CN111569948A - 一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料的制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料的制备方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
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- GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-ethylbenzaldehyde Natural products CCC1=CC=C(C=O)C=C1 QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- SMQUZDBALVYZAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylaldehyde Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C=O SMQUZDBALVYZAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
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- ICLZNGAELWYHKL-CAPFRKAQSA-N (E)-3-[5-[5-[4-(N-phenylanilino)phenyl]thiophen-2-yl]thiophen-2-yl]prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\c1ccc(s1)-c1ccc(s1)-c1ccc(cc1)N(c1ccccc1)c1ccccc1 ICLZNGAELWYHKL-CAPFRKAQSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
- B01J31/181—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine
- B01J31/1825—Ligands comprising condensed ring systems, e.g. acridine, carbazole
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- B01J31/2442—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring comprising condensed ring systems
- B01J31/2447—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring comprising condensed ring systems and phosphine-P atoms as substituents on a ring of the condensed system or on a further attached ring
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Abstract
一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料,由以下方法制备:步骤一:光敏剂的制备;步骤二:催化剂的制备;步骤三:光驱化合物制备;步骤四:凝胶材料的制备。本发明采用水凝胶负载菲啰啉衍生物的钴络合物为可见光光解水制氢材料,制备水凝胶的原料之一N‑羟乙基‑3,3‑二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃‑甲基丙烯酸酯具有光溶胀效应,当其受到光照的情况下,体积膨胀,使得水凝胶的孔隙增大,有利于水与催化剂接触,更有利于所负载的光敏剂接收光能,使其吸收光能后由基态跃迁到激发态,更易于从电子牺牲剂中夺取电子并传给制氢催化剂,光敏剂回到基态,制氢催化剂将水中的氢质子转化为氢气。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光催化技术领域,具体涉及一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料的制备方法及其应用。
背景技术
随着能源消耗及环境污染问题的日益恶化,新型清洁能源的开发是应对这一危机的重要途径。氢能因其储量丰富、燃烧性能好、质轻、无污染等特点成为最有可能替代化石燃料的高效清洁能源。氢能在环保车辆、家庭取暖和氢能发电等领域具有广泛的应用前景。
氢气具有良好的特性而有望成为化石燃料的替代品:1)高燃烧值。如果0.1kg氢气完全燃烧,能放出1.43×107J能量,这些能量能够使100kg的水从20℃升温到54℃。2)清洁能源,燃烧后无污染。氢气燃烧后的最终产物是水,对环境无二次污染。3)可用作化工原料,如工业上合成氨和盐酸等反应。目前氢气的制备包括化石能源裂解、电催化产氢、光电催化产氢以及光催化产氢。与传统方法相比较,光催化是在温和的条件下,光能驱动光催化剂产生活性物种,以此来降低反应能垒(水分解成氢气和氧气ΔG约为+273.15kJ/mol)催化反应进行。相比于其他方法,光催化工艺简单、能耗小、原料丰富且无污染表现出强有力的竞争优势,故如何高效利用太阳能实现半导体材料的光解水制氢已成为新能源开发领域的研究热点。
光解水制氢具有节省能源、清洁、无污染等优势,由于光催化分解水包括光电转换、电荷分离与迁移等多种物理化学过程,单一的催化剂很难独立满足各个过程的要求,因此导致产氢效率不高。
发明内容
针对现有技术问题,本发明的目的在于提供一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料的制备方法及其应用。
为了达到上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料,由以下方法制备:
步骤一:光敏剂的制备:向反应器内加入2,9-二甲基-4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉和苯甲醛,加入醋酸酐做为溶剂,加热回流,反应10小时后,冷却至室温后,将反应液滴入到去离子水中,析出固体,过滤得到滤饼,用二氯甲烷重结晶滤饼得到光敏剂2,9-二苯乙烯基-4,7二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉。
步骤二:催化剂的制备:在氮气保护下,向圆底烧瓶中加入2,9-二苯乙烯基-4,7二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉和Xantphos,用四氢呋喃溶解后,加入氯化钴,搅拌后颜色由蓝色变成粉色,原位形成配体,过滤后得到钴配体催化剂。
步骤三:光驱化合物制备:制备方法参照J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2020,142,8447–8453.将2,3,3-三甲基-3H-吲哚啉,和2-溴乙醇溶解在乙腈中,然后于85℃下回流搅拌24h。将混合物缓慢冷却至室温,并在减压下除去乙腈。将深红色油重新溶于二氯甲烷中,用去离子水萃取3次。收集水相,并小心地在60℃下进行旋转蒸发,然后在高真空下完全干燥,得到红色物质。将所得到的红色物质与邻羟基苯甲醛加入到乙醇中,在搅拌下加热到60℃后加入1.2当量的哌啶,反应4小时后,通过柱层析得到N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃。将N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃溶于乙腈中,加入2.5当量的三乙胺,搅拌下,将混合物降温至0℃,逐滴滴加2.5当量的甲基丙烯酰氯,保持在0℃反应一小时后,升至室温反应3小时,通过柱层析得到N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃-甲基丙烯酸酯。
步骤四:凝胶材料的制备:在反应器中,将N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃-甲基丙烯酸酯和N-异丙基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸甲酯按摩尔比1:2-4:3-5在纯水中混合,在低温条件下,加入反应物总质量的10%的过氧异丙苯和10%的四甲基乙二胺聚合2小时,之后加入聚合物总质量的5-15%的步骤二所制备的催化剂,搅拌30min后,升温到室温后搅拌2小时,得到水凝胶材料。
优选地,所述步骤一中2,9-二甲基-4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉和苯甲醛按摩尔比为1:6,醋酸酐的体积数为反应物总摩尔数的5倍。
优选地,所述步骤二中2,9-二苯乙烯基-4,7二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉、Xantphos与氯化钴按摩尔比为5:5:2,四氢呋喃的体积数为反应物总摩尔数的2.5倍。
优选地,所述步骤三中2,3,3-三甲基-3H-吲哚啉和2-溴乙醇与邻羟基苯甲醛按摩尔比为1:2:1.2。
本发明还提供一种由上述的制备方法制备得到的凝胶材料在可见光光解水制氢的应用。
本发明的有益效果如下:
本发明采用水凝胶负载菲啰啉衍生物的钴络合物为可见光光解水制氢材料,制备水凝胶的原料之一N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃-甲基丙烯酸酯具有光溶胀效应,当其受到光照的情况下,体积膨胀,使得水凝胶的孔隙增大,有利于水与催化剂接触,更有利于所负载的光敏剂接收光能,使其吸收光能后由基态跃迁到激发态,更易于从电子牺牲剂中夺取电子并传给制氢催化剂,光敏剂回到基态,制氢催化剂将水中的氢质子转化为氢气。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料的制备方法如下:
步骤一:光敏剂的制备:向10L反应器内加入36.0g(100mmol)的2,9-二甲基-4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉和63.7g(600mmol)的苯甲醛,加入3.5L醋酸酐做为溶剂,加热回流,反应10小时后,冷却至室温后,将反应液滴入到去离子水中,析出固体,过滤得到滤饼,用二氯甲烷重结晶滤饼得到45.6g光敏剂2,9-二苯乙烯基-4,7二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉,产率为85%。
步骤二:催化剂的制备:在氮气保护下,向圆底烧瓶中加入25.0g 2,9-二苯乙烯基-4,7二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉和27.0g Xantphos,用250mL四氢呋喃溶解后,加入2.4g氯化钴,搅拌后颜色由蓝色变成粉色,原位形成配体,过滤后得到34.6g钴配体催化剂。
步骤三:光驱化合物制备:向1L反应器加入12.7g(80mmol)2,3,3-三甲基-3H-吲哚啉、20.0g(160mmol)2-溴乙醇和450mL乙腈,然后于85℃下回流搅拌24h。将混合物缓慢冷却至室温,并在减压下除去乙腈,得到深红色油状物。将深红色油状物重新溶于100mL二氯甲烷中,用300mL去离子水萃取3次。收集水相,并小心地在60℃下进行旋转蒸发,然后在-0.3MPa下完全干燥,得到红色物质。将所得到的红色物质与11.7g的邻羟基苯甲醛加入到200mL乙醇中,在搅拌下加热到60℃后加入8.2g哌啶,反应4小时后,通过柱层析得到21.0g的N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃,产率为85%。将N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃溶于100mL乙腈中,加入17.2g三乙胺,搅拌下,将混合物降温至0℃,逐滴滴加17.8g甲基丙烯酰氯,保持在0℃反应1小时后,升至室温反应3小时,通过柱层析得到23.7g N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃-甲基丙烯酸酯,产率为92.5%。
步骤四:凝胶材料的制备:在反应器中,将23g N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃-甲基丙烯酸酯、13.8g N-异丙基丙烯酰胺和15.7g丙烯酸甲酯在150mL纯水中混合,在低温条件下,加入5.3g过氧异丙苯和5.3g四甲基乙二胺,聚合2小时,之后加入2.6g步骤二所制备的催化剂,搅拌30min后,升温到室温后搅拌2小时,得到水凝胶材料。
实施例2
实施例2与实施例1相比,不同的在于实施例2中步骤四不同:在反应器中,将23gN-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃-甲基丙烯酸酯、17.2g N-异丙基丙烯酰胺和18.4g丙烯酸甲酯在150mL纯水中混合,在低温条件下,加入5.9g过氧异丙苯和5.9g四甲基乙二胺,聚合2小时,之后加入4.1g步骤二所制备的催化剂,搅拌30min后,升温到室温后搅拌2小时,得到水凝胶材料。
实施例3
实施例3与实施例1相比,不同的在于实施例3中步骤四不同:在反应器中,将23gN-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃-甲基丙烯酸酯、20.7g N-异丙基丙烯酰胺和21.0g丙烯酸甲酯在150mL纯水中混合,在低温条件下,加入6.5g过氧异丙苯和6.5g四甲基乙二胺,聚合2小时,之后加入6.5g步骤二所制备的催化剂,搅拌30min后,升温到室温后搅拌2小时,得到水凝胶材料。
实施例4
实施例4与实施例1相比,不同的在于实施例4中步骤四不同:在反应器中,将23gN-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃-甲基丙烯酸酯、24.1g N-异丙基丙烯酰胺和23.6g丙烯酸甲酯在150mL纯水中混合,在低温条件下,加入7.0g过氧异丙苯和7.0g四甲基乙二胺,聚合2小时,之后加入8.4g步骤二所制备的催化剂,搅拌30min后,升温到室温后搅拌2小时,得到水凝胶材料。
实施例5
实施例5与实施例1相比,不同的在于实施例5中步骤四不同:在反应器中,将23gN-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃-甲基丙烯酸酯、27.6g N-异丙基丙烯酰胺和26.2g丙烯酸甲酯在150mL纯水中混合,在低温条件下,加入7.7g过氧异丙苯和7.7g四甲基乙二胺,聚合2小时,之后加入11.6g步骤二所制备的催化剂,搅拌30min后,升温到室温后搅拌2小时,得到水凝胶材料。
对比例1
参照专利CN108837837B实施例1所制备的光解水制氢的复合催化剂材料。
试验例
使用实施例1~5或对比例1制备的凝胶材料进行光解水制氢实验,实验条件:光源为125W氙气灯,反应器的体积为290mL,反应液100mL(90mL去离子水+10mL甲醇),催化剂的加入量均为0.5g,磁力搅拌溶液,考察产氢寿命(产氢量停止增长的时间节点)和制氢效率,结果见表1。
表1制氢效率比较
产氢寿命(小时) | 制氢效率(μmol<sup>-1</sup>·h<sup>-1</sup>·mg<sup>-1</sup>) | |
实施例1 | ≥72 | 18.3 |
实施例2 | ≥72 | 18.8 |
实施例3 | ≥72 | 19.2 |
实施例4 | ≥72 | 19.6 |
实施例5 | ≥72 | 20.3 |
对比例1 | 48 | 15.3 |
由表1可知,采用实施例1~5制备的一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料。
对于本领域技术人员而言,显然本发明不限于上述示范性实施例的细节,而且在不背离本发明的精神或基本特征的情况下,能够以其他的具体形式实现本发明。因此,无论从哪一点来看,均应将实施例看作是示范性的,而且是非限制性的,本发明的范围由所附权利要求而不是上述说明限定,因此旨在将落在权利要求的等同要件的含义和范围内的所有变化囊括在本发明内。
此外,应当理解,虽然本说明书按照实施方式加以描述,但并非每个实施方式仅包含一个独立的技术方案,说明书的这种叙述方式仅仅是为清楚起见,本领域技术人员应当将说明书作为一个整体,各实施例中的技术方案也可以经适当组合,形成本领域技术人员可以理解的其他实施方式。可以获得较高的制氢效率,并且具有较长的产氢寿命。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料,其特征在于:所述材料由以下方法制备:
步骤一:光敏剂的制备:向反应器内加入2,9-二甲基-4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉和苯甲醛,加入醋酸酐做为溶剂,加热回流,反应10小时后,冷却至室温后,将反应液滴入到去离子水中,析出固体,过滤得到滤饼,用二氯甲烷重结晶滤饼得到光敏剂2,9-二苯乙烯基-4,7二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉;
步骤二:催化剂的制备:在氮气保护下,向圆底烧瓶中加入2,9-二苯乙烯基-4,7二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉和Xantphos,用四氢呋喃溶解后,加入氯化钴,搅拌后颜色由蓝色变成粉色,原位形成配体,过滤后得到钴配体催化剂;
步骤三:光驱化合物制备:将2,3,3-三甲基-3H-吲哚啉,和2-溴乙醇溶解在乙腈中,然后于85℃下回流搅拌24h;将混合物缓慢冷却至室温,并在减压下除去乙腈;将深红色油重新溶于二氯甲烷中,用去离子水萃取3次;收集水相,并小心地在60℃下进行旋转蒸发,然后在高真空下完全干燥,得到红色物质;将所得到的红色物质与邻羟基苯甲醛加入到乙醇中,在搅拌下加热到60℃后加入1.2当量的哌啶,反应4小时后,通过柱层析得到N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃;将N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃溶于乙腈中,加入2.5当量的三乙胺,搅拌下,将混合物降温至0℃,逐滴滴加2.5当量的甲基丙烯酰氯,保持在0℃反应一小时后,升至室温反应3小时,通过柱层析得到N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃-甲基丙烯酸酯;
步骤四:凝胶材料的制备:在反应器中,将N-羟乙基-3,3-二甲基吲哚啉螺吡喃-甲基丙烯酸酯和N-异丙基丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸甲酯按摩尔比1:2-4:3-5在纯水中混合,在低温条件下,加入10wt%的过氧异丙苯和10wt%四甲基乙二胺聚合2小时,之后加入0.5-1当量步骤二所制备的催化剂,搅拌30min后,升温到室温后搅拌2小时,得到水凝胶材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料,其特征在于:所述步骤一中2,9-二甲基-4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉和苯甲醛按摩尔比为1:6,醋酸酐的体积数为反应物总摩尔数的5倍。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料,其特征在于:所述步骤二中2,9-二苯乙烯基-4,7二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉、Xantphos与氯化钴按摩尔比为5:5:1,四氢呋喃的体积数为反应物总摩尔数的5倍。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料,其特征在于:所述步骤三中2,3,3-三甲基-3H-吲哚啉和2-溴乙醇按摩尔比为1:2;红色物质与邻羟基苯甲醛按摩尔比为1:1.2。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种用于可见光光解水制氢的水凝胶材料,其特征在于:一种由上述的制备方法制备得到的凝胶材料在可见光光解水制氢的用。
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CN116078440A (zh) * | 2023-01-17 | 2023-05-09 | 中山大学 | 一种高效吸附降解苯甲醛的多孔光催化凝胶及其制备方法和应用 |
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