CN111657531B - High-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves - Google Patents
High-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves Download PDFInfo
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- CN111657531B CN111657531B CN202010504058.5A CN202010504058A CN111657531B CN 111657531 B CN111657531 B CN 111657531B CN 202010504058 A CN202010504058 A CN 202010504058A CN 111657531 B CN111657531 B CN 111657531B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B3/00—Preparing tobacco in the factory
- A24B3/10—Roasting or cooling tobacco
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B9/00—Control of the moisture content of tobacco products, e.g. cigars, cigarettes, pipe tobacco
Abstract
The invention discloses a high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves, which comprises the following process steps: firstly, harvesting and pole weaving tobacco leaves; ② the yellowing period in germination; fourthly, high temperature yellowing period; cooling and dehydrating; sixthly, fixing the color at low temperature; seventhly, fixing color at high temperature; eighthly, the conventional muscle drying period. The invention mainly improves the temperature points of the middle-temperature yellowing stage, the high-temperature yellowing stage and the cooling dehydration stage, firstly, the middle-temperature yellowing stage and the high-temperature yellowing stage are required to keep the temperature of a wet ball in a curing barn at 37-37.5 ℃, and secondly, the cooling dehydration stage is required to reduce the temperature of a dry ball in the curing barn to 36-36.5 ℃, so that the chlorophyll degradation speed of tobacco leaves can be accelerated, the tobacco leaves are promoted to be quickly yellowed, the occurrence of green flue-cured tobacco is reduced, the browning reaction caused by the fixation of the tobacco leaves under the high-temperature environment condition can be avoided, the occurrence of ash hanging tobacco is reduced, the curing quality of the tobacco leaves is greatly improved, the operability of the curing process is strong, the industrial availability of the cured tobacco leaves can be effectively improved, and the economic benefit is obvious.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of tobacco leaf modulation processing, and particularly relates to a high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves.
Background
The tobacco leaf baking is the most important link for determining the quality, yield and cigarette availability of the flue-cured tobacco in the flue-cured tobacco production, and is also a main factor directly influencing the economic income of tobacco growers, the quality and economic benefit of cigarette industrial products, and the quality, use value and economic value of the tobacco leaf are jointly determined by field growth management and scientific baking, so that the importance of baking in the quality of the tobacco leaf and the flue-cured tobacco production is seen. At present, the tobacco leaf baking in China mostly adopts a bulk curing barn which is essential infrastructure for promoting the scale, intensification and specialization of the tobacco leaf production, and the bulk curing technology is developed rapidly in China in recent decades. Compared with the common curing barn, the bulk curing barn has the advantages of energy conservation, labor saving, improvement of the whole curing quality of tobacco leaves and the like, and the three-section bulk curing process is popularized in a large scale. The three-stage intensive curing process has the characteristics that the temperature can only gradually rise, and the tobacco has a better curing effect under normal environmental conditions, but in recent years, the change of climatic environment and the degradation of physical and chemical properties of soil and the condition of tobacco plant malnutrition are more and more prominent, so that the curing characteristic of fresh tobacco leaves is gradually reduced, the ash hanging rate, the green content and other bad tobacco rate of the cured tobacco leaves are higher, the industrial availability of the tobacco leaves is influenced to a certain extent, and the problem that the tobacco industry reflects the tobacco leaves more strongly in recent years is solved. Therefore, it is objectively needed to develop a high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process which has strong operability, low bad tobacco rate and good baking quality, can improve the industrial availability of tobacco leaves and can reduce the ash hanging of the tobacco leaves.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the background art, the invention aims to provide the high-temperature yellowing cooling color-fixing baking process which has strong operability, low bad tobacco rate and good baking quality, can improve the industrial availability of tobacco leaves and can reduce the ash hanging of the tobacco leaves.
The invention relates to a high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following process steps:
harvesting and rod-weaving tobacco leaves: collecting mature fresh tobacco leaves, and then weaving rods;
② the yellowing period in germination: sequentially loading the tobacco leaves on the rods into a curing barn, igniting, raising the temperature of dry balls in the curing barn to 35-35.5 ℃ within 5-6 h after ignition, keeping the temperature difference between the wet ball temperature and the dry ball temperature at 0.5-1 ℃, and curing for 8-10 h at a stable temperature;
③ middle temperature yellowing period: raising the temperature of dry pellets in a curing barn to 38-38.5 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5-2 ℃/h, keeping the temperature of wet pellets to 37-37.5 ℃, and curing for 20-22 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves in a high-temperature area become yellow at 7.8-8 ℃;
fourthly, high temperature yellowing period: raising the temperature of dry pellets in a curing barn to 41-41.3 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5-2 ℃/h, keeping the temperature of wet pellets to be 37-37.5 ℃, and curing for 24-25 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area become yellow at 7.8-8 ℃;
cooling and dehydrating period: reducing the temperature of dry pellets in a curing barn to 36-36.5 ℃, reducing the temperature of wet pellets to 30-30.5 ℃, and curing at a stable temperature for 28-30 h until the tip-hooking and curling of tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area form a small reel;
sixthly, low-temperature color fixing period: raising the temperature of dry pellets in a curing barn to 48-48.5 ℃ at a temperature raising speed of 1.5-2 ℃/h, slowly raising the temperature of wet pellets to 37-37.5 ℃, and curing at a stable temperature for 11-13 h until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area become white;
and high-temperature fixation period: raising the temperature of dry pellets in a curing barn to 54-54.5 ℃ at a temperature raising speed of 1.5-1.8 ℃/h, keeping the temperature of wet pellets to 38-38.5 ℃, and curing for 14-15 h at a stable temperature until the leaves in a low-temperature area are completely dry;
eighthly, the conventional muscle drying period: and (3) raising the temperature of the dry pellets in the curing barn to 68-68.3 ℃ at a temperature raising speed of 1-1.2 ℃/h, keeping the temperature of the wet pellets to be 38.5-39 ℃, and curing at a stable temperature until the main vein of the tobacco leaves in the low-temperature area is completely dry.
Furthermore, in the fifth step, in the period of the temperature reduction and dehydration period, the temperature reduction speed of the dry ball temperature in the baking room is 1-1.5 ℃/h.
And thirdly, timely removing the baking energy after the baking of the fresh tobacco leaves is finished in the step ((b)), keeping the circulating fan to continuously lower the temperature of the baking room, and switching off the power supply when the temperature of the dry balls in the baking room is reduced to 40 ℃, naturally reducing the temperature of the dry balls in the baking room to 15 ℃, and then taking the dried tobacco leaves out of the baking room.
Furthermore, in the second step to the third step, the dry ball temperature is the temperature value displayed on the dry ball thermometer; the wet bulb temperature is a temperature value displayed on a wet bulb thermometer when the water vapor pressure of the relative humidity in the air in the baking room is equal to the water vapor pressure on the surface of the wet bulb.
Further, in the step (i), the fresh tobacco leaves are any one or more of lower tobacco leaves, middle tobacco leaves and upper tobacco leaves of the tobacco plants.
Further, in the step I, the density of the bright-colored leaf weaving rods is 45-50 bundles per rod, 2-3 pieces of fresh tobacco leaves are bound per rod, and the weight of the fresh tobacco leaves on the average per rod is 9-10 kg.
On the basis of a conventional three-stage baking process, the baking temperature, the tobacco change characteristics, the temperature stabilizing time and the heating speed in the tobacco baking process are further determined and quantified, and the tobacco baking process is divided into seven stages, namely a germination yellowing stage, a medium-temperature yellowing stage, a high-temperature yellowing stage, a cooling dehydration stage, a low-temperature fixation stage, a high-temperature fixation stage and a conventional stem drying stage; secondly, the temperature of dry pellets in the curing barn is required to be reduced to 36-36.5 ℃ in a cooling and dehydrating period, when tobacco leaves turn yellow under the high-temperature and high-humidity environment condition, an air inlet door and a moisture exhaust port are opened completely, high-speed fan circulation is adopted, the tobacco leaves are dehydrated and dried under the low-temperature and low-humidity environment condition, the brown reaction caused by color fixation of the tobacco leaves under the high-temperature environment condition is avoided, and the generation of ash hanging smoke is reduced; according to the invention, by adopting the methods of yellowing under high temperature and high humidity, cooling, dehydrating and drying, the generation of the flue-cured green tobacco and the ash-coated tobacco is effectively avoided, the ratio of the flue-cured green tobacco and the ash-coated tobacco in the cured tobacco is reduced to below 5.8%, the curing quality of the tobacco is greatly improved, the curing process is strong in operability, the industrial availability of the cured tobacco can be effectively improved, and the economic benefit is obvious.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, but is not intended to be limited in any way, and any modifications or alterations based on the teachings of the invention are intended to fall within the scope of the invention.
Example 1:
the high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves in the embodiment 1 comprises the following process steps:
harvesting and rod-weaving tobacco leaves: after harvesting mature fresh tobacco leaves, selecting middle tobacco leaves of K326 varieties planted in Yunnan, hilly and northern areas from the fresh tobacco leaves, selecting to harvest in the morning on sunny days, classifying the harvested tobacco leaves according to three basic types of maturity, over-maturity and still maturity, and then braiding rods, wherein the density of the bright leaf braiding rods is 45-50 bundles per rod, 2-3 pieces of fresh tobacco leaves are per bundle, and the weight of the fresh tobacco leaves per rod is 9-10 kg on average;
② in the sprouting yellowing stage: sequentially loading the tobacco leaves on rods into a curing barn, wherein the curing barn is a 4-rod airflow descending type bulk curing barn, loading the tobacco leaves slightly ripe into a top-table high-temperature area in the curing barn, loading the tobacco leaves slightly bad in maturity into a low-table low-temperature area, loading the tobacco leaves suitable for ripening in other places, loading the tobacco leaves on the rods in total, igniting after the tobacco is loaded, raising the temperature of a dry bulb in the curing barn to 35 ℃ within 6 hours after ignition, keeping the temperature difference between the temperature of the wet bulb and the temperature of the dry bulb at 0.5 ℃, stably curing for 8 hours, adjusting the ignition temperature rise time according to the room temperature, when the room temperature is lower than 20.0 ℃, properly increasing the temperature rise speed to enable the temperature in the curing barn to quickly reach 30.0 ℃, but not too fast, avoiding green tobacco curing, when the average temperature in the curing barn exceeds 30.0 ℃, starting to change the substances in the tobacco leaves, and observing the formation condition of water beads on a glass window before and after the temperature rise period, if no water drop is formed in the heating period, the running condition of the fan and whether the air inlet and the air outlet are smooth need to be checked, dehumidification is not carried out in the heating period, and the real-time dry-wet ball temperature difference needs to be observed;
③ middle temperature yellowing period: heating the dry bulb temperature in the curing barn to 38 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, keeping the wet bulb temperature at 37 ℃, and curing at a stable temperature for 20h until the tobacco leaves in the high-temperature area become yellow at 7.8, keeping the wet bulb temperature at 37 ℃ in real time in the medium-temperature yellowing period, and degrading the chlorophyll in the tobacco leaves in the high-temperature area to yellow the tobacco leaves in the period;
fourthly, high temperature yellowing period: the temperature of dry balls in a curing barn is increased to 41 ℃ at the heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, the temperature of wet balls is kept at 37 ℃, the curing is carried out for 24h at a stable temperature, until the tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area become yellow at 7.8, the initial process is the heating period in the initial stage of the high-temperature yellowing period, and water is analyzed during the heating period, so that the moisture discharge amount is required to be small, the temperature of the wet balls is kept at a higher level, the chlorophyll degradation speed can be accelerated under the high-temperature and high-humidity environment condition, the tobacco leaves are promoted to be yellow, and the occurrence of green flue-cured tobacco is reduced;
cooling and dehydrating period: reducing the temperature of dry balls in the curing barn to 36 ℃, reducing the temperature of wet balls to 30 ℃, and carrying out stable temperature curing for 28h, wherein in the period of a temperature reduction dehydration period, the temperature reduction speed of the temperature of the dry balls in the curing barn is 1 ℃/h until tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area are subjected to tip hooking and edge curling to form a small reel, in the temperature reduction dehydration stage, an air inlet door and a moisture discharge opening of the curing barn are all opened, a high-speed fan is adopted for circulation, so that the tobacco leaves are dehydrated and dried under the low-temperature and low-humidity environment condition, the brown reaction caused by color fixing of the tobacco leaves under the high-temperature environment condition is avoided, and the generation of ash hanging smoke is reduced;
sixthly, low-temperature color fixing period: raising the temperature of dry balls in a curing barn to 48 ℃ at a temperature rise speed of 1.5 ℃/h, slowly raising the temperature of wet balls to 37 ℃, and curing at a stable temperature for 11h until main veins of tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area become white, wherein the temperature rise speed is controlled during temperature rise to control the temperature rise progress so as to avoid over-quick temperature rise and curing of the tobacco leaves;
and high-temperature fixation period: heating the dry bulb temperature in the curing barn to 54 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, keeping the wet bulb temperature at 38 ℃, and curing at a stable temperature for 14h until the leaves of the tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area are completely dry, wherein a high-temperature color fixing period is used for further promoting the dehydration and drying of the tobacco leaves, and the withering of tobacco ribs and color fixing are completed;
eighthly, the conventional muscle drying period: the method comprises the steps of raising the temperature of a dry bulb in a curing barn to 68-68.3 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, keeping the temperature of a wet bulb at 38.5 ℃, carrying out stable-temperature curing until main veins of tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area are completely dry, removing curing energy in time after the curing of fresh tobacco leaves is finished, keeping a circulating fan to continuously lower the temperature of the curing barn, cutting off a power supply when the temperature of the dry bulb in the curing barn is reduced to 40 ℃, naturally reducing the temperature of the dry bulb in the curing barn to 15 ℃, and taking out the dried tobacco leaves from the curing barn.
In the second step to the eighth step, the dry bulb temperature is a temperature value displayed on a dry bulb thermometer; the wet bulb temperature is a temperature value displayed on a wet bulb thermometer when the water vapor pressure of the relative humidity in the air in the baking room is equal to the water vapor pressure on the surface of the wet bulb. The target temperature of 6 stages is dry-bulb temperature as a reference value, except for a cooling dehydration stage, each stage has a heating-up stage and a temperature stabilization stage, each heating-up stage has a respective heating-up rate and a respective wet-bulb temperature set value, slow and stable heating is carried out according to the heating-up rate in the heating-up stage, meanwhile, for the stage needing dehumidification, heating up is carried out after dehumidification is carried out in the heating-up stage, namely when the real-time dry-bulb temperature reaches the target temperature to be reached every hour and the real-time wet-bulb temperature is maintained above the target temperature for a long time, heating up is started after the real-time wet-bulb temperature can be reduced below the target temperature, when the target temperature to be reached by the heating-up stage starts to enter the temperature stabilization stage, the temperature stabilization stage takes the target temperature of the current stage as a reference value, and the real-time dry-bulb temperature is enabled to fluctuate within the error range of the set reference value in the temperature stabilization stage, when the tobacco leaves change to reach the target task of the current stage and the real-time wet-bulb temperature in the baking room can be maintained below the target value, the temperature stabilization period is ended, the temperature stabilization duration of the temperature stabilization period is determined by the time for the real-time dry-bulb temperature in the baking room to be maintained at the set target temperature, the external environment and the maturity of the tobacco leaves, the mark of the end of the temperature stabilization period takes the change degree of the tobacco leaves and the real-time wet bulb temperature as reference objects, and as the target value of the dry bulb temperature of each stage has the target value of the wet bulb temperature corresponding to the target value, therefore, the adjustment value of the dry-bulb temperature control error is combined with the wet-bulb temperature at the current stage, so that the real-time adjustment value needs to be within the control error range of the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature, and the set temperature rise speed and the dry-bulb temperature control error in each temperature rise period are used for avoiding that the average temperature in the loading and baking room exceeds the set target value to bake the tobacco leaves due to excessive heat supply of heating equipment during the temperature rise period.
In this embodiment 1, the K326 varieties planted in the south, hills and north areas further specify and quantify the key baking temperature and humidity of the K326 varieties and the tobacco leaf change characteristic indexes, the temperature stabilizing time and the temperature rising mode on the basis of the three-stage baking process in the bulk curing barn, and the baking process of the cloud tobacco K326 varieties is divided into seven stages: a sprouting yellowing stage, a middle-temperature yellowing stage, a high-temperature yellowing stage, a cooling dehydration stage, a low-temperature color fixing stage, a high-temperature color fixing stage and conventional tendon drying. Compared with the tobacco leaves obtained by the conventional three-stage intensive curing process, the cured tobacco leaves obtained in the embodiment 1 have the advantages that the appearance quality of the cured K326 tobacco leaves is better, the shrinkage rate and the softness are obviously increased, the chromaticity is good, the ratio of the cured green tobacco leaves to the ash-hung tobacco leaves in the tobacco leaves is 5.2%, the curing process is strong in operability, the industrial availability of the cured tobacco leaves can be effectively improved, the economic benefit is obvious, and the cured tobacco obtained by the curing of the embodiment 1 reaches 35.8 yuan/kg, and is higher than that of the cured tobacco obtained by the conventional curing process by 4.6 yuan/kg by 31.2 yuan/kg.
Example 2:
the high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves in the embodiment 2 comprises the following process steps:
harvesting and rod-weaving tobacco leaves: after harvesting mature fresh tobacco leaves, selecting upper tobacco leaves of 87 Yunyan tobacco varieties planted in Yunnan Manta, harvesting the fresh tobacco leaves in the morning on sunny days, classifying the harvested tobacco leaves according to three basic types of maturity, over-maturity and still maturity, and then braiding rods, wherein the density of the bright-colored tobacco leaves is 45-50 bundles per rod, 2-3 pieces of fresh tobacco leaves are per bundle, and the weight of the fresh tobacco leaves on an average single rod is 9-10 kg;
② the yellowing period in germination: loading the tobacco leaves on rods into a curing barn in sequence, wherein the curing barn is a 3-rod airflow descending type bulk curing barn, loading the slightly mature tobacco leaves into a top platform high-temperature area in the curing barn, loading a low platform low-temperature area in the curing barn with slightly poor maturity and loading the tobacco leaves suitable for curing in other places, wherein the total tobacco quantity is 438 rods, after the tobacco is loaded, igniting, raising the temperature of dry balls in the curing barn to 35.3 ℃ within 5.5 hours after ignition, keeping the temperature difference between the temperature of the wet balls and the temperature of the dry balls at 0.8 ℃, stably curing for 9 hours, adjusting the ignition temperature rise time according to the room temperature, when the room temperature is lower than 20.0 ℃, properly raising the temperature so that the temperature in the curing barn reaches 30.0 ℃ quickly, but not raising the temperature too quickly, avoiding green tobacco curing, when the average temperature in the curing barn exceeds 30.0 ℃, starting to change the internal substances of the tobacco leaves, and observing the formation condition of water beads on glass windows before and after the curing barn in the temperature rise period, if no water drop is formed in the heating period, the running condition of the fan and whether the air inlet and the air outlet are smooth need to be checked, dehumidification is not carried out in the heating period, and the real-time dry-wet ball temperature difference needs to be observed;
③ middle temperature yellowing period: heating the dry bulb temperature in the curing barn to 38.3 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.8 ℃/h, keeping the wet bulb temperature at 37.3 ℃, and stably curing for 31h until the tobacco leaves in the high-temperature region become yellow 7.9, keeping the wet bulb temperature at 37.3 ℃ in real time in the medium-temperature yellowing period, and degrading chlorophyll in the tobacco leaves in the high-temperature region to yellow the tobacco leaves in the period;
fourthly, high temperature yellowing period: the temperature of dry balls in a curing barn is increased to 41.2 ℃ at the heating rate of 1.8 ℃/h, the temperature of wet balls is kept at 37.3 ℃, the curing is carried out at a stable temperature for 24.5h until the tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area become yellow 7.9, the starting process is a heating period in the initial stage of a high-temperature yellowing period, and water is analyzed during the heating process, so that the moisture discharge amount is required to be small, the temperature of the wet balls is kept at a higher level, the chlorophyll degradation speed can be accelerated under the high-temperature and high-humidity environment condition, the yellowing of the tobacco leaves is promoted, and the occurrence of green flue-cured tobacco is reduced;
cooling and dehydrating period: reducing the temperature of dry pellets in a curing barn to 36.3 ℃, reducing the temperature of wet pellets to 30.3 ℃, and carrying out temperature stabilization curing for 29h, wherein in the period of a temperature reduction dehydration period, the temperature reduction speed of the temperature of the dry pellets in the curing barn is 1.3 ℃/h until tip hooking and curling of tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area form a small reel, in the temperature reduction dehydration stage, an air inlet door and a moisture discharge opening of the curing barn are all opened, and a high-speed fan is adopted for circulation, so that the tobacco leaves are dehydrated and dried under the low-temperature and low-humidity environmental conditions, the browning reaction caused by the fixation of the tobacco leaves under the high-temperature environmental conditions is avoided, and the occurrence of ash hanging smoke is reduced;
sixthly, fixing the color period at low temperature: the temperature of dry balls in the curing barn is increased to 48.3 ℃ at the heating rate of 1.3 ℃/h, the temperature of wet balls is slowly increased to 37.3 ℃, and the curing is carried out for 12h at a stable temperature until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in the low-temperature area become white, and the heating rate is controlled to control the heating progress during heating, so that the tobacco leaves are prevented from being damaged by too fast heating;
seventhly, high-temperature color fixing period: heating the dry bulb temperature in the curing barn to 54.3 ℃ at the heating rate of 1.7 ℃/h, keeping the wet bulb temperature at 38.3 ℃, and performing stable-temperature curing for 14.5h until the leaves of the tobacco leaves in a low-temperature region are completely dried, wherein the high-temperature color fixing period is used for further promoting the dehydration and drying of the tobacco leaves, and the withering of tobacco ribs is completed to fix the color;
eighthly, the conventional muscle drying period: the temperature of the dry bulb in the curing barn is increased to 68.2 ℃ at the temperature rising speed of 1.1 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet bulb is kept to be 38.3 ℃, the temperature is stabilized and the curing is carried out until the main vein of the tobacco leaves in the low-temperature area is completely dry, after the curing of the fresh tobacco leaves is finished, the curing energy is timely removed, the circulating fan is kept to continuously reduce the temperature of the curing barn, when the temperature of the dry bulb in the curing barn is reduced to 40 ℃, the power supply is cut off, the temperature of the dry bulb in the curing barn is naturally reduced to 15 ℃, and then the dried tobacco leaves are taken out from the curing barn.
In the second step to the eighth step, the dry ball temperature is a temperature value displayed on a dry ball thermometer; the wet bulb temperature is a temperature value displayed on a wet bulb thermometer when the water vapor pressure of the relative humidity in the air in the baking room is equal to the water vapor pressure on the surface of the wet bulb. The target temperature of 6 stages is dry-bulb temperature as a reference value, except for a cooling dehydration stage, each stage has a heating-up stage and a temperature stabilization stage, each heating-up stage has a respective heating-up rate and a respective wet-bulb temperature set value, slow and stable heating is carried out according to the heating-up rate in the heating-up stage, meanwhile, for the stage needing dehumidification, heating up is carried out after dehumidification is carried out in the heating-up stage, namely when the real-time dry-bulb temperature reaches the target temperature to be reached every hour and the real-time wet-bulb temperature is maintained above the target temperature for a long time, heating up is started after the real-time wet-bulb temperature can be reduced below the target temperature, when the target temperature to be reached by the heating-up stage starts to enter the temperature stabilization stage, the temperature stabilization stage takes the target temperature of the current stage as a reference value, and the real-time dry-bulb temperature is enabled to fluctuate within the error range of the set reference value in the temperature stabilization stage, when the tobacco leaves change to reach the target task of the current stage and the real-time wet-bulb temperature in the baking room can be maintained below the target value, the temperature stabilization period is ended, the temperature stabilization duration of the temperature stabilization period is determined by the time for the real-time dry-bulb temperature in the baking room to be maintained at the set target temperature, the external environment and the maturity of the tobacco leaves, the mark of the end of the temperature stabilization period takes the change degree of the tobacco leaves and the real-time wet bulb temperature as reference objects, and as the target value of the dry bulb temperature of each stage has the target value of the wet bulb temperature corresponding to the target value, therefore, the adjustment value of the dry-bulb temperature control error is combined with the wet-bulb temperature at the current stage, so that the real-time adjustment value needs to be within the control error range of the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature, and the set temperature rise speed and the dry-bulb temperature control error in each temperature rise period are used for avoiding that the average temperature in the loading and baking room exceeds the set target value to bake the tobacco leaves due to excessive heat supply of heating equipment during the temperature rise period.
In this embodiment 2, on the basis of the "three-stage" curing process in the bulk curing barn, the key curing temperature and humidity, the tobacco leaf change characteristic index, the temperature stabilizing time and the temperature rising mode of the yunyan tobacco 87 varieties are further determined and quantified, and the curing process of the yunyan tobacco 87 varieties is divided into seven stages: a sprouting yellowing stage, a middle-temperature yellowing stage, a high-temperature yellowing stage, a cooling dehydration stage, a low-temperature color fixing stage, a high-temperature color fixing stage and conventional tendon drying. Compared with the tobacco leaves obtained by the conventional three-stage intensive curing process, the cured tobacco leaves obtained in the embodiment 2 have the advantages that the tobacco leaves of the variety Yunyan 87 after being cured have better appearance quality, the shrinkage rate and the softness are obviously increased, the chromaticity is good, the ratio of the cured green tobacco leaves to the ash-hung tobacco leaves in the tobacco leaves is 5.8%, the curing process is strong in operability, the industrial availability of the cured tobacco leaves can be effectively improved, and the economic benefit is remarkable, and the cured tobacco obtained by the curing of the embodiment 2 reaches 30.35 yuan/kg, is 26.67 yuan/kg and is higher than that of the conventional curing technology by 3.68 yuan/kg.
Example 3:
the high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves in the embodiment 3 comprises the following process steps:
harvesting and rod-weaving tobacco leaves: after harvesting mature fresh tobacco leaves, selecting lower tobacco leaves of 87 Yunyan tobacco varieties planted in Yunnan, hilly and northern areas from the fresh tobacco leaves, harvesting the tobacco leaves in the morning on sunny days, classifying the harvested tobacco leaves according to three basic types of maturity, over-maturity and still maturity, and then braiding rods, wherein the density of the bright-colored tobacco leaves is 45-50 bundles per rod, 2-3 pieces of fresh tobacco leaves are per bundle, and the weight of the fresh tobacco leaves on an average single rod is 9-10 kg;
② in the sprouting yellowing stage: sequentially loading the tobacco leaves on rods into a curing barn, wherein the curing barn is a 4-rod airflow descending type bulk curing barn, loading the tobacco leaves slightly ripe into a top-table high-temperature area, a low-table low-temperature area and the tobacco leaves suitable for ripening in other places, wherein the total tobacco loading amount is 492 rods, igniting after the tobacco loading is finished, heating the dry-bulb temperature in the curing barn to 35.5 ℃ within 6h after ignition, keeping the temperature difference between the wet-bulb temperature and the dry-bulb temperature at 1 ℃, stably curing for 10h, adjusting the ignition temperature-rising duration according to the room temperature, and when the room temperature is lower than 20.0 ℃, properly increasing the temperature-rising speed to enable the temperature in the curing barn to quickly reach 30.0 ℃, but not increasing the temperature-rising speed too fast to avoid green tobacco curing, when the average temperature in the curing barn exceeds 30.0 ℃, the internal substances of the tobacco leaves start to change, and observing the formation condition of water beads on a glass window before and after the temperature-rising period, if no water drop is formed in the heating period, the running condition of the fan and whether the air inlet and the air outlet are smooth need to be checked, dehumidification is not carried out in the heating period, and the real-time dry-wet ball temperature difference needs to be observed;
③ middle temperature yellowing period: heating the dry bulb temperature in the curing barn to 38.5 ℃ at a heating rate of 2 ℃/h, keeping the wet bulb temperature at 37.5 ℃, and stably curing for 22h until the tobacco leaves in the high-temperature area become yellow 8, keeping the wet bulb temperature at 37.5 ℃ in real time in the medium-temperature yellowing period, and degrading chlorophyll in the tobacco leaves in the high-temperature area to yellow the tobacco leaves in the period;
fourthly, high temperature yellowing period: the temperature of dry balls in a curing barn is increased to 41.3 ℃ at the heating rate of 2 ℃/h, the temperature of wet balls is kept at 37.5 ℃, and the curing is carried out for 25h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area become yellow 8, the initial process is a heating period in the initial stage of a high-temperature yellowing period, and water is analyzed during the heating process, so that the moisture discharge amount is required to be small, the temperature of the wet balls is kept at a higher level, the chlorophyll degradation speed can be accelerated under the conditions of high-temperature and high-humidity environment, the tobacco leaves are promoted to be yellow, and the occurrence of green flue-cured tobacco is reduced;
cooling and dewatering period: reducing the temperature of dry balls in the curing barn to 36.5 ℃, reducing the temperature of wet balls to 30.5 ℃, and curing for 30 hours at a stable temperature, wherein in the period of a cooling dehydration period, the cooling speed of the temperature of the dry balls in the curing barn is 1.5 ℃/h until the tips of tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area are hooked and curled to form a small reel, and in the cooling dehydration stage, an air inlet door and a moisture discharge opening of the curing barn are all opened, and a high-speed fan is adopted for circulation, so that the tobacco leaves are dehydrated and dried under the low-temperature and low-humidity environment condition, the color fixing and brown reaction of the tobacco leaves under the high-temperature environment condition are avoided, and the generation of ash hanging smoke is reduced;
sixthly, low-temperature color fixing period: raising the temperature of dry pellets in a curing barn to 48.5 ℃ at a temperature rise speed of 2 ℃/h, slowly raising the temperature of wet pellets to 37.5 ℃, and curing at a stable temperature for 13h until main veins of tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area become white, wherein the temperature rise speed is controlled to control the temperature rise progress during temperature rise, so that the tobacco leaves are prevented from being cured too fast;
and high-temperature fixation period: heating the dry bulb temperature in the curing barn to 54.5 ℃ at the heating rate of 1.8 ℃/h, keeping the wet bulb temperature at 38.5 ℃, and curing for 15h at a stable temperature until the leaves of the tobacco leaves in the low-temperature region are completely dried, wherein the high-temperature color fixing period is used for further promoting the dehydration and drying of the tobacco leaves, and the withering of tobacco ribs is finished;
eighthly, the conventional muscle drying period: the temperature of the dry balls in the curing barn is increased to 68.3 ℃ at the temperature rising speed of 1.2 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet balls is kept at 39 ℃, the temperature is stabilized and the curing is carried out until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in the low-temperature area are completely dry, after the curing of the fresh tobacco leaves is finished, the curing energy is timely removed, the circulating fan is kept to continuously reduce the temperature of the curing barn, when the temperature of the dry balls in the curing barn is reduced to 40 ℃, the power supply is cut off, the temperature of the dry balls in the curing barn is naturally reduced to 15 ℃, and then the dried tobacco leaves are taken out from the curing barn.
In the second step to the eighth step, the dry bulb temperature is a temperature value displayed on a dry bulb thermometer; the wet bulb temperature is a temperature value displayed on a wet bulb thermometer when the water vapor pressure of the relative humidity in the air in the baking room is equal to the water vapor pressure on the surface of the wet bulb. The target temperature of 6 stages is dry-bulb temperature as a reference value, except for a cooling dehydration stage, each stage has a heating stage and a temperature stabilization stage, each heating stage has a respective heating rate and a respective wet-bulb temperature set value, slow and stable heating is carried out according to the heating rate in the heating stage, and for the stage needing dehumidification, heating is carried out after dehumidification is carried out in the heating stage, namely when the real-time dry-bulb temperature reaches the target temperature to be reached every hour and the real-time wet-bulb temperature is maintained above the target temperature for a long time, heating should be stopped and temperature stabilization is carried out until the real-time wet-bulb temperature can be reduced below the target temperature, and then heating is started when the target temperature to be reached by the heating stage starts to enter the temperature stabilization stage, the temperature stabilization stage all takes the target temperature of the current stage as a reference value, and the real-time dry-bulb temperature fluctuates in the error range of the set reference value in the temperature stabilization stage, when the tobacco leaves change to reach the target task of the current stage and the real-time wet-bulb temperature in the baking room can be maintained below the target value, the temperature stabilization period is ended, the temperature stabilization duration of the temperature stabilization period is determined by the time for the real-time dry-bulb temperature in the baking room to be maintained at the set target temperature, the external environment and the maturity of the tobacco leaves, the mark of the end of the temperature stabilization period takes the change degree of the tobacco leaves and the real-time wet bulb temperature as reference objects, and as the dry bulb temperature target value of each stage has a wet bulb temperature target value corresponding to the dry bulb temperature target value, therefore, the adjustment value of the dry-bulb temperature control error is combined with the wet-bulb temperature at the current stage, so that the real-time adjustment value needs to be within the control error range of the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature, and the set temperature rise speed and the dry-bulb temperature control error in each temperature rise period are used for avoiding that the average temperature in the loading and baking room exceeds the set target value to bake the tobacco leaves due to excessive heat supply of heating equipment during the temperature rise period.
In this embodiment 3, the yunyan 87 variety planted in the south, the hills and the north is further defined and quantified on the basis of the three-stage baking process in the bulk curing barn, the key baking temperature and humidity, the tobacco leaf change characteristic index, the temperature stabilization time and the heating mode of the yunyan 87 variety are determined and quantified, and the baking process of the yunyan 87 variety is divided into seven stages: a sprouting yellowing stage, a middle-temperature yellowing stage, a high-temperature yellowing stage, a cooling dehydration stage, a low-temperature color fixing stage, a high-temperature color fixing stage and conventional tendon drying. Compared with the tobacco leaves obtained by the conventional three-stage intensive curing process, the cured tobacco leaves obtained in the embodiment 3 have the advantages that the tobacco leaves of the cured Yunyan 87 variety have better appearance quality, the shrinkage rate and the softness are obviously increased, the chromaticity is good, the ratio of the cured green tobacco to the ash-attached tobacco in the tobacco leaves is 5.72 percent, the curing process is strong in operability, the industrial availability of the cured tobacco leaves can be effectively improved, and the economic benefit is obvious, and the cured tobacco obtained by the embodiment 3 reaches 28.91 yuan/kg, which is 24.3 yuan/kg higher than that of the conventional curing process by 4.61 yuan/kg.
Claims (6)
1. A high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following process steps:
harvesting and rod-weaving tobacco leaves: collecting mature fresh tobacco leaves, and then weaving rods;
② in the sprouting yellowing stage: sequentially loading the tobacco leaves on the rods into a curing barn, igniting, raising the temperature of dry balls in the curing barn to 35-36 ℃ within 5-6 h after ignition, keeping the temperature difference between the wet ball temperature and the dry ball temperature at 0.5-1 ℃, and curing for 8-10 h at a stable temperature;
③ middle temperature yellowing period: raising the temperature of dry pellets in a curing barn to 38-38.5 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5-2 ℃/h, keeping the temperature of wet pellets to 37-37.5 ℃, and curing for 20-22 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves in a high-temperature area become yellow at 7.8-8 ℃;
fourthly, high temperature yellowing stage: raising the temperature of dry pellets in a curing barn to 41-42 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5-2 ℃/h, keeping the temperature of wet pellets to 37-37.5 ℃, and curing for 24-25 h at a stable temperature until the tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area become yellow at 7.8-8 ℃;
cooling and dehydrating period: reducing the temperature of dry pellets in a curing barn to 36-36.5 ℃, reducing the temperature of wet pellets to 30-31.5 ℃, and curing at a stable temperature for 28-30 h until the tip-hooking and edge-curling of the tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area form a small reel;
sixthly, low-temperature color fixing period: raising the temperature of dry balls in the curing barn to 48-49 ℃ at a temperature raising speed of 1.5-2 ℃/h, slowly raising the temperature of wet balls to 37-37.5 ℃, and curing at a stable temperature for 11-13 h until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in the low-temperature area become white;
seventhly, high-temperature color fixing period: raising the temperature of dry pellets in a curing barn to 54-55 ℃ at a temperature raising speed of 1.5-1.8 ℃/h, keeping the temperature of wet pellets to 38-38.5 ℃, and curing for 14-15 h at a stable temperature until the leaves of the tobacco leaves in a low-temperature area are completely dry;
eighthly, the conventional muscle drying period: and (3) raising the temperature of the dry bulb in the curing barn to 68-69 ℃ at the temperature raising speed of 1-1.2 ℃/h, keeping the temperature of the wet bulb to 39-40 ℃, and curing at a stable temperature until the main pulse of the tobacco leaves in the low-temperature area is completely dry.
2. The high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the fifth step, in the period of the temperature reduction and dehydration period, the temperature reduction speed of the dry ball temperature in the baking room is 1-1.5 ℃/h.
3. The high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: and (6) after the fresh tobacco leaves are baked in the step eight, timely removing baking energy, keeping the circulating fan to continuously reduce the temperature of the baking room, cutting off the power supply when the temperature of the dry balls in the baking room is reduced to 40 ℃, naturally reducing the temperature of the dry balls in the baking room to 15 ℃, and taking the dried tobacco leaves out of the baking room.
4. The high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the second step to the eighth step, the dry bulb temperature is a temperature value displayed on a dry bulb thermometer; the wet bulb temperature is a temperature value displayed on the wet bulb thermometer when the water vapor pressure of the relative humidity in the air in the baking room is equal to the water vapor pressure on the surface of the wet bulb.
5. The high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step (i), the fresh tobacco leaves are any one or more of lower tobacco leaves, middle tobacco leaves and upper tobacco leaves of the tobacco plants.
6. The high-temperature yellowing, cooling and color fixing baking process for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaves according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step I, the density of the bright-colored leaf woven rods is 45-50 bundles per rod, 2-3 fresh tobacco leaves per bundle, and the weight of the fresh tobacco leaves per rod is 9-10 kg on average.
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| CN113455689B (en) * | 2021-08-06 | 2022-07-15 | 湖南省烟草公司郴州市公司 | Baking method for reducing number 6 ash hanging cigarettes of Xiang cigarettes |
| CN113907390B (en) * | 2021-11-12 | 2023-03-07 | 云南省烟草农业科学研究院 | Modulation method for reducing ash hanging of tobacco leaf smoking and baking |
| CN114532571A (en) * | 2022-04-18 | 2022-05-27 | 河南中烟工业有限责任公司 | Periodic temperature-changing baking method for promoting tobacco leaf yellowing in yellowing period |
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