CN111647099B - 一种从废弃小龙虾壳中制备几丁质纳米纤维的方法 - Google Patents
一种从废弃小龙虾壳中制备几丁质纳米纤维的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种从废弃小龙虾壳中制备几丁质纳米纤维的方法。该方法的步骤如下:废弃的小龙虾壳经过分拣,除去油脂及附着物,清洗后烘干并磨成虾壳粉;称取虾壳粉0.2‑1g,加入4‑20的强极性有机试剂在室温下进行搅拌溶解,搅拌转速应不低于1200 rpm,搅拌时间不低于12 h;溶解结束后,加入4‑20mL强极性有机试剂稀释,并滤去不溶物,收集过滤清液,加40‑400mL水充分析出几丁质,收集几丁质,干燥后称量并计算提取率;将上述步骤中含有强极性有机试剂的混合液通过离心收集至溶剂回收装置,加热回收。该方法可有效提取虾壳粉中的几丁质,提取率可达到15.26%,条件温和、操作简单,且试剂可回收利用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物技术领域,具体涉及一种从废弃小龙虾壳中制备几丁质纳米纤维的方法。
背景技术
几丁质(Chitin),又称甲壳素、甲壳质,主要存在于虾蟹贝类及昆虫等的外骨骼中,自然界中含量巨大,仅次于纤维素。该大分子多聚糖是一种由单体N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖以α-1,4糖苷键连接而成的聚合物。医学科学界将其誉为继糖、蛋白质、脂肪、维生素、矿物质(无机盐)之后人体必须的第六生命要素。由于独特的分子结构和理化性质以及良好的生物相容性、降解性,使它在医药、食品、化妆品、农业、环保以及酶的固化载体等方面具有广泛的用途。
小龙虾(学名:Procambarus clarkii):也称克氏原鳌虾、红鳌虾和淡水小龙虾。是淡水经济虾类,因肉味鲜美广受人们欢迎。然而一只小龙虾可食用的部分不到20%,在传统龙虾加工生产过程中,约80%的虾壳就成为了废弃物,既浪费资源,又污染环境。虾头和虾壳含有20%左右的几丁质,经加工处理能制成几丁质。
几丁质纳米纤维长期以来一直被视作是综合性能优异的天然高分子纤维,与一般无机纳米增强材料相比,它们具有可再生、来源广泛、耗能低、成本低等特点,并且表面可以进行各种修饰。通常,几丁质纳米晶须和纳米纤维直接或经表面改性后分散于天然高分子或合成高分子中,被广泛用于改善聚合物材料的力学性能和热学性能等。此外,它还可用于食品、化妆品、水处理、包装、建筑材料、生物医药、组织工程等领域具有潜在的应用前景。
目前几丁质纳米纤维的制备是以几丁质为原料,主要方法有有机械解纤法、TEMPO化学氧化法、静电纺丝法、溶解再生等。日本京都大学的Ifuku等报道了一种十分简单的"机械研磨法"处理几丁质粉末,直接制备获得直径在20nm左右的几丁质纳米纤维。Wu等通过多次高压均质法处理甲壳素,利用强大的空穴效应剪切几丁质原料,制备获得直径在20nm左右的几丁质纳米纤维。Noh等将分子量约920000的甲壳素粉末用六氟异丙醇HFIP溶解制备获得均匀的几丁质溶液。随后,将浓度在3-6%范围内的几丁质溶液注入内径为0.55mm的注射器针头内进行静电纺丝处理,制备而得的纤维直径约10nm(纤维直径可调整),这种纤维能够用于医学领域作为伤口敷料等。Cooper等将0.5%的几丁质/(5%%LiCl/DMAc)溶液进行干燥后制备获得的直径约10nm的甲壳素纳米纤维,用于人工神经网络。
然而,生产几丁质纳米纤维的原料多从几丁质出发,需要利用酸碱法提取虾壳中的几丁质,不仅消耗的大量的酸碱,对环境污染严重,脱蛋白时需要长时间加热,消耗大量能源且容易破坏甲壳素的分子结构,成本高昂,且几丁质进行进一步的纤维化处理获得几丁质纳米纤维,整个制备工艺繁琐,成本高昂。因此,开发一种简单、高效、环保的方法从废弃虾壳中提取几丁质显得尤为重要。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本发明的目的在于提供了一种从废弃小龙虾壳中制备几丁质纳米纤维的方法,操作简单,试剂可回收,环境友好,具有极大的应用前景。
为解决现有技术问题,本发明采用的技术方案为:
一种从废弃小龙虾壳中制备几丁质纳米纤维的方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1,废弃的小龙虾壳经过分拣,除去油脂及附着物,清洗后烘干并磨成虾壳粉;
步骤2,称取0.2-1g虾壳粉,加入5-20mL强极性有机试剂在室温下进行搅拌溶解,搅拌转速应不低于1200 rpm,搅拌时间不低于12 h;
步骤3,溶解结束后,加入5-20mL强极性有机试剂稀释,并滤去不溶物,收集过滤清液,加40-400mL水充分析出几丁质,收集几丁质,干燥后称量并计算提取率;
步骤4,将步骤2和步骤3中含有强极性有机试剂的混合液通过离心收集,并将多次收集混合液放入溶剂回收装置,加热回收放入溶剂回收装置。
作为优选的是,步骤1中虾壳粉的目数在200目以上。
作为优选的是,步骤2中虾壳粉的质量分数占体系的5%~20%。
作为优选的是,步骤2中搅拌速度为1200rpm-2000rpm,溶解时间为6 h~24 h。
作为优选的是,步骤2和步骤3中所述的强极性有机试剂为六氟异丙醇、六氟异丙酮中一种或两种混合。
作为优选的是,步骤3中强极性有机试剂的用量为原体系的1-2倍,几丁质析出时,水的加入量为原来的10倍-20倍。
作为改进的是,步骤3中滤去不容物的方法为离心或抽滤。
有益效果:
相比传统化学酸碱法提取制备几丁质,此法从废弃小龙虾壳提取几丁质试剂消耗少,提取率高,操作简单,设备要求低,能耗低,结构为纳米级纤维,强极性有机溶剂可重复利用,环境友好。剩余的虾壳成分主要为碳酸钙、蛋白质和脂类等,仍可作为化肥利用。
附图说明:
图1为几丁质纳米纤维电镜图;
图2为六弗异丙醇重复回收利用情况。
具体实施方式
下面的实施例可使本专业技术人员更全面地理解本发明,但不以任何方式限制本发明。
实施例1
一种从废弃小龙虾壳中制备几丁质纳米纤维的方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1,洗净收集的废弃的小龙虾壳,除去附着物,烘干并用球磨仪打磨成粉,过200目筛;
步骤2,称取0.2 g的过筛的虾壳粉加入4mL六氟异丙醇在转速1600 rpm下搅拌18h,再加入4mL六氟异丙醇稀释,12000 rpm离心2 min去除沉淀,滤去漂浮的蛋白。加水充分析出几丁质纤维,反复离心,洗涤沉淀,烘箱干燥后称量,按照计算公式:提取率=(几丁质干重/虾壳粉质量)*100%进行计算,得提取率为14.59%,收集上清;
步骤3,将步骤2、3中含有强极性有机试剂的混合液通过离心收集,并将多次收集混合液放入蒸馏装置,加热至六氟异丙醇沸点59℃,蒸馏回收。
实施例2
与实施例1不同的是,称取0.4 g的过筛的虾壳粉加入10mL六氟异丙醇在转速1600rpm下搅拌18 h。再加入10mL六氟异丙醇稀释,12000 rpm离心2 min去除沉淀,滤去漂浮的蛋白。加水充分析出几丁质纤维,反复离心,洗涤沉淀,烘箱干燥后称量,按照计算公式:提取率=(几丁质干重/虾壳粉质量)*100%进行计算,得提取率为15.26%,收集上清并蒸馏回收六氟异丙醇。
实施例3
与实施例1不同的是,称取0.6 g的过筛的虾壳粉加入5mL六氟异丙醇在转速1600rpm下搅拌18 h。再加入六氟异丙醇稀释,12000 rpm离心2 min去除沉淀,滤去漂浮的蛋白。加水充分析出几丁质纤维,反复离心,洗涤沉淀,烘箱干燥后称量,按照计算公式:提取率=(几丁质干重/虾壳粉质量)*100%进行计算,得提取率为12.21%,收集上清并蒸馏回收六氟异丙醇。
实施例4
与实施例1不同的是,称取0.4 g的过筛的虾壳粉加入六氟异丙醇在转速1600 rpm下搅拌12 h。再加入六氟异丙醇稀释,12000 rpm离心2 min去除沉淀,滤去漂浮的蛋白。加水充分析出几丁质纤维,反复离心,洗涤沉淀,烘箱干燥后称量,按照计算公式:提取率=(几丁质干重/虾壳粉质量)*100%进行计算,得提取率为14.42%,收集上清并蒸馏回收六氟异丙醇。
对比例
称取0.5g虾壳粉,在室温下用足量1.0 mol/L的HCl溶液浸泡24 h,倾去酸液,水洗至中性后用足量2 mol/L的NaOH溶液在90~100℃水浴处理4 h,几丁质提取率为16.52%。
通过与传统酸碱法处理小龙虾壳相比,使用六氟异丙醇等强极性溶剂搅拌法提取几丁质,提取率相近且拥有诸多优点,且通过反复处理离心的沉淀,仍可进一步提高几丁质提取率。
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,本发明的保护范围不限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明披露的技术范围内,可显而易见地得到的技术方案的简单变化或等效替换均落入本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (2)
1.一种从废弃小龙虾壳中制备几丁质纳米纤维的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:步骤1,废弃的小龙虾壳经过分拣,除去油脂及附着物,清洗后烘干并磨成200目以上的虾壳粉;步骤2,称取0.2-1g虾壳粉,加入5-20mL强极性有机试剂在室温下进行搅拌溶解,以1200rpm-2000rpm的搅拌转速,搅拌6 h~24 h,保证虾壳粉的质量体积比为5%~20%;步骤3,溶解结束后,加入5-20mL强极性有机试剂稀释,并滤去不溶物,收集过滤清液,加40-400mL水充分析出几丁质,收集几丁质,干燥后称量并计算提取率,其中,强极性有机试剂的用量为原体系的1-2倍,几丁质析出时,水的加入量为原来的10倍-20倍;步骤4,将步骤2和步骤3中含有强极性有机试剂的混合液通过离心收集,并将多次收集混合液放入溶剂回收装置,加热回收放入溶剂回收装置,其中,步骤2和步骤3中所述的强极性有机试剂为六氟异丙醇、六氟异丙酮中一种或两种混合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种从废弃小龙虾壳中制备几丁质纳米纤维的方法,其特征在于,步骤3中滤去不容物的方法为离心或抽滤。
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