CN111883435A - 用于制造半导体模块的方法 - Google Patents

用于制造半导体模块的方法 Download PDF

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CN111883435A
CN111883435A CN202010354558.5A CN202010354558A CN111883435A CN 111883435 A CN111883435 A CN 111883435A CN 202010354558 A CN202010354558 A CN 202010354558A CN 111883435 A CN111883435 A CN 111883435A
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substrate
bonding layer
support plate
adhesive
semiconductor module
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CN111883435B (zh
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C·卢伊
F·莫恩
J·舒德雷尔
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ABB Grid Switzerland AG
Audi AG
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于制造半导体模块(1)的方法,包括以下步骤:提供支承板(2)和基底(3),在支承板(2)或基底(3)的表面(8)上设有结合层(7);在支承板(2)或基底(3)的多个没有结合层(7)的粘结区(10)中施加粘结剂(9);通过使基底(3)和支承板(2)与结合层(7)和粘结剂(9)接触来将基底(3)定位在支承板(2)上;通过熔化或烧结结合层(7)使基底(3)和支承板(2)通过结合层(7)连接在一起。

Description

用于制造半导体模块的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于制造半导体模块的方法。此外,本发明还涉及一种半导体模块、一种整流器和/或逆变器以及一种机动车。
背景技术
为了借助交流电流驱动三相电机或者说为了借助三相发电机提供直流电流,可以使用三相逆变器或整流器,它们通过半导体开关形成。在此,例如相应的半桥、即用于相应相的半导体开关对能够设置在公共的壳体中,并且所述壳体能够例如设置在公共的冷却体上或者经由公共的电路板接触。在半导体模块的制造范围内,半导体模块的各个部件例如可以通过钎焊或烧结相互连接并且接着例如通过压铸、也称为树脂传递模塑进行浇注。在此,承载半导体部件和用于接触半导体模块的接触元件的基底能够设置在支承板上。
如果多个这种半导体模块组合成一个结构单元,例如整流器或逆变器,则半导体模块彼此间的相对定向可以通过其支承板彼此间的相对定向来限定。因此,基底相对于支承板的错误定位或定向可能导致,各个半导体模块的触点彼此间的相对位置偏离于额定分布。然而,如果例如要借助于压配合来使各个半导体模块接触,则重要的是,在此最多能出现例如最大为0.2mm的微小偏差。从半导体模块引出的触点关于支承板的正确定位也对于避免在浇注半导体模块时的泄漏是重要的。
为了将基底连接到支承板,通常将结合层熔化以将基底钎焊到支承板,或者将结合层烧结,从而通过烧结将基底连接到支承板。这例如可以通过如下方式进行,即,支承板和基底共同在炉中加热,而基底保持在相对于支承板的正确位置上。在此,定位通常通过框架或其他保持装置来进行。固定框架的使用例如在文献CN 103894697 A中描述。在此,可能出现各种各样的误差源。所使用的框架通常作用在陶瓷基底的外侧上,从而使得陶瓷基底出现例如可达0.2mm的错误尺寸,也导致其他部件的位置错误。因为此外不仅相应的框架或固定器件而且支承板都必须相对于第三物体定向,所以由此可能产生附加的偏差。此外,为了避免基底的损坏,在基底和框架之间通常需要例如0.1mm的间隙,由此可能产生附加的偏差。因此,所述的几乎不可避免的偏差已经导致,用于将触点相对于基底或其他模块的其他触点定位的允许的容差范围已基本用尽,从而要么必须修改由多个半导体模块构成的构件的制造过程来允许更大的容差,要么预期就会有较大的废品率。
发明内容
因此,本发明的任务在于,提供一种用于制造半导体模块的方法,使得能够以高精度实现基底相对于支承板的定位和定向。
根据本发明,该任务通过用于制造半导体模块的方法来解决,该方法包括以下步骤:
-提供支承板和基底以及设置在支承板或基底的表面上的结合层,
-在支承板或基底的多个没有结合层的粘结区中施加粘结剂,
-通过结合层和粘结剂使基底和支承板接触来将基底定位在支承板上,以及
-通过熔化或烧结结合层来使基底和支承板通过结合层连接。
因此,提出了利用布置在支承板上或基底上的粘结剂来将基底保持在相对于支承板的正确位置上。由此,不需要用于保持的附加部件、例如框架或类似物。粘结剂可以首先被施加到具有结合层的那个部件上。但是另选地也可以例如将结合层施加到支承板上并且将粘结剂施加到基底上,或者反之亦然。如果粘结剂被施加到没有结合层的部件上,那么可以这样选择粘结区,使得粘结剂在基底定位之后在没有结合层的区域内接触具有结合层的部件。
接着,支承板连同在其上粘接的基底例如可以顺利地转移到炉或类似物中,以便熔化或烧结用于钎焊的结合层。由此可以提高基底相对于支承板的定位精度。由此,也导致触点相对于基板的更精确的定位和定向,由此一方面可以避免在浇注时的泄漏,并且另一方面可以无问题地将多个半导体模块以高的精度例如与公共的控制电路板耦合。也可以实现,基底与待烧结的结合层基本上重合,由此可以避免待烧结的结合层的部分露出并因此以更小的压力烧结,这可能导致烧结材料、例如银或铜的颗粒松散。
在支承板上施加结合层可以在本发明方法开始之前的一个先前步骤中进行,但可以作为本发明的方法内的单独步骤实现。结合层例如可以包括钎料或钎料膏,以便通过熔化结合层来实现在结合层与基底之间的钎焊连接。或者,结合层可以通过烧结来产生连接,为此例如可以使用铜烧结膏或银烧结膏。
粘结区的面积可以比基底或结合层的面积小至少20倍,或至少100倍,或至少500倍。此外,粘结区优选地设置在基底或结合层的边缘区域中。因此,粘结区可以与施加到基底的半导体芯片相距较远,由此基本上不会由于使用粘结剂影响经由支承板对这些半导体芯片的冷却。如后面还要详细解释的那样,粘结剂在制造半导体模块的范围内还可以完全或至少在很大程度上被汽化/蒸发,使其在制造完成的模块中最终不影响半导体模块的运行特性。
结合层的尺寸可以基本上与基底的尺寸相同。尤其是粘结区的面积与结合层的面积之和可以等于或略小于基底的面积。由此,如上所述,可以避免在施加基底之后结合层的部分露出,这在烧结连接的情况下由于在烧结期间缺少压力而可能导致自由颗粒并且在使用钎焊连接的情况下可能导致钎料从相关区域中溢出。
在将基底连接至支承板并且将半导体部件或半导体芯片和触点连接至基底之后,可以例如通过注塑来封装所得到的半导体模块。多个这样制造的半导体模块可以随后例如被用于构建整流器或逆变器。热熔粘结剂可以用作粘结剂。例如,粘结剂可选择为具有在60℃和140℃之间的熔化温度,例如100℃。粘结剂可具有160℃和300℃之间的汽化温度/蒸发温度,特别是大于200℃。
基底在支承板上的定位可以在粘结剂为流体态时的温度下进行。例如,粘结剂可以在室温下为固体,从而在基底被定位之后通过冷却粘结剂,基底在例如将支承板连同其上布置的基底一起转移到进一步的处理步骤中时不能相对于支承板移动。在定位基底时,例如可以将支承板加热到足以使粘结剂流体化。如果如上所述地使用具有相对较低的熔化温度的粘结剂,则这在自动装配机或其它适合于定位基底的装置内可以毫无问题地实现。
为了熔化或烧结结合层,可以使用高于粘结剂的沸点的温度。这导致粘结剂在熔化或烧结期间至少部分地蒸发。因此,可以完全地或至少部分地无残留地去除粘结剂,由此可以避免粘结剂影响半导体模块的其他运行特性。即使粘结剂在熔化或烧结的范围内在很大程度上或者甚至完全汽化,在所得到的产品中、即所制造的半导体模块中通常仍然能够看出使用了粘结剂将基底暂时固定在支承板上。在根据本发明的方法中,粘结剂被布置在支承板的没有结合层的粘结区中。在将烧结材料用作结合层时,这些区域也在烧结时被留空,从而在制成的半导体模块中也可以看出,这些区域曾为了在制造时使用粘结剂而被留空。如果结合层包括钎料,那么该钎料虽然在熔化时流动,但是通常仍在首先曾被留空并在其中曾设有粘结剂的区域中出现较小的润湿。因此即使在制成的半导体模块中,粘结区也能够由于它被钎料润湿得较差而被识别出。
在根据本发明的方法中,可以使用自动装配机来将基底定位在支承板上。定位可以通过拾取和放置工艺实现,这尤其是也在SMD技术领域中已知。由此,可以实现高精度的定位和定向,并且尤其是比在基于框架将基底定位在支承板上时更高的位置和定向精度。
粘结剂可以布置在结合层的边缘侧的凹部中。换句话说,可能的是,结合层在结合层的平面中不是全面地包围粘结区。由此能够实现,粘结剂尤其在汽化之后可以从基底与支承板之间的区域中逸出。
粘结区可以布置在矩形结合层的凹部中,所述凹部布置在结合层的边缘处和/或至少一个角处。一般而言,粘结区可以具有至少一个自由侧,在该自由侧上不设置相邻的结合层。
可以使用熔化温度在60℃与140℃之间且汽化温度在160℃与300℃之间的塑料作为粘结剂。
作为半导体模块可以制造半桥,或者可以制造多个半导体模块,所述多个半导体模块中的每一个都是半桥并且被用作半导体器件的部件,该半导体器件是整流器或逆变器。换句话说,根据本发明的方法也能够是用于制造整流器或逆变器的方法的一部分。基于半导体开关的整流器和逆变器在技术上可以相同地构造并且仅仅在控制方面并且由此在其功率传输方向方面有不同。所制造的半导体器件因此能够根据需要用作整流器或逆变器。半桥的设计方案或者由这种半桥构成的整流器或逆变器的结构在现有技术中是已知的并且不应该详细地解释。但如开头已经阐述的那样,对此特别重要的是,不同半导体模块的触点可以以高的精度彼此定向,以便实现模块的简单的接触或公共的冷却。
除了根据本发明的方法,本发明还涉及一种半导体模块,其包括承载半导体部件的基底,该基底通过结合层与支承板连接,其中,这样制造半导体模块,即,在通过结合层连接基底和支承板之前,首先通过粘结剂将基底保持在支承板上。在此可能的是,粘结剂的残留物保留在半导体模块中,由此可以检测出半导体模块的相应制造。如已经针对根据本发明的方法所阐述的那样,然而也可能的是,粘结剂在制造的范围内例如汽化并且因此完全地或至少尽可能地从制成的半导体模块中去除。但如上所述,借助于结合层的分布或者支承板被结合层的润湿仍可以识别出粘结剂的使用。
因此,在根据本发明的半导体模块中尤其可能的是,结合层具有边缘侧的凹部或润湿程度低的区域。这些是那些原本形成凹部的区域,粘结区设置在这些凹部中。
此外,本发明涉及一种整流器和/或逆变器,其具有三个根据本发明的半导体模块,这三个半导体模块分别形成半桥。如上所述,通过粘结剂可实现的基底相对于支承板的定位和定向的精确度尤其对于该应用是重要的。
此外,本发明涉及一种机动车,其包括至少一个根据本发明的半导体模块和/或至少一个根据本发明的整流器和/或逆变器。整流器或逆变器尤其可以用于为机动车的电机、尤其是驱动电动机提供交流电压、尤其是三相交流电压。替代地或补充地,整流器或逆变器可以用于在电机以发电机运行时提供直流电流,以便例如给车载电网馈电或给机动车的电池充电。
附图说明
本发明的其它优点和细节由以下实施例以及所属的附图得出。在此示意性地示出:
图1示出了根据本发明的半导体模块的一个实施例,
图2至图3示出在根据本发明的用于制造半导体模块的方法的一个实施例的范围中的不同的步骤,
图4示出根据本发明方法的另一实施例的粘结区的替代布置,以及
图5示出了根据本发明的机动车的一个实施例,其包括根据本发明的整流器和逆变器的一个实施例。
具体实施方式
图1示出了半导体模块1的一个实施例,该半导体模块包括基底3,该基底3承载半导体部件4、例如半导体芯片和接触元件5。基底3通过结合层7与支承板2连接,例如通过烧结或钎焊连接。随后,所述部件可以通过浇注材料6、例如通过注塑来浇注。
半导体模块1尤其可以是半桥,其中,如后面还要详细解释的那样,这些半桥中的三个可以被组合成用于三相交流电压的整流器或逆变器。在此例如可以期望,将所使用的三个半导体模块1布置在公共的冷却体上并且它们的接触元件5通过公共的电路板、例如通过压配合来接触。因此高度重要的是,能够以高的精度预先确定接触元件5相对于支承板2的位置和定向。
在此,一个限制因素可以是,能以何种精度将基底3安装在支承板2上。为了在此实现高的精度,半导体模块1被制造为,在基底3通过结合层7与支承板2连接之前使基底3首先通过粘结剂保持在支承板2上。在此可能的是,粘结剂在制造的范围内在很大程度上或者完全汽化,使得在制成的半导体模块1中不留有粘结剂。然而,在使用烧结层7形式的烧结的结合层7时或在使用由钎料构成的结合层7时,可以通过支承板2原本设置粘结剂的区域被润湿得不那么好来识别出粘结剂在制造的范围内的使用。
下面参照图2和图3详细阐述用于制造半导体模块1的方法。在此,首先提供在支承板2的表面8上布置有结合层7的支承板2。结合层7可以在该方法的范围内或者在准备步骤中被施加。为了能够相对于所使用的工具实现所述支承板2的精确的定位和定向,在所述承支承板上设置多个在边缘侧的缺口12。结合层7可以例如由钎焊膏或者铜或银烧结膏组成。
如前所述,首先应通过粘结剂9将基底3保持在支承板上。因此,结合层7在其边缘16处分别具有边缘侧的凹部11,支承板2的表面8在这些凹部中露出。在凹部11内的粘结区10中首先施加粘结剂、优选热熔粘结剂。优选地,通过机器对相应的粘接点施加(粘结剂)。使用在室温下为固体的粘结剂9。因此,在进行进一步处理之前,粘结剂9可以首先在支承板2上硬化。
在未示出的替代方案中,也可以将结合层7和/或粘结剂9布置在基底3上而不是布置在支承板2上。
在接下来的处理步骤中,如图3所示,通过使基底3和支承板2都与结合层7和粘结剂9接触来将基底3布置在支承板2上。在此,在粘结剂为流体态时的温度下进行基底3在支承板2上的定位,例如100℃。为了定位基底3,可以使用自动装配机13,其中在图3中示意性地仅示出了用于支承板2的保持装置14和保持基底3的装配元件15。相应的自动装配机例如由SMD装配领域已知并且可以用于以高精度定位部件。
在将基底3定位在支承板2上之后,可以降低温度,从而使粘结剂9硬化并且将支承板2以高精度保持在相对于支承板2规定的位置上和规定的定向上。
支承板2连同粘结在其上的基底3随后可以转移到炉中或者转移到另一加热装置。在那里,尤其在将压力施加到基底3上的情况下能够提高温度,以便通过烧结结合层7或者熔化结合层7来将基底3与支承板焊接以便连接基底3和支承板2。在此优选使用这样的温度,该温度高于粘结剂9的沸点。因此,粘结剂9可以在烧结或熔化的范围内汽化,并且因为其相对于结合层7布置在边缘侧,所以可以侧向地从支承板2和基底3之间的间隙中逸出。由此可以至少在很大程度上无残留地去除粘结剂9。但因为结合层7平行于支承板2的表面8的形状在烧结时基本上没有变化,所以在烧结之后还可以清楚地看出,结合层7具有凹部11,这表明使用粘结剂9进行制造。即使在使用钎料作为被熔化的结合层7时,通常也可以清楚地看出,支承板2在空隙11的区域内或在粘结区10内的润湿比在其他区域内更差。这也表明在制造半导体模块1时粘结剂的使用。
在图2中示出的在边缘16的凹部11中的粘结区10的布置是纯示例性的。当然,可以使用更多或更少的粘结区,与图2中所示的对称分布不相同,等等。粘结区10的边缘侧的布置尤其也在结合层7的角18上的凹部17中是可行的,如在图4中示出的那样。粘结剂9在角18处的布置可以作为图2中所示的布置的补充或替代来使用。
图5示出了相应制造的半导体模块1在机动车19中的应用。在此,通过半导体模块1分别实现一个半桥,并且在一个整流器和逆变器22中包括三个该半桥。由多个半桥模块构成的整流器和逆变器的构造在现有技术中原则上是已知的并且不应详细地阐述。在此重要的是,优选应当能够将多个半导体模块1安装在公共的冷却体上或者与公共的电路板接触。因此需要的是,不同的半导体模块1的接触元件5具有规定的相对于彼此的相对布置。为此,再次需要相对于支承板2以高精度布置接触元件5并且因此还布置基底3,这可以通过上述方法实现。
机动车19包括电机22、尤其是机动车19的驱动器,其应通过电池21或其它直流电源、例如车载电网来供电。为了将电池21或车载电网的直流电压转换成三相交流电压,使用整流器和逆变器22。此外,该整流器和逆变器能够用于在电机20以发电机运行时为电池21或车载电网提供直流电流。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于制造半导体模块(1)的方法,包括以下步骤:
-提供支承板(2)和基底(3)以及布置在支承板(2)或基底(3)的表面(8)上的结合层(7),
-在支承板(2)或基底(3)的多个没有结合层(7)的粘结区(10)中施加粘结剂(9),
-通过使基底(3)和支承板(2)利用结合层(7)和粘结剂(9)相接触来将基底(3)定位在支承板(2)上,
-通过熔化或烧结结合层(7)使基底(3)和支承板(2)通过结合层(7)相连接。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于,在粘结剂(9)为流体态的温度下进行所述基底(3)在所述支承板(2)上的定位。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其特征在于,使用高于粘结剂(9)的沸点的温度来熔化或烧结结合层(7)。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,使用自动装配机(13)来将基底(3)定位在支承板(2)上。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,将粘结剂(9)布置在结合层(7)的边缘侧的凹部(11、17)中。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,使用熔化温度在60℃至140℃之间且汽化温度在160℃至300℃之间的塑料作为粘结剂(9)。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,作为半导体模块(1)制造半桥,或者制造多个半导体模块(1),所述多个半导体模块分别是半桥以及被用作半导体器件的部件,该半导体器件是整流器或逆变器(22)。
8.一种半导体模块,包括承载半导体部件(4)的基底(3),所述基底通过结合层(7)与支承板(2)连接,
其特征在于,
所述半导体模块(1)以如下方式制造,即,在通过结合层(7)连接基底(3)和支承板(2)之前,首先通过粘结剂(9)将基底(3)保持在支承板(2)上。
9.一种整流器和/或逆变器,其特征在于,该整流器和/或逆变器包括三个根据权利要求8所述的半导体模块(1),这三个半导体模块各形成一个半桥。
10.一种机动车,其特征在于,该机动车包括至少一个根据权利要求8所述的半导体模块(1)和/或至少一个根据权利要求9所述的整流器和/或逆变器(22)。
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