 17 weeks of age; individual weight, body type score, coat score, sole hair score and quilt hair length at 23 weeks of age; sexual desire, ejaculatory amount, semen comprehensive scoring and the amount of diluted semen of the male rabbits can be matched.
Further, the semen and semen comprehensive score, the body type score, the fur score, the reproductive development score and the sole hair score are uniformly trained by professional technicians, breeders and fur dealers, and evaluation is carried out in 10 grades.
Furthermore, young rabbits need to be registered in a weaning link, and the ear number is formed by 6 digits in an ear pricking mode, wherein the 1 st digit is a strain number, the 2 nd to 3 rd digits are a year and month, and the last 3 th digit is a serial number. The general process of weaning ear size is as follows: weighing the whole nest, and measuring and recording the weight of the weaning nest and the number of weaning nests; identifying the sex; weighing the individuals; ear pricking; the ear number, father number, mother number, sex, date of birth, date of weaning and weight of weaning individuals of the individual are recorded in the measurement.
Further, in the step (4), the seed selection scheme is as follows: analyzing and calculating the performance measured value of the breeding basic group by using an optimal linear unbiased prediction method to obtain a character breeding value; standardizing the character breeding value to obtain a standardized breeding value; calculating selection indexes for the standardized breeding values according to different weights, and selecting and reserving according to the selection indexes; the matching scheme is as follows: selecting excellent male and female rabbits with high indexes to match homogeneously, adopting optimized unequal mating, wherein the male and female rabbits are mainly distant mating, and part of the male and female rabbits use inbreeding with the affinity coefficient less than 1/4.
Further, the trait breeding value comprises a growth trait, a coat trait breeding value, and a reproduction trait breeding value; the selection indexes comprise a 13-week-old selection index, a 17-week-old selection index and a 23-week-old selection index, and the preferred seed reserving amounts are 300%,150% and 120% of the core group respectively.
Further, the fixed effects in the statistical model of the growth character and coat character breeding value comprise sex, number of fetuses, season of year and generation, and the random effects comprise individual additive genetic effects and maternal additive genetic effects; the statistical model fixed effect of the breeding value of the propagation character comprises the number of births, the number of seasons and the generation, and the random effect comprises the individual additive genetic effect and the nest effect.
Further, the statistical model of the growth trait breeding value and the fur trait breeding value is as follows:
y＝Xb+Za+Wm+e
wherein:
y: vector of observed value for each growth trait
b: fixed effect vector including sex, fetal number, season, generation
a: random effect, individual additive genetic effect vector
m: random effect, maternal additive genetic effect
e: residual effect vector
X and Z are respectively corresponding effect matrixes
The breeding character adopts the following model: y = Xb + Z 1 a+Z 2 c+e
Wherein:
y: vector of observed value for each growth trait
b: fixed effect vector including fetal time, annual season, generation
a: random effect, individual additive genetic effect vector
c: random effects, pit effect vectors, expressed as mother-fetal combinations
e: residual effect vector
X and Z are respectively corresponding effect matrixes
The above model assumes the preconditions: e (y) = X β, E (E) =0,
Cov(a,m)＝Aσ am 。
further, the 13-week-old selection index comprises the weight of the trait as: the weight of the individual weight of 13 weeks old is 0.5, the weight of the body type score is 0.1, and the weight of the fur score is 0.4; the 17-week-old selection index comprises the following traits by weight: the weight of the individual weight of 17 weeks old is 0.3, the weight of the comprehensive score of body type, foot hair and reproductive development is 0.3, and the weight of the fur score is 0.4; the selection index of 23 week old and adult rabbits comprises the weights of the traits as: the weight of male rabbit libido is 0.3, the weight of ejaculatory amount is 0.2, the weight of semen quality is 0.2, and the weight of dilutable fraction is 0.3.
In the further stages, the backup rabbits with ill disease, poor health condition and unsuitable species are selected and discarded actively, including but not limited to the following cases: respiratory diseases such as rhinitis, digestive tract diseases such as diarrhea, skin diseases such as acarid, fungus and staphylococcus infection, genetic defect diseases such as keratitis, splayed leg and ivory, phenotypes such as needle hair, gunhair, hair unevenness, density difference and weeping ear, trauma and the like.
After further 23 weeks of selection, no selection was performed, but female rabbits unsuitable for breeding were actively rejected, including but not limited to the following cases: ill or sanitary conditions, infertility of head and fetus, litter, poor lactation, and seized or trampled young rabbits.
Further, in the step (5), before the locked subculture breeding, all the male rabbits are continuously semen-collected for 2 times at intervals of 5 days, male rabbits with poor libido, female rabbits, rhizoma polygonati and poor semen quality are eliminated, and male rabbits with the average conception rate lower than 50% are eliminated in real time during the use period.
Further, in the step (5), the locking successive transfer breeding generation is more than or equal to 4, and the population average inbred coefficient is controlled to be 5-10%.
Further, the initial mating age of the breeding rabbits is 25 weeks, the breeding rabbits are produced according to a 42-day breeding mode, 3 fetuses are continuously bred, and the seeds are reserved in the 2 nd to 4 th fetuses at the generation interval of about 1 year; very few particularly excellent individuals allow for the generation overlap; in the generation breeding process, the average seed reserving rate of the core group female rabbits is about 10 percent, the corresponding selection intensity is 1.75, the average seed reserving rate of the core group male rabbits is about 2 percent, and the average selection intensity of the male rabbits and the female rabbits is within 2.0.
The breeding method is applied to breeding of the obtained special parent rex rabbit.
Further, the rex rabbit specialized paternal line bred by the breeding method is used for breeding rex rabbit specialized strains, and the bred rex rabbit specialized paternal line is used for hybridization production and variety improvement.
Optimal linear unbiased prediction method (BLUP): a prediction of a random effect (e.g., an individual breeding value) is said to be the best linear unbiased prediction if it has statistical properties such as linearity (the predictor is a linear function of the sample's observed value), unbiased (the mathematical expectation of the predictor is equal to the mathematical expectation of the random effect itself), and minimal variance of the prediction error. The method was originally proposed by american scholars in the early 50 s of the 20 th century. Since the 70 s, the method is widely applied to the improvement of cattle and becomes a conventional method for estimating the breed number of cattle and livestock in most countries, and in the middle and later stages of the 80 s, some countries begin to apply the method to the genetic evaluation of pigs, so that the speed of genetic improvement is greatly improved. At present, the method becomes a standard genetic evaluation method in the breeding world at home and abroad.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method for breeding the special parental line of the rex rabbit comprises the following steps: firstly, establishing a breeding target of a specialized father line which mainly improves the growth performance and the fur quality; screening rex rabbit groups, and selecting individuals with excellent growth performance to establish breeding basic groups; establishing a performance measuring system, and measuring the breeding basic group on time according to the performance measuring system to obtain a performance measuring value of the breeding basic group; formulating a seed selection scheme and a matching scheme according to the performance measured value of the breeding basic group; and (4) performing locked subculture breeding on the breeding basic group by using the seed selection scheme and the matching scheme to achieve the breeding target, thus obtaining the special father line of the rex rabbit. The breeding population is locked and bred for more than 4 generations according to the flow of 'seed selection-matching-determination-seed selection', and the special father line of the Rex rabbit with high growth speed and excellent fur quality can be obtained. The specialized father line has high genetic performance and good combining ability with the mother line, is matched and hybridized with the specialized mother line, and has regular commercial rex rabbit groups, the average body weight of 13 weeks is more than or equal to 2.4kg, the average body weight of 17 weeks is more than or equal to 2.8kg, and the first-class skin ratio is 95 percent. The breeding benefit is improved by more than 20 percent compared with the current rex rabbit variety. The breeding method is simple and feasible, the existing strain genetic resources are used, the breeding performance of the rex rabbit specialized paternal line is obviously improved through the systematic breeding of 4-5 generations, and the effect of combining ability as a male parent is obvious.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention will be described in detail below. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the examples given herein without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a selective breeding method of a rex rabbit specialized father line, which comprises the following steps:
(1) Establishing a breeding target of a specialized father line which mainly improves the growth performance and the fur quality; the breeding target is that the body weight of 13 weeks is more than or equal to 2.5kg, the body weight of 17 weeks is more than or equal to 2.8kg, and the first-order skin rate of 13 weeks and 17 weeks is more than 95%.
(2) Screening rex rabbit groups, selecting individuals with excellent growth performance to establish breeding basic groups: the genetic source of the rex rabbit population is French rex rabbits; the minimum production performance requirement of the breeding basic group is as follows: the number of born alive is more than or equal to 6.8, the weight of 3-week-old litter is more than or equal to 2.2kg, the number of 5-week-old weaning is more than or equal to 6, the weight of 5-week-old weaning individual is more than or equal to 720g, and the weight of 13-week-old litter is more than or equal to 2.3kg; the scale of the breeding basic group is as follows: more than or equal to 200 female rabbits, more than or equal to 30 male rabbits, and distant relativity among breeding rabbit individuals; the individual with excellent growth performance refers to a rex rabbit individual with quick early weight gain, good body shape and excellent fur quality; the individuals with excellent growth performance are selected and reserved in three stages of 13 weeks old, 17 weeks old and 23 weeks old respectively according to the sequence from high to low of the female breeding rabbit index and the male breeding rabbit index, and then selected and reserved as a breeding basic group at 23 weeks old according to the health condition and the semen quality; the selection and reservation at three stages of 13 weeks old, 17 weeks old and 23 weeks old are as follows: respectively measuring the weight, body type and fur quality of the three stages for scoring, then respectively calculating female rabbit index and male rabbit index according to the weighting of 0.4, 0.2 and 0.4 after standardizing the 3 indexes, and then reserving seeds according to the index height; 200 rabbits before the female rabbit and 30 rabbits before the male rabbit are selected as a breeding basic group according to the health condition and the semen quality at 23 weeks of age.
(3) Establishing a performance measuring system, and measuring the breeding basic group on time according to the performance measuring system to obtain a performance measuring value of the breeding basic group; the performance assay system comprises the following assay traits: litter size, litter size and litter weight; the number of weaning individuals in the litter and the weight of weaning individuals; individual weight, body type score, fur score and reproductive development score at 13 weeks of age; individual weight, body type score, fur score and reproductive development score at 17 weeks of age; individual weight, body type score, coat score, foot coat hair score and quilt hair length at 23 weeks of age; male rabbit sexual desire, ejaculatory amount, semen comprehensive scoring and the amount of diluted semen; and the semen comprehensive score, the body shape score, the fur score, the reproductive development score and the foot sole hair score are evaluated by 10 grades.
(4) Formulating a seed selection scheme and a matching scheme according to the performance measured value of the breeding basic group; the seed selection scheme is as follows: analyzing and calculating the performance measured value of the breeding basic group by using an optimal linear unbiased prediction method to obtain a character breeding value; standardizing the character breeding value to obtain a standardized breeding value; calculating selection indexes for the standardized breeding values according to different weights, and selecting and reserving the selection indexes preferentially according to the selection indexes; the character breeding value comprises a growth character breeding value, a fur character breeding value and a reproduction character breeding value; the selection index comprises a 13-week-old selection index, a 17-week-old selection index and a 23-week-old selection index; the preferred seed reserving amount is respectively 300 percent, 150 percent, 120 percent or more of the core group;
the statistical model of the growth character and coat character breeding value is y = Xb + Za + Wm + e, y is an observed value vector of each growth character, the fixed effect b comprises gender, fetal number, season and generation, the random effect a is an individual additive genetic effect, the random effect m is a parent additive genetic effect, e is a residual effect vector, and X and Z are corresponding effect matrixes respectively;
the statistical model of the breeding value of the reproductive trait is y = Xb + Z 1 a+Z 2 c + e, y are observed value vectors of each growth trait, the fixed effect b comprises the number of births, the season of the year and the generation, the random effect a is an individual additive genetic effect, the random effect c is a nest effect and is expressed by a mother-number combination, e is a residual effect vector, and X and Z are corresponding effect matrixes respectively;
the statistical model of the growth character and fur character breeding value and the statistical model of the breeding character breeding value have the following hypothesis: e (y) = X β, E (E) =0,
Cov(a,m)＝Aσ am ；
the 13-week-old selection index comprises the following traits by weight: the weight of the individual weight of 13 weeks old is 0.5, the weight of the body type score is 0.1, and the weight of the fur score is 0.4; the 17-week-old selection index comprises the following traits by weight: the weight of the individual weight at the age of 17 weeks is 0.3, the weight of the comprehensive score of the body type, the foot hair and the reproductive development is 0.3, and the weight of the score of the fur is 0.4; the selection index of 23 week old and adult rabbits comprises the weights of the traits as: the weight of male rabbit libido is 0.3, the weight of ejaculatory amount is 0.2, the weight of semen quality is 0.2, and the weight of dilutable fraction is 0.3;
the matching scheme is as follows: selecting excellent male and female rabbits with high indexes to match homogeneously, adopting optimized unequal mating, wherein the male and female rabbits are mainly distant mating, and part of the male and female rabbits use inbreeding with the affinity coefficient less than 1/4.
(5) Before the locked subculture breeding, continuously collecting sperms for 2 times for all male rabbits at intervals of 5 days, eliminating male rabbits with poor libido, no female rabbits, rhizoma polygonati and poor sperm quality, and eliminating male rabbits with the average conception rate lower than 50% in real time during the use period; carrying out locked successive breeding on the breeding basic group by using the seed selection scheme and the matching scheme, wherein the generation of the locked successive breeding is more than or equal to 4, and the average inbreeding coefficient of the group is controlled to be 5-10%; the initial mating age of the breeding rabbits in the closed subculture breeding is 25 weeks, the breeding rabbits are produced according to a 42-day breeding mode, 4 embryos are continuously bred, the seeds are reserved in the 2 nd to 4 th embryos, and the generation interval is about 1 year; very elite individuals allow for generation overlap; the average seed reserving rate of the female rabbits in the core group in the locked successive transfer breeding is about 10 percent, the corresponding selection strength is 1.75, the average seed reserving rate of the male rabbits in the core group is about 2 to 3 percent, the corresponding selection strength is 2.42, the breeding target is achieved, and the special father line of the rex rabbits is obtained.
Example 2
The embodiment provides a breeding method of a rex rabbit specialized father line, which comprises the following steps:
in a breeding field of Shandong Baicao rabbit industry development Limited company, a basic group is established from 2013, and a Rex rabbit specialized paternal R line (hereinafter referred to as R line) is bred in a process of 1 generation in 1 year. The breeding process of the R line is as follows:
breeding target of R line: specializing father line, white quilt hair, 2.2-2.3 cm long hair; the fur has the advantages of compact and flat capillary, long fur, heavy hand feeling, certain damping feeling, proper coarse fur content, good fur elasticity, complete coverage of the sole by the fur, thickness and no individual with fur, fur and unsmooth fur. The number born alive is more than or equal to 7, the weight of 3-week-old litter is more than or equal to 2.3kg, the number of 5-week-old litter weaning is more than or equal to 6.5, the weight of 5-week-old weaning individuals is more than or equal to 800g, and the weight of 13-week-old litter is more than or equal to 2.5kg.
R breeding basic group establishment: 200 (150/50) breeding rabbits are introduced from Mengyin in spring 2007, and the genetic source of the breeding rabbits is German rex rabbits introduced in Beijing 1997. In summer of 2007, 60 (50 female/10 female) breeding rabbits are introduced from a breeding rabbit farm of Hebei agriculture university, and the breeding rabbits are French rex rabbits which are bred for multiple generations. The body shape and appearance characteristics are as follows: big body type, square head type; the hair length is 1.8-2.0cm, the coarse hair gun hair rate is high, and the hair density is high. After the breeding is introduced, after pure breeding and screening, male rabbits and Germany female rabbits are hybridized, the offspring grows faster, the thick gunhair rate is reduced compared with that of male parent male rabbits, and fine individuals with dense and smooth capillaries are selected and reserved for use as seeds. Thereafter, in 2008-2013, the rabbit group is bred in a locked mode all the time, and pedigree records and partial production performance records exist. 1500 young rabbits with cumulative ear numbers are registered in the 2 nd nest and the 3 rd nest of the rex rabbit group from 3 months in 2013, wherein 1200 female rabbits and 300 male rabbits are used as a breeding basic group of the R line of the rex rabbits. Respectively measuring the body weight and fur quality scores at 13-week, 17-week and 23-week ages, respectively calculating the female rabbit index and male rabbit index according to the weight of 0.8/0.2 after standardizing the 2 indexes, then reserving seeds according to the indexes, and actively eliminating the rex rabbits with needle hair, gunhair, density difference, uneven hair and covered hair length less than 2.1cm in the period. The selected and reserved quantities in the three stages are respectively as follows: 600 female rabbits and 150 male rabbits, 400 female rabbits and 100 male rabbits, 350 female rabbits and 80 male rabbits.
R is updated from generation 0 to generation 1: and (3) performing primary matching on 350 female rabbits and 80 male rabbits selected and reserved from the R line 0 generation in 10 months in 2013, eliminating breeding rabbits with poor female property, poor male rabbit libido and poor sperm quality, finally selecting and reserving 300 female rabbits and 30 male rabbits, and starting from the 2 nd fetus to produce 1 generation newborn rabbits in a pure breeding mode. All the female rabbits are hung with female rabbit cards, the breeding is carried out in a mode of synchronization estrus and artificial insemination, the inbreeding is avoided, and 10-15 female rabbits are matched with each male rabbit.
According to the selective mating scheme, the field insemination is completed, after the mating is completed, the mating information is filled in the female rabbit card according to the actual mating execution condition, and the mating information at least comprises the mating date, the male rabbit and the like. On the 12 th day after mating, all the mating female rabbits were fettled, and the pregnancy was filled in to the mating female rabbit card.
Delivering after 30-32 days after mating, and timely measuring and recording information such as litter size, number born alive, weight of newborn nest, fostering and the like; 5-7 initial embryos are selected and reserved in each nest, and 7-8 initial embryos are reserved behind the initial embryos; when the litter size is less than or equal to 4, the litter weight of 3 weeks, the weight of weaning litter and the number of weaning individuals are measured. The birth date of the newborn rabbit is based on the hybridization date plus 31 days.
Weaning measurements and baby rabbit enrollment were completed at 5 weeks of age of baby rabbits, the general flow of weaning measurements being: (1) weighing the whole nest, and measuring and recording the weight of the weaned nest and the number of weaned nests; (2) identifying the sex; (3) weighing the individuals; (4) punching ear numbers; (5) the individual's ear number, father number, mother number, sex, date of birth, date of weaning, and weight of weaned individuals were recorded. When ear number is beaten, the whole nest is eliminated under the following conditions: nest combination; mastitis of female rabbits; the young rabbit suffers from diseases of digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin; the average weight of the young rabbits is less than 600g. Except for the above, all young rabbits need to be registered with a hired number. And calculating selection indexes of all characters at the stage, and selecting and reserving 50% according to the indexes. Generally, rex rabbits are slaughtered after 13 weeks of age, the selection at the stage only reduces the workload of measurement at 13 weeks of age, and if no special reason exists, the rex rabbits can be left without selection at the stage and perform whole-group measurement at 13 weeks of age.
And (3) measuring and recording the individual weight, the body type score, the fur score and the reproductive development score at 13 weeks of age, calculating a selection index, selecting and reserving 25% of female rabbits and 10% of male rabbits if the weaning measurement is not selected, continuously selecting and reserving 50% of female rabbits and 20% of male rabbits if the weaning measurement is selected and reserved.
And (4) measuring and recording the individual weight, the body type score, the fur score and the reproductive development score at the age of 17 weeks, calculating a selection index, continuously selecting and reserving 50% for female rabbits and 20% for male rabbits.
And (4) measuring and recording individual weight, body type score, fur score, foot sole hair score and quilt hair length at the age of 23 weeks, calculating a selection index, continuously selecting and reserving 80% for female rabbits and 80% for male rabbits.
After the determination of 23 weeks, the male and female rabbits are respectively transferred to a male rabbit hutch and a female rabbit hutch for breeding production. In the process, male rabbits with poor libido and poor semen quality are actively eliminated, and the following female rabbits which are not suitable for breeding are actively eliminated: ill or poor health; infertility of the head and fetus; laying the bottom of a cage; no padding; poor lactation; and (4) catching or treading dead baby rabbits.
The selection and the reservation of the breeding rabbits of the next generation can be completed according to the flow generally 3-4 embryos. The other generation updates are similar to the above process and are not described again. The R line has completed 5 generations of breeding by 2018, and the main reproductive performance of each generation is shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Primary reproductive Performance for each Generation
In 2017, the R line 4 generation male rabbits are hybridized with the bred specialized female line A, and the test results are shown in Table 2, which shows that the line A is suitable for hybrid production and has remarkable heterosis.
TABLE 2 test results
The above description is only for the specific embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of the changes or substitutions within the technical scope of the present invention, and all the changes or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the appended claims.
Claims (2)
1. A selective breeding method of a rex rabbit specialized father line is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Establishing a breeding target of a specialized father line which mainly improves the growth performance and the fur quality;
(2) Screening rex rabbit groups, and selecting individuals with excellent growth and fur performance to establish breeding basic groups;
(3) Establishing a performance measuring system, and measuring the breeding basic group on time according to the performance measuring system to obtain a performance measuring value of the breeding basic group;
(4) Formulating a seed selection scheme and a matching scheme according to the performance measured value of the breeding basic group;
(5) Carrying out locked subculture breeding on the breeding basic group by utilizing the seed selection scheme and the matching scheme to achieve the breeding target, thus obtaining the special parent line of the rex rabbit;
in the step (1), the breeding targets are that the body weight of 13 weeks is more than or equal to 2.5kg, the body weight of 17 weeks is more than or equal to 2.8kg, and the first-class skin ratio of 13 weeks and 17 weeks is more than 95%;
the genetic source of the rex rabbit population is a French rex rabbit or German rex rabbit or a strain which is bred by taking the French rex rabbit or German rex rabbit as a main genetic resource; the scale of the breeding basic group is as follows: more than or equal to 200 female rabbits, more than or equal to 30 male rabbits, and distant relativity among breeding rabbit individuals; the individuals with excellent growth performance refer to rex rabbit individuals with quick early weight gain, good body shape and excellent fur quality; the individuals with excellent growth performance are selected and retained in three stages of 13 weeks old, 17 weeks old and 23 weeks old respectively according to the sequence from high to low of the female breeding rabbit index and the male breeding rabbit index, and then selected and retained as a breeding basic group according to the health condition and the semen quality at 23 weeks old;
the selection and retention are carried out in three stages of 13 weeks old, 17 weeks old and 23 weeks old as follows: respectively measuring the weight, body type and fur quality of the three stages for grading, then respectively calculating the selection index of the breeding rabbits according to the weight weighting of 0.4, 0.2 and 0.4 after standardizing the 3 indexes, and then reserving the breeding rabbits according to the index height; selecting 200 male rabbits at the front of a female rabbit and 30 male rabbits at the front of a male rabbit as a breeding basic group according to the health condition and the semen quality at the age of 23 weeks;
in the step (3), the performance measurement system comprises the following measurement properties: litter size, litter size and litter weight; the number of weaning individuals in the litter and the weight of weaning individuals; individual weight, body type score, fur score and reproductive development score at 13 weeks of age; individual weight, body type score, fur score and reproductive development score at 17 weeks of age; individual weight, body type score, coat score, foot coat hair score and quilt hair length at 23 weeks of age; male rabbit sexual desire, ejaculatory amount, semen comprehensive scoring and the amount of diluted semen; the semen and semen comprehensive score, the body type score, the fur score, the reproductive development score and the foot sole hair score are evaluated by 10 grades;
in the step (4), the seed selection scheme is as follows: analyzing and calculating the performance measured value of the breeding basic group by using an optimal linear unbiased prediction method to obtain a character breeding value; standardizing the character breeding value to obtain a standardized breeding value; calculating selection indexes for the standardized breeding values according to different weights, and selecting and reserving the selection indexes preferentially according to the selection indexes; the matching scheme is as follows: selecting excellent male rabbits with high indexes to match with the same quality, adopting optimized unequal mating, wherein the male rabbits and the female rabbits are mainly distant mating, and the male rabbits and the female rabbits are partially close mating with the affinity coefficient less than 1/4;
the character breeding value comprises a growth character breeding value, a fur character breeding value and a reproduction character breeding value; the selection index comprises a 13-week-old selection index, a 17-week-old selection index and a 23-week-old selection index; the preferred seed reserving amounts are respectively 300%,150% and 120% of the core group;
the statistical model of the growth character and coat character breeding value is y = Xb + Za + Wm + e, y is an observed value vector of each growth character, the fixed effect b comprises gender, fetal number, season and generation, the random effect a is an individual additive genetic effect, the random effect m is a parent additive genetic effect, e is a residual effect vector, and X and Z are corresponding effect matrixes respectively;
the statistical model of the breeding value of the propagation character is y = Xb + Z1a + Z2c + e, y is an observed value vector of each growth character, a fixed effect b comprises a fetal number, a year and a generation, a random effect a is an individual additive genetic effect, a random effect c is a litter effect and is expressed by a mother-fetal number combination, e is a residual effect vector, and X and Z are corresponding effect matrixes respectively;
the statistical model of the growth character and fur character breeding value and the statistical model of the breeding character breeding value have the following hypothesis: e (y) = X β, E (E) =0, cov (a, m) = a σ am;
the 13-week-old selection index comprises the following traits by weight: the weight of the individual weight of 13 weeks old is 0.5, the weight of the body type score is 0.1, and the weight of the fur score is 0.4; the 17-week-old selection index comprises the following traits by weight: the weight of the individual weight at the age of 17 weeks is 0.3, the weight of the comprehensive score of the body type, the foot hair and the reproductive development is 0.3, and the weight of the score of the fur is 0.4; the selection index of 23 week old and adult rabbits comprises the weights of the traits as: the weight of the male rabbit libido is 0.3, the weight of the ejaculatory amount is 0.2, the weight of the semen quality is 0.2, and the weight of the dilutable part is 0.3;
in the step (5), before the locked subculture breeding, all male rabbits are continuously semen-collected for 2 times at intervals of 5 days, male rabbits with poor libido, female rabbits, rhizoma polygonati and poor semen quality are eliminated, and male rabbits with the average conception rate lower than 50% are eliminated in real time during use;
the locking successive transfer breeding generation is more than or equal to 4, and the population average inbreeding coefficient is controlled to be 5-10%; the initial mating age of the breeding rabbits in the closed subculture breeding is 25 weeks, the breeding rabbits are produced according to a 42-day breeding mode, 4 fetuses are continuously bred, the seeds are reserved in the 2 nd to 4 th fetuses, and the generation interval is 1 year; extremely excellent individuals allow for generation overlap; in the locked subculture breeding, the average seed reserving rate of the female rabbits in the core group is 10 percent, the corresponding selection strength is 1.75, the average seed reserving rate of the male rabbits in the core group is 2 to 3 percent, and the corresponding selection strength is 2.42.
2. The application of the rex rabbit specialized paternal line bred according to the breeding method of claim 1 in breeding and production, comprising breeding the rex rabbit specialized paternal line, and using the bred rex rabbit specialized paternal line for hybridization production and variety improvement.
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