CN113367098B - Breeding method for improving continuous fertilization capability of chicken - Google Patents
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- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 101
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
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- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 85
- 235000013330 chicken meat Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
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- 230000017448 oviposition Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 claims description 21
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000012214 genetic breeding Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
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- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 2
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- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of poultry genetic breeding, in particular to a breeding method for improving the continuous fertilization capability of chickens. The method comprises the steps of respectively carrying out one-time continuous fertilization capability determination on a breeding group of each generation in the peak period of egg laying and the middle and later periods of egg laying; evaluating the comprehensive breeding capability according to the result of the first continuous fertilization capability determination and the egg yield of 300 days old, then performing first comprehensive selection according to the evaluation result and establishing a family; and after the next generation is transferred into a breeding house, evaluating the comprehensive breeding capability of the parents according to the result of the second continuous fertilization capability determination and the egg yield in the whole period, and performing second comprehensive selection on the offspring according to the evaluation result. The method can effectively improve the continuous fertilization capability and the group fertilization level of the chickens, also considers the breeding effect of the characters such as the egg yield and the like, and considers the unequal genetic contribution of parents to the number of offspring during the second selection. The invention has wide application prospect in the field of poultry breeding.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of poultry genetic breeding, in particular to a breeding method for improving the continuous fertilization capability of chickens.
Background
Chickens are agricultural animals which are bred most in the world, and the production efficiency and the economic benefit of the chicken industry are directly influenced by the egg yield and the fertilization rate of hatching eggs. For decades, the egg laying performance of chickens is greatly improved through continuous breeding. In order to maintain a high fertilization rate, the production practice not only improves nutrition and strengthens management, but also widely applies the artificial insemination technology. Artificial insemination is based on the ability of hens to store sperm within the oviduct and maintain a long-term fertilized egg laying capacity, i.e., sustained fertilization (DF). The continuous fertilization ability of the hens is a key factor influencing the fertilization level of the group and determining the artificial insemination frequency. Studies have shown that the sustained fertilization ability of hens varies greatly from individual to individual, from days to weeks, and thus there is still much room for improvement in the 4-6 day interval between production.
With the continuous improvement of the scale degree of the modern chicken industry, human resources become important factors restricting the development of the chicken industry. Although artificial insemination can effectively improve the fertilization rate of hatching eggs, a large amount of manpower is required to be input in the technology, if the sustainable fertilization level of a group can be improved, the insemination interval is properly prolonged on the premise of further improving or maintaining the existing fertilization level, the artificial insemination frequency is reduced, and a large amount of manpower is undoubtedly saved. And the reduction of the insemination frequency can not only reduce the stress response of the hens, but also improve the utilization rate of the cocks and greatly reduce the feeding amount of the cocks. Therefore, improving the sustained fertilization ability of chickens is crucial to the industrial development of the chicken industry. The factors influencing the continuous fertilization performance of chickens are more and more complex, and mainly comprise genetic factors, the week-old chicken and other physiological characteristics. Research shows that the continuous fertilization ability of chicken is a character of low-medium heritability, so that the improvement of the continuous fertilization ability of the group through genetic breeding work is feasible. At present, the character is not brought into conventional breeding in actual breeding work, and the main reason is that corresponding operation technology and standard flow are lacked at present. Therefore, a scientific breeding method is needed to improve the continuous fertilization ability of chickens.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a breeding method capable of efficiently improving the continuous fertilization capability of chickens.
Specifically, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a breeding method for improving the continuous fertilization ability of chickens comprises the steps of respectively carrying out one-time continuous fertilization ability determination on a breeding group of each generation in the peak period of egg laying and the middle and later periods of egg laying;
evaluating the comprehensive breeding capability according to the result of the first continuous fertilization capability determination and the egg yield of 300 days old, then performing first comprehensive selection according to the evaluation result and constructing a family;
after the next generation is transferred into a breeding house, evaluating the comprehensive breeding capability of parents according to the result of the second continuous fertilization capability determination and the full-term egg yield, and performing second comprehensive selection on the offspring according to the evaluation result;
and breeding the selected offspring to a cage for determination, and repeating the determination and selection processes until the continuous fertilization capability of the basic group is improved.
Preferably, the method for evaluating the comprehensive breeding ability is to calculate a comprehensive breeding value, and the method for calculating the comprehensive breeding value is as follows:
estimating genetic parameters of continuous fertilization ability and egg production by BULP method, and respectively extracting genetic variance sigma of the genetic parameters 2 And estimating the breeding value EBV of the individual, standardizing the breeding value according to the EBV/sigma formula, and calculating the standard valueAnd calculating comprehensive breeding values of the candidate cock and the candidate hen according to a weight ratio of the continuous fertilization ability to the egg production of 7-5.
Preferably, the evaluation method of the comprehensive breeding capability of the parents comprises calculating an average value of comprehensive breeding values of the parents.
Preferably, the continuous fertilization ability assay specifically comprises: within 12-18 days after the hens are subjected to two times of artificial insemination, the fertilization condition of the hatching egg laid by each hen is recorded in time sequence, and the number of continuous fertilization days (FDD) is counted.
Further preferably, the number of days for continuous fertilization refers to the number of days between the last fertilized egg and the time when the hens accumulate two non-fertilized eggs after two consecutive days of artificial insemination, and the number of days for producing the non-fertilized eggs in the interval time is subtracted.
As a preferred embodiment, the continuous fertilization ability assay comprises the steps of:
1) Evaluating and grouping the sperm quality of the cocks: collecting fresh semen of the alternative cocks, evaluating the quality of the semen of the cocks, and selecting and reserving the cocks with qualified semen quality;
2) Diluting the mixed semen: collecting cock semen, mixing well, and diluting to obtain mixed diluted semen;
3) Artificial insemination: carrying out artificial insemination on the hens to be evaluated for two consecutive days by using the mixed diluted semen;
4) Collecting qualified hatching eggs: after two consecutive days of insemination, collecting qualified hatching eggs, and marking the blunt end of the eggs to define egg collecting date and laying hens;
5) And (5) hatching and lighting eggs: fumigating and sterilizing the collected qualified hatching eggs, placing the hatching eggs into a hatching room according to the egg collecting date, illuminating the eggs on the 7 th to 18 th days, and separately recording whether the hatching eggs are fertilized or not according to the egg collecting date;
6) Calculating the number of days for continuous fertilization according to the egg-lighting result;
the continuous fertilization days refer to the interval days between the two consecutive days of artificial insemination and the last fertilized egg before two non-fertilized eggs are produced by the hen, and the number of days for producing the non-fertilized eggs in the interval time is subtracted.
Preferably, in the first comprehensive selection, the cocks and the hens with high comprehensive breeding capacity are selected and reserved, wherein the seed reserving rate of the cocks is 5-15%, and the seed reserving rate of the hens is 40-50%.
Preferably, in the established family, the ratio of the cock to the hen is 1.
Preferably, in the established family, the co-affinity coefficient of each combination is controlled to be below 6.25%, namely, no hall/table brother inbreeding in the third generation.
Preferably, in the next generation, the primary selection is performed first, and then the second comprehensive selection is performed;
in the preliminary selection, the cocks and the hens which have good development and the characters (such as body shape and appearance) which accord with the characteristics of the breeder are selected for breeding.
Preferably, in the second comprehensive selection, more offspring are retained for the combination with high comprehensive breeding ability of parents, and less or all offspring are eliminated for the combination with low comprehensive breeding ability of parents.
In practical application, the retention rate and the elimination rate in the second comprehensive selection can be adjusted according to the breeding plan.
The above preferred embodiments may be combined by one skilled in the art to obtain a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
As a preferred scheme of the invention, the breeding method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) First continuous fertilization performance determination: when the generation basal group enters the egg laying peak period, performing fertilization tests on the hens, and counting the continuous fertilization performance of the hens;
(2) Egg Production (HEP) assay: counting the qualified egg number of 300-day-old hens in the generation;
(3) And (3) first comprehensive selection: estimating genetic parameters of continuous fertilization performance and 300-day-old qualified egg number by using a BULP method in combination with pedigree data, and extracting genetic variances of two characters and an individual estimated breeding value of the generation of the cock and the hen; respectively standardizing the estimated breeding values of the two character individuals, and calculating a comprehensive breeding value; selecting and reserving a cock and a hen with higher comprehensive breeding value, wherein the seed reserving rate of the cock is 5-15%, and the seed reserving rate of the hen is 40-50%;
(4) Family establishment: constructing a family of the selected cock and the selected hen according to the proportion of 1;
(5) Pedigree incubation: collecting hatching eggs according to the family of the same sibling, hatching, breeding the next generation, performing sex identification on the healthy chicks, and wearing a wing number on each healthy chicks;
(6) The first selection in the next generation: selecting a cock and a hen which have good development and the characters which accord with the characteristics of the breeds from the next generation for breeding;
(7) And (3) second continuous fertilization performance determination: after pedigree incubation, performing a second fertilization test on the laying hens of the generation, and counting the continuous fertilization performance of the laying hens in the middle and later periods;
(8) Egg laying continuous determination: counting the number of qualified 400-day-old eggs of the generation of the hen;
(9) And (3) second comprehensive selection: estimating the continuous fertilization performance in the middle and later periods of egg laying and the genetic parameters of the qualified egg number of 400 days old by using a BULP method in combination with pedigree data, extracting the genetic variances of two characters and the individual estimated breeding values of the male and female chickens, standardizing the individual estimated breeding values of the characters, calculating the average value of the comprehensive breeding values of parents of the male and female chickens of the next generation, and selecting and reserving offspring, wherein the combination with high average value of the comprehensive breeding values can reserve more offspring, and the poorer combinations are less reserved or eliminated completely;
(10) And (4) breeding the selected offspring to a cage for determination, and repeating the steps 1-9 until the continuous fertilization capability of the basic group is improved.
In many cases, the inventors have determined, selected and propagated 2 to 4 generations, and then have improved the continuous fertilization ability of the basal population.
Based on the technical scheme, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
firstly, the invention utilizes the closure group successive transfer breeding method, focuses on selecting the continuous fertilization ability of the breeding group in two stages, further improves the selection accuracy on the premise of keeping the early selection and shortening the generation interval, and can improve the continuous fertilization ability of the basic group after the measurement, selection and propagation of 2-4 generations. Secondly, the invention fully considers the variation of the family content of the offspring caused by the difference of the egg laying amount of the hen during the second selection, and performs the second selection on the offspring according to the parental average value, thereby optimally controlling the family content, keeping more offspring in the excellent family and accelerating the genetic progress. Thirdly, the genetic correlation between the continuous fertilization ability and the egg yield of the chicken is extremely weak, and the two have no antagonism, so that the invention brings the improvement of the egg yield into the goal of seed selection while improving the continuous fertilization ability, thereby realizing more optimal economic benefit.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a technical route diagram of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an inbred.
FIG. 3 shows the difference between the fertilization rates of two selected and non-selected lines in the whole population under the condition of 8 days interval between insemination.
Detailed Description
The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The examples do not show the specific techniques or conditions, according to the technical or conditions described in the literature in the field, or according to the product specifications. The reagents or instruments used are conventional products available from regular distributors, not indicated by the manufacturer.
Example 1
The present embodiment provides a breeding method for improving continuous fertilization ability of chickens, which specifically includes the following steps (a technical route diagram is shown in fig. 1):
(1) First continuous fertilization capacity determination: and (3) performing fertilization tests on 2400 hens at the age of 35 weeks, infusing 50 mu L of mixed diluted semen into each hen every day, continuously infusing for 2 days, continuously collecting eggs according to the date and the individual identification number for 15 days, and counting the continuous fertilization capability of each hen according to the egg-lighting result, namely the continuous fertilization days.
The number of the continuous fertilization days is the interval number of days between the last fertilization egg and the time when the hens produce two non-fertilization eggs after two continuous days of artificial insemination, and the number of days for producing the non-fertilization eggs in the interval time is subtracted.
(2) And (3) first comprehensive selection: after the 300-day-old qualified egg number is measured, genetic parameters of two characters are estimated by using a BULP method in combination with genealogical data, and genetic variance (sigma) is extracted 2 ) And an individual Estimated Breeding Value (EBV). After the breeding values are respectively standardized (EBV/sigma), the comprehensive breeding value of the candidate cocks and hens is calculated according to the weight ratio of the continuous fertilization ability at the age of 35 weeks and the qualified hatching egg number at the age of 300 days of 7. 70 cocks and 1120 hens with higher comprehensive breeding values are selected and reserved to form a breeding core group.
(3) Family building and pedigree hatching: building a family from a selected core group according to a 1-16 male-female example, controlling the mutual affinity coefficient of each combination to be below 6.25% as much as possible during building, namely collecting hatching eggs according to a full sibling family for hatching after building the family without a house/table brother inbred in the third generation (figure 2), breeding the next generation, selecting healthy chicks with the characteristics of feather color, foot color and the like according with the characteristics of the variety during hatching, wearing wing numbers on each young chicken after sex identification, and forming a new generation basic group for breeding.
(4) And (3) second continuous fertilization performance determination: and (4) performing a second fertilization test on the hens which are grown in the generation at the age of 55 weeks, and counting the continuous fertilization performance of the hens in the middle and later egg laying period, namely the continuous fertilization days.
(5) And (3) second comprehensive selection: after the determination of the qualified 400-day-old egg number of the generation hen is completed, estimating genetic parameters of the continuous fertilization performance of 55-week-old and the qualified 400-day-old egg number, extracting genetic variances of two characters and individual breeding values of a breeding core group, calculating the average value of comprehensive breeding values of all combinations of the breeding core group after standardization, and selecting and reserving offspring according to a breeding plan. Combinations with high mean values of the overall breeding values may have more offspring left, while poorer combinations have fewer or all obsolete.
(6) And (3) breeding the selected offspring to a cage for determination, repeating the steps 1-6, and after determination, selection and reproduction of 2 generations, remarkably improving the continuous fertilization capability and the egg yield.
Table 1 shows the results of genetic parameter estimation for the sustained fertilization performance and the egg laying performance; table 2 shows the effect of the breeding population after comprehensive breeding of two generations; FIG. 3 shows the difference between the fertilization rates of the selected and non-selected lines in the whole population at 8 days interval between insemination.
TABLE 1 genetic parameter estimation results for continuous fertilization Performance and egg laying Performance
Note: the diagonal (upper left, lower right) is heritability, and the upper and lower triangles are genetically related and phenotypically related, respectively. It can be seen from table 1 that the genetic correlation between the sustained fertilization ability and the number of qualified eggs is weak, and that there is no antagonistic action between them.
TABLE 2 comprehensive breeding effect of continuous fertilization ability and egg laying performance
In addition, the present invention also refers to the mode of example 1, breeding the breeding group of a plurality of varieties by the breeding method defined by the present invention can obtain the result similar to the example 1, and after measuring, selecting and breeding for 2-4 generations, the continuous fertilization capability of the basic group is successfully improved.
Although the invention has been described in detail hereinabove with respect to a general description and specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all such modifications and alterations be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. A breeding method for improving the continuous fertilization ability of chickens is characterized in that,
respectively carrying out one-time continuous fertilization capability determination on the breeding group of each generation in the peak period and the middle and later periods of egg laying; the continuous fertilization ability determination specifically comprises the following steps: within 12 to 18 days after the hens are subjected to two times of artificial insemination, recording the fertilization condition of the hatching egg produced by each hen according to the time sequence, and counting the number of continuous fertilization days; the continuous fertilization days refer to the interval days between the last fertilized eggs after two continuous days of artificial insemination and before two non-fertilized eggs are accumulated and produced by the hens, and the number of days for producing the non-fertilized eggs in the interval time is subtracted;
evaluating a comprehensive breeding value according to the result of the first continuous fertilization capability determination and the egg yield of 300 days old, then performing first comprehensive selection according to the evaluation result and constructing a family; the calculation method of the comprehensive breeding value is as follows: estimating genetic parameters of continuous fertilization ability and egg yield by using BULP method, and respectively extracting genetic variance sigma of the genetic parameters 2 And an individual estimated breeding value EBV, respectively standardizing the breeding values according to an EBV/sigma formula, and calculating the comprehensive breeding values of the candidate cocks and the candidate hens according to a weight ratio of the continuous fertilization ability to the egg yield of 7 to 5;
after the next generation is transferred into a breeding house, evaluating the comprehensive breeding value of parents according to the result of the second continuous fertilization ability determination and the full-term egg yield, and performing second comprehensive selection on the offspring according to the evaluation result;
and breeding the selected offspring to a cage for determination, and repeating the determination and selection processes until the continuous fertilization capability of the basic group is improved.
2. The breeding method according to claim 1, wherein the evaluation method of the comprehensive breeding value of the parents is to calculate an average value of the comprehensive breeding values of the parents.
3. The breeding method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the first comprehensive selection, the cocks and the hens with higher comprehensive breeding value are selected and reserved, wherein the seed reserving rate of the cocks is 5 to 15 percent, and the seed reserving rate of the hens is 40 to 50 percent.
4. The breeding method according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the cock to the hen in the established family is 1 to 15 to 20.
5. The breeding method according to claim 1, wherein in the next generation, the primary selection is performed first, and then the second comprehensive selection is performed;
in the preliminary selection, the cock and the hen which are well developed and have the characters according with the characteristics of the breeder are selected for breeding.
6. The breeding method according to claim 1, wherein in the second comprehensive selection, more offspring are retained for combinations with higher comprehensive breeding value of parents, and less or all offspring are eliminated for combinations with lower comprehensive breeding value of parents.
7. The breeding method according to claim 1, which comprises the following steps:
(1) First continuous fertilization performance determination: when the generation basal group enters the egg laying peak period, performing fertilization tests on the hens, and counting the continuous fertilization performance of the hens;
(2) And (3) egg yield determination: counting the number of qualified 300-day-old eggs of each hen in the generation;
(3) Comprehensive selection for the first time: estimating genetic parameters of continuous fertilization performance and 300-day-old qualified egg number by using a BULP method in combination with pedigree data, and extracting genetic variances of two characters and individual estimated breeding values of the generation of the cocks and hens; respectively standardizing the estimated breeding values of the two trait individuals, and calculating a comprehensive breeding value; selecting and reserving cocks and hens with higher comprehensive breeding values, wherein the reserving rate of the cocks is 5 to 15 percent, and the reserving rate of the hens is 40 to 50 percent;
(4) Family establishment: building a family of the selected cock and the selected hen according to the proportion of 1 to 15-20;
(5) Pedigree hatching: collecting hatching eggs according to the family of the same sibling, hatching, breeding the next generation, performing sex identification on the healthy chicks, and wearing a wing number on each healthy chicks;
(6) Primary selection in the next generation: selecting a cock and a hen which have good development and the characters accord with the characteristics of the breeder from the next generation for breeding;
(7) And (3) second continuous fertilization performance determination: after pedigree incubation, performing a second fertilization test on the laying hens of the generation, and counting the continuous fertilization performance of the laying hens in the middle and later periods;
(8) Egg laying continued determination: counting the number of qualified 400-day-old eggs of the generation-stocking hen;
(9) And (3) second comprehensive selection: estimating the continuous fertilization performance in the middle and later periods of egg laying and the genetic parameters of the qualified egg number of 400 days old by using a BULP method in combination with pedigree data, extracting the genetic variances of two characters and the individual estimated breeding values of the male and female chickens, standardizing the individual estimated breeding values of the characters, calculating the average value of the comprehensive breeding values of parents of the male and female chickens of the next generation, and selecting and reserving offspring, wherein the combination with high average value of the comprehensive breeding values can reserve more offspring, and the poorer combinations are less reserved or eliminated completely;
(10) And (4) breeding the selected offspring to a cage for determination, and repeating the steps 1 to 9 until the continuous fertilization capability of the basic group is improved.
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