CN111742773A - Jujube tree pruning method suitable for mechanized operation - Google Patents
Jujube tree pruning method suitable for mechanized operation Download PDFInfo
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- CN111742773A CN111742773A CN202010749111.8A CN202010749111A CN111742773A CN 111742773 A CN111742773 A CN 111742773A CN 202010749111 A CN202010749111 A CN 202010749111A CN 111742773 A CN111742773 A CN 111742773A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
Abstract
The invention provides a jujube tree pruning method suitable for mechanized operation, and relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation. The jujube tree pruning method comprises the steps of basic main branch culture of grafted seedlings, fruiting skeleton branch shaping, mechanical operation path reserving, fruiting and replacement, the tree shape is simple and easy to operate, the main branches and the fruiting branches are clear, the level relation is clear, and unnecessary branches are pruned from the fruiting skeleton branches during updating; the fruit branches can obtain light uniformly and efficiently, the ventilation and light transmission are good, and the quality and yield of the jujube can be guaranteed; and the whole operation is convenient for mechanical operation, and medium-sized machines can pass through the operation channel, so that the pesticide spraying, the fertilizer applying, the fruit pulling and conveying and the like are all convenient. The jujube tree form constructed by the pruning method can bear a small amount of fruits in the current year after grafting, the yield is 100-220 kg/mu in the second year, the yield is high in the third year (800-1200 kg/mu), and the grade rates of the first grade, the second grade and the third grade are 40%, 30% and 22% respectively.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a jujube tree pruning method suitable for mechanized operation.
Background
The jujube tree is a special economic tree species in China, the area is up to 150 million hectares at present, and the jujube tree is the first major fruit tree species in China. In recent years, Xinjiang becomes an artificial planting area of emerging jujube trees due to geographical advantages of natural environments, and the produced red jujubes have extremely high quality. The Xinjiang photo-thermal resource is rich, the photosynthesis is the basic link of jujube tree cultivation in the growth and development of jujube trees, and how to better utilize the Xinjiang photo-thermal resource is crucial to further improving the quality of the jujube. How to establish a population with high photosynthetic efficiency and maintain the efficient photosynthetic function of the population, and the production of more assimilates is the key for determining the yield and quality. In the prior art, the strengthening pruning is a common method, the reasonable spatial distribution of the tree body is controlled through pruning, so that the light energy is fully utilized, the common tree forms have an evacuation layering shape, an open core shape, a spindle shape and the like, but the problems of complex pruning, labor waste and labor waste, difficult mechanized operation, incapability of standardized operation, difficulty in mastering and the like exist.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention is directed to a jujube tree pruning method suitable for mechanized operations, which can perform simple and convenient tree shape adjustment, realize reasonable tree body layout, fully utilize light energy, and is simple to operate and easy to master.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a jujube tree pruning method suitable for mechanized operation, which comprises the following steps:
(1) culturing basic layer main branches: culturing the current-year grafted seedlings of the jujube trees, pinching the main trunk when the main trunk grows to 3-5 secondary branches, and selecting the secondary branches vertical to the row direction for culturing; the row spacing of the current-year grafted seedlings is 6-7.5 m, and the plant spacing is 1.8-2.5 m;
(2) and (3) bone trunk branch shaping: before sprouting in spring of the second year, carrying out back shearing on the cultured 2 basal secondary branches at a position of 60-90 cm, cutting off the rest secondary branches and trunks, respectively culturing the foremost date heads of the secondary branches after sprouting to be fruiting bone stem branches, and wiping off the rest date heads;
(3) reserving a mechanical operation channel: after shaping of the jujube tree is completed, taking soil among lines and stacking the soil under the main branches of the jujube tree base layer, forming ridges by leveling the main branches of the base layer, wherein the ridge width is the same as the extension length of fruiting skeleton branches, the ridge surface takes the tree as the center to form an inclined plane, and the ridge space is an operation way;
(4) result branch set and replace: selecting and reserving the germinated jujube heads on the fruiting bone branches as a fruiting branch group every year, and erasing the rest newly germinated jujube heads; the distance between the fruiting branch groups and the fruiting bone trunk branches is 30 cm.
Preferably, the current-year grafted seedling in the step (1) comprises the steps of planting the rootstock according to the row spacing of 6-7.5 m and the plant spacing of 1.8-2.5 m, removing the overground part of the rootstock during grafting, digging soil at the root of the rootstock, and grafting to obtain the grafted seedling.
Preferably, the soil at the root of the rootstock is dug to a depth of 3-5 cm away from the ground, so that the root is exposed.
Preferably, the method further comprises the step of filling water for 1 time 1 week before the grafting.
Preferably, 2 secondary branches at the base part vertical to the row direction are selected in the step (1) to be cultured in a key way to form a primary branch of the base layer, so that the transverse elongation is promoted, and 5 sections of the rest secondary branches are controlled by pinching.
Preferably, after the grafting, stopping watering in the middle 9 th of month to promote the lignification of the seedlings; and (5) irrigating in 10 middle ten days to facilitate the safe overwintering of the nursery stock.
Preferably, two secondary branches which are parallel to the row direction are selected and cultured in the step (2) to form fruiting bone dry branches.
Preferably, the width of the operation channel in the step (3) is 4-5 m.
Preferably, the ridge width in the step (3) is 2-3.5 m.
Preferably, after the fruiting branch group is determined in the step (4), thinning the base part after the fruiting branch group grows for 3-4 years, selecting and reserving a new jujube head, and replacing the branch group.
The invention provides a jujube tree pruning method suitable for mechanized operation, which has simple tree form, easy operation, clear main branches and bearing branches and clear grade relation, and can prune the unnecessary branches from bearing skeleton branches during updating; the fruit branches can obtain light uniformly and efficiently, the ventilation and light transmission are good, and the quality and yield of the jujube can be guaranteed; and the whole operation is convenient for mechanical operation, and medium-sized machines can pass through the operation channel, so that the pesticide spraying, the fertilizer applying, the fruit pulling and conveying and the like are all convenient. The jujube tree form constructed by the pruning method can bear a small amount of fruits in the current year after grafting, the yield is 100-220 kg/mu in the second year, the high yield can reach 800-1200 kg/mu in the third year, and the grade rates of the first grade, the second grade and the third grade are 40%, 30% and 22% respectively.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the cultivation of the current-year-old basic main branch for grafting;
FIG. 2 shows the culture of bone branches;
FIG. 3 is a graph of the relationship of the resulting branch groups, with the dashed lines indicating the lines between the rows.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a jujube tree pruning method suitable for mechanized operation, which comprises the following steps:
(1) culturing basic layer main branches: culturing the current-year grafted seedlings of the jujube trees, pinching the main trunk when the main trunk grows to 3-5 secondary branches, and selecting the secondary branches vertical to the row direction for culturing; the row spacing of the current-year grafted seedlings is 6-7.5 m, and the plant spacing is 1.8-2.5 m;
(2) and (3) bone trunk branch shaping: before sprouting in spring of the second year, carrying out back shearing on the cultured 2 basal secondary branches at a position of 60-90 cm, cutting off the rest secondary branches and trunks, respectively culturing the foremost date heads of the secondary branches after sprouting to be fruiting bone stem branches, and wiping off the rest date heads;
(3) reserving a mechanical operation channel: after shaping of the jujube tree is completed, taking soil among lines and stacking the soil under the main branches of the jujube tree base layer, forming ridges by leveling the main branches of the base layer, wherein the ridge width is the same as the extension length of fruiting skeleton branches, the ridge surface takes the tree as the center to form an inclined plane, and the ridge space is an operation way;
(4) result branch set and replace: selecting and reserving the germinated jujube heads on the fruiting bone branches as a fruiting branch group every year, and erasing the rest newly germinated jujube heads; the distance between the fruiting branch groups and the fruiting bone trunk branches is 30 cm.
The method comprises the steps of culturing current-year grafted seedlings of jujube trees, pinching the main trunk when the main trunk grows to 3-5 secondary branches, and selecting the secondary branches vertical to the row direction for culturing; the row spacing of the grafted seedlings in the current year is 6-7.5 m, and the plant spacing is 1.8-2.5 m. The current-year grafted seedling preferably comprises the steps of planting the rootstock according to the row spacing of 6-7.5 m and the plant spacing of 1.8-2.5 m, removing the overground part of the rootstock during grafting, digging soil at the root of the rootstock, and grafting to obtain the grafted seedling. According to the method, the overground part of the rootstock is preferably shoveled off manually or mechanically, soil around the root is raked, the depth is preferably 3-5 cm from the ground, the root is exposed, and then grafting can be carried out. The method for grafting is not particularly limited in the present invention. In the invention, the grafted stock variety preferably comprises wild jujube and karishsmall round jujube, and the grafted scion variety preferably comprises jun jujube, ash jujube or zakhstan jujube and the like. The method preferably further comprises the step of filling water for 1 time 1 week before the grafting. After grafting, preferably after scion germination, timely erasing stock germination, timely pinching the trunk when the trunk grows to 3-5 secondary branches, selecting 2 secondary branches at the base part vertical to the row direction for key culture, promoting the transverse elongation of the secondary branches, and pinching and controlling 5 time sections of the rest secondary branches. According to the method, after the grafting, water control is preferably performed, irrigation is preferably stopped in the middle of 9 months to promote lignification of the nursery stock, and winter irrigation is performed in the middle of l0 months to facilitate safe overwintering of the nursery stock.
In the invention, before sprouting in spring of the second year, the cultured 2 basal secondary branches are cut back at the position of 60-90 cm, the rest secondary branches and trunks are cut off, after sprouting, the foremost jujube heads of the secondary branches are respectively cultured to be fruiting bone stem branches, and the rest jujube heads are removed. According to the method, a strong jujube head is reserved from the foremost end of the secondary branch after the germination for cultivation, and the rest jujube heads are completely removed, so that competition is prevented. The invention selects two secondary branches parallel to the row direction on the newly-cultured jujube head to culture in key points to obtain fruiting bone stem branches. The invention basically completes the shaping of the jujube tree after the fruiting bone trunk branches are formed.
After the shaping of the jujube tree is finished, soil is taken from the rows and piled under the main branches of the jujube tree base layer, the main branches of the jujube tree base layer are leveled to form ridges, the ridge width is the same as the extending length of fruiting skeleton branches, the ridge surface takes the tree as the center to form an inclined surface, and the ridges are taken as operation paths. The width of the operation channel is preferably 4-5 m; the ridge width is preferably 2-3.5 m.
After the fruiting branch group is determined, the method preferably comprises updating every 3-4 years, more preferably comprises removing the original fruiting branch group from the base part, selecting and reserving the new jujube head, and replacing the branch group.
The jujube tree pruning method suitable for mechanized operations according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
(1) Plant row spacing configuration
In order to meet the requirement of mechanical operation, the row spacing is 6m, the plant spacing is 1.8m, and the width of the operation channel after the garden is formed is preferably 4 m.
(2) Culture of basic main branch
After the stock (wild jujube comes from Henan, Shanxi, etc. and Kashi small round jujube comes from Xinjiang Kashi) is selected according to plant spacing, water is irrigated for 1 time about 1 week before grafting. And (3) manually or mechanically shoveling the overground part of the stock on the flat ground, digging the soil around the root to a depth of 3-5 cm away from the ground, and exposing the root to carry out grafting.
After scions (jun dates come from Shanxi, ash dates come from Henan and Zanhuang dates come from Hebei) germinate, the stock sprouts are removed in time. When 3-5 secondary branches grow on the trunk, pinching in time, selecting 2 secondary branches at the base part vertical to the row direction for intensive culture to promote the transverse elongation of the secondary branches, and pinching control on 5 sections of the other secondary branches (figure 1). Stopping irrigation in the middle of 9 months to promote lignification of the seedlings, and l0 performing winter irrigation in the middle of the month to facilitate safe overwintering of the seedlings.
(3) Fruiting bone trunk branch shaping
In the next year, before sprouting in spring, the selected secondary branches perpendicular to the row direction are cut back at the position of 60-90 cm, and the main head and the rest secondary branches are cut off. After germination, a strong jujube head is reserved from the foremost end of the secondary branch for cultivation, and the rest jujube heads are completely removed to prevent competition (figure 2). Two secondary branches which are parallel to the row direction are selected for newly-cultured jujube heads and are mainly cultured to form fruiting bone trunk branches.
(4) Mechanical working path setting
After the tree form is shaped, soil is taken from the row space to be piled up under the main branches of the jujube tree base layer, the main branches of the base layer are leveled to form ridges, the ridge width is proper to the extension length of the fruiting bone branches, the ridge surface is an inclined plane by taking the tree as the center, and the ridge space is an operation way.
(5) Results and alternatives
Selecting the sprouting jujube heads on the fruiting bone branches every year, leaving the sprouting jujube heads as fruiting branch groups at the intervals of 30cm, and erasing the rest newly sprouting jujube heads (figure 3). And (4) after the fruiting branch group grows for 3-4 years, removing the fruiting branch group from the base part, selecting and reserving a new jujube head, and replacing the fruiting branch group.
The yield after grafting is shown in table 1, a small amount of fruits can be produced in the same year, the yield is 100-220 kg/mu in the second year, the high yield can reach 800-1200 kg/mu in the third year, and the grade rates of the first grade, the second grade and the third grade are 40%, 30% and 22% respectively.
TABLE 1 yield after grafting
Example 2
The plant row spacing configuration of this example is the same as that of example 1 except that it is: the row spacing is 7m, the plant spacing is 1.8m, and the width of the operation channel after the garden is formed is preferably 5 m. The post-grafting yields are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 yield after grafting
Example 3
The plant row spacing configuration of this example is the same as that of example 1 except that it is: the row spacing is 6m, the plant spacing is 2.5m, and the width of the operation channel after the garden is formed is preferably 4 m.
The post-grafting yields are shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 post-grafting yield
Example 4
The plant row spacing configuration of this example is the same as that of example 1 except that it is: the row spacing is 7.5m, the plant spacing is 1.8m, and the width of the operation channel after the garden is formed is preferably 4 m. The post-grafting yields are shown in table 4.
TABLE 4 post-grafting yield
Example 5
The plant row spacing configuration of this example is the same as that of example 1 except that it is: the row spacing is 7.5m, the plant spacing is 2.5m, and the width of the operation channel after the garden is formed is preferably 4 m.
The post-grafting yields are shown in table 5.
TABLE 5 post-graft yield
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A jujube tree pruning method suitable for mechanized operation is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) culturing basic layer main branches: culturing the current-year grafted seedlings of the jujube trees, pinching the main trunk when the main trunk grows to 3-5 secondary branches, and selecting the secondary branches vertical to the row direction for culturing; the row spacing of the current-year grafted seedlings is 6-7.5 m, and the plant spacing is 1.8-2.5 m;
(2) and (3) bone trunk branch shaping: before sprouting in spring of the second year, carrying out back shearing on the cultured 2 basal secondary branches at a position of 60-90 cm, cutting off the rest secondary branches and trunks, respectively culturing the foremost date heads of the secondary branches after sprouting to be fruiting bone stem branches, and wiping off the rest date heads;
(3) reserving a mechanical operation channel: after shaping of the jujube tree is completed, taking soil among lines and stacking the soil under the main branches of the jujube tree base layer, forming ridges by leveling the main branches of the base layer, wherein the ridge width is the same as the extension length of fruiting skeleton branches, the ridge surface takes the tree as the center to form an inclined plane, and the ridge space is an operation way;
(4) result branch set and replace: selecting and reserving the germinated jujube heads on the fruiting bone branches as a fruiting branch group every year, and erasing the rest newly germinated jujube heads; the distance between the fruiting branch groups and the fruiting bone trunk branches is 30 cm.
2. The pruning method according to claim 1, wherein the current year grafting of the step (1) comprises planting the rootstock at a row spacing of 6-7.5 m and a plant spacing of 1.8-2.5 m, and during grafting, shoveling off the overground part of the rootstock, digging the soil at the root of the rootstock, and grafting to obtain the grafted seedling.
3. The pruning method according to claim 2, wherein the root of the rootstock is dug to a depth of 3-5 cm from the ground to expose the root.
4. The pruning method of claim 2, further comprising irrigating water 1 time 1 week prior to the grafting.
5. The pruning method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), 2 secondary branches at the base perpendicular to the row direction are selected to be cultured in a key way to form a primary branch of the substrate, so that the transverse elongation is promoted, and 5 sections of the rest secondary branches are controlled by pinching.
6. The pruning method according to claim 1, further comprising stopping irrigation in the middle 9 months after the grafting to promote seedling lignification; and (5) irrigating in 10 middle ten days to facilitate the safe overwintering of the nursery stock.
7. The pruning method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), two secondary branches parallel to the row direction are selected for newly-cultured jujube heads and are cultured as fruiting skeletal branches in an emphasis manner.
8. The trimming method according to claim 1, wherein the width of the working channel in the step (3) is 4 to 5 m.
9. The pruning method of claim 1, wherein the ridge width in the step (3) is 2-3.5 m.
10. The pruning method according to claim 1, wherein after the fruiting branch group is determined in the step (4), the method further comprises the steps of removing from the base part after 3-4 years of growth, selecting and reserving fresh jujube heads, and carrying out branch group replacement.
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| KR102310006B1 (en) * | 2021-05-14 | 2021-10-07 | 홍예은 | method for forming an ornamental tree |
| CN114868588A (en) * | 2022-04-20 | 2022-08-09 | 新疆农垦科学院 | Pruning method for improving light energy interception rate of jujube tree |
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