CN111549335A - 一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN111549335A CN111549335A CN202010387172.4A CN202010387172A CN111549335A CN 111549335 A CN111549335 A CN 111549335A CN 202010387172 A CN202010387172 A CN 202010387172A CN 111549335 A CN111549335 A CN 111549335A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- graphene
- coating
- metal
- carbon
- based material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 171
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 171
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 95
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 72
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000009210 therapy by ultrasound Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-].CCCC[O-] YHWCPXVTRSHPNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003377 acid catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003760 magnetic stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- MMNLHUHQFDVPSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N N=C=O.CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C(C)C Chemical compound N=C=O.CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C(C)C MMNLHUHQFDVPSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 12
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 8
- CRUISIDZTHMGJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;dichloride;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] CRUISIDZTHMGJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 7
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 7
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 4
- FRGPKMWIYVTFIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(3-isocyanatopropyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCN=C=O FRGPKMWIYVTFIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001451 molecular beam epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
- C23C18/1204—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material inorganic material, e.g. non-oxide and non-metallic such as sulfides, nitrides based compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
- C01B32/184—Preparation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
- C01B32/194—After-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D1/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on inorganic substances
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/24—Electrically-conducting paints
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
- C23C18/1229—Composition of the substrate
- C23C18/1241—Metallic substrates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
- C23C18/1229—Composition of the substrate
- C23C18/1245—Inorganic substrates other than metallic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
- C23C18/125—Process of deposition of the inorganic material
- C23C18/1254—Sol or sol-gel processing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
- C23C18/125—Process of deposition of the inorganic material
- C23C18/1262—Process of deposition of the inorganic material involving particles, e.g. carbon nanotubes [CNT], flakes
- C23C18/127—Preformed particles
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层及其制备方法,属于半导体材料涂层技术领域。所述涂层包括如下组分:溶胶、溶剂及石墨烯粉体;经过溶胶凝胶和石墨烯的协同反应在电极表面形成石墨烯复合涂层。本发明利用湿法化学溶胶凝胶的思想制备电极表面的涂层,其制备方法的流程简单,成本低廉,涂层与电极能够形成强的粘附作用,该石墨烯涂层拥有优质的导电性能。适合规模生产,应用前景广阔。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于半导体材料涂层技术领域,尤其是一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层及其制备方法。
背景技术
在涂层领域中,优质的涂层可以发挥强大的界面作用。尤其是在电极表面的应用中,涂层质量的性能直接影响电极的导电性和表面的缺陷密度,从而影响电极中的电子传输效率,影响设备的最终功率和使用寿命。现有的导电涂层具有很多缺点,一方面,这些材料较差的韧性使其很难应用在柔性衬底上。另一方面,由于其耐环境酸碱度和抗老化性能均较差、制备工艺复杂,且原材料成本高昂使得它们的价格较高。
石墨烯是一种由碳原子构成的二维蜂窝状的晶体结构,电子可以在其内部自由移动,使石墨烯具有良好的导电性。其次,石墨烯是目前所有材料中最坚固的材料,展现出优良的柔韧性,在外力作用时,有很大的形变空间。石墨烯凭借着优异的导电性、和热传导性等特点在电极材料的使用领域具有很好的前景。在金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层技术中,传统的PVD、CVD以及分子束外延等技术在制备优质涂层的同时也造成了高的成本负担,在电极制造领域的性价比很低。
发明内容
发明目的:提供一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层及其制备方法,以解决背景技术中所涉及的问题。
技术方案:本发明提供一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层,所述涂层包括如下组分:溶胶、溶剂及石墨烯粉体;经过溶胶凝胶和石墨烯的协同反应在电极表面形成石墨烯复合涂层。
作为一个优选方案,所述溶胶前体可为正硅酸乙酯、异氰酸丙基三乙氧基硅烷、钛酸四丁酯以及其它所需的金属醇盐的一种或多种。
作为一个优选方案,所述溶胶质量百分含量为20%~45%;所述石墨烯的质量百分数为10%~50%。
作为一个优选方案,所述石墨烯粉体为N、S或P等掺杂后的功能化石墨烯。
作为一个优选方案,所述石墨烯涂层厚度小于10微米,且涂层厚度均匀。
作为一个优选方案,所述溶剂为异丙醇、无水乙醇的混合物,按照质量比1:(2~3)的比例混合。
本发明还提供的一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
S1、提供薄层的石墨烯粉体、溶胶、溶剂、去离子水、酸催化剂和金属与碳基材料电极;
S2、将所述石墨烯粉体通过不同比例的乙醇和水的混合物进行清洗烘干以待备用;
S3、将所述溶胶、去离子水、溶剂和酸催化剂在磁力搅拌地条件下混合均匀;
S4、在所述溶胶中均匀加入处理好的石墨烯粉体,超声处理30~45 min使石墨烯在溶液中分散均匀,静置5~10天得到石墨烯涂层剂;
S5、利用提拉或旋涂等方式将所述涂层剂均匀覆盖在金属与碳基材料电极表面,通过冷冻干燥和退火处理,在电极表面得到所述石墨烯涂层。
作为一个优选方案,所述溶胶前体可为正硅酸乙酯、异氰酸丙基三乙氧基硅烷、钛酸四丁酯以及其它所需的金属醇盐的一种或多种。
作为一个优选方案,所述溶胶质量百分含量为20%~45%;所述石墨烯的质量百分数为10%~50%。
作为一个优选方案,所述石墨烯粉体为N、S或P等掺杂后的功能化石墨烯。
作为一个优选方案,所述石墨烯涂层厚度小于10微米,且涂层厚度均匀。
作为一个优选方案,所述溶剂为异丙醇、无水乙醇的混合物,按照质量比1:(2~3)的比例混合。
有益效果:本发明涉及一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层及其制备方法,利用湿法化学溶胶凝胶的思想制备电极表面的涂层;由于石墨烯表面的活性位点与溶胶凝胶发挥协同效应,可增强涂层在电极表面的粘附力,并体现出优质的导电性能。而且制备的技术方法简单并且高效;其技术成本低,易于实现,技术的可控性强,易于工业化生产。
附图说明
图1是本发明的所示的一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层技术的流程图。
具体实施方式
在下文的描述中,给出了大量具体的细节以便提供对本发明更为彻底的理解。然而,对于本领域技术人员而言显而易见的是,本发明可以无需一个或多个这些细节而得以实施。在其他的例子中,为了避免与本发明发生混淆,对于本领域公知的一些技术特征未进行描述。
石墨烯是一种由碳原子构成的二维蜂窝状的晶体结构,电子可以在其内部自由移动,使石墨烯具有良好的导电性。其次,石墨烯是目前所有材料中最坚固的材料,展现出优良的柔韧性,在外力作用时,有很大的形变空间。石墨烯凭借着优异的导电性、和热传导性等特点在电极材料的使用领域具有很好的前景。在金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层技术中,传统的PVD、CVD以及分子束外延等技术在制备优质涂层的同时也造成了高的成本负担,在电极制造领域的性价比很低。
为了解决现有电极表面涂层的界面性差和导电性差等技术问题,本发明借鉴溶胶凝胶法的思想在金属与碳基材料电极表面制备具有优质导电性的石墨烯涂层,本发明提供的电极表面石墨烯涂层技术,制备方法简单,界面粘附性能强和导电性强。本发明提供了一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层技术,利用溶胶凝胶法的思想将功能化的石墨烯和溶胶形成交联反应,在金属与碳基材料电极表面形成具有优质导电性的石墨烯复合涂层。该涂层能够与电极能够形成强的粘附作用,并且该涂层拥有优质的导电性能。
在进一步研究中,所述功能化石墨烯为掺杂N、S或P等元素的石墨烯粉体,但不限于此。通过对石墨烯进行掺杂,增加了石墨烯的缺陷态和石墨烯表面的活性位点,促进了石墨烯界面相互作用的发生。
其中,所述掺杂N的功能化石墨烯的制备方法包括如下步骤:将氧化石墨烯溶液和吡咯单体混合,在高温条件下反应;然后将得到石墨烯凝胶,浸泡于三氯化锌溶液中,冷冻干燥,在氮气保护下,高温反应2小时,最后浸泡于稀盐酸中去除氧化锌纳米颗粒,并水洗至中性。通过氯化锌在退火时生成的纳米级别的氧化锌,在高温下与石墨烯中的活性碳原子反应生成纳米孔洞,增加了石墨烯的缺陷态和石墨烯表面的活性位点。
所述掺杂S的功能化石墨烯的制备方法包括如下步骤:将氧化石墨烯溶液在高温条件下反应;然后将得到石墨烯凝胶,浸泡于三氯化锌溶液中,冷冻干燥;然后与硫粉末按照1:1的比例混合,在氮气保护下,高温反应2小时,最后浸泡于稀盐酸中去除氧化锌纳米颗粒,并水洗至中性。通过氯化锌在退火时生成的纳米级别的氧化锌,在高温下与石墨烯中的活性碳原子反应生成纳米孔洞,增加了石墨烯的缺陷态和石墨烯表面的活性位点。
所述掺杂P的功能化石墨烯的制备方法包括如下步骤:将氧化石墨烯溶液和三苯基膦混合,在高温条件下反应;然后将得到石墨烯凝胶,浸泡于三氯化锌溶液中,冷冻干燥,在氮气保护下,高温反应2小时,最后浸泡于稀盐酸中去除氧化锌纳米颗粒,并水洗至中性。通过氯化锌生产的纳米级别的氧化锌在高温下与石墨烯中的活性炭原子反应生成纳米孔洞,增加了石墨烯的缺陷态和石墨烯表面的活性位点。通过氯化锌在退火时生成的纳米级别的氧化锌,在高温下与石墨烯中的活性碳原子反应生成纳米孔洞,增加了石墨烯的缺陷态和石墨烯表面的活性位点。
所述掺杂N、S的功能化石墨烯的制备方法包括如下步骤:将氧化石墨烯溶液和吡咯单体混合,在高温条件下反应;然后将得到石墨烯凝胶,浸泡于三氯化锌溶液中,冷冻干燥;然后与硫粉末按照1:1的比例混合,在氮气保护下,高温反应2小时,最后浸泡于稀盐酸中去除氧化锌纳米颗粒,并水洗至中性。通过氯化锌在退火时生成的纳米级别的氧化锌,在高温下与石墨烯中的活性碳原子反应生成纳米孔洞,增加了石墨烯的缺陷态和石墨烯表面的活性位点。
具体地,本发明所示的一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层技术,如附图1所示,包括以下步骤:
S1、提供薄层的石墨烯粉体、溶胶、溶剂、去离子水、酸催化剂和金属与碳基材料电极。所述石墨烯粉体为N、S或P等掺杂后的功能化石墨烯,所述溶胶前体可为正硅酸乙酯、异氰酸丙基三乙氧基硅烷、钛酸四丁酯以及其他所需的金属醇盐的一种或多种,所述酸催化剂选自包括柠檬酸和草酸等弱酸的任一种或多种,所述金属与碳基材料电极为涂层的目标载体。
S2、将所述石墨烯粉体通过不同比例的乙醇和水的混合物进行清洗烘干以待备用,
S3、将所述溶胶、去离子水、溶剂和酸催化剂在磁力搅拌地条件下混合均匀,所述溶剂为异丙醇、无水乙醇的混合物,按照质量比1:2.5的比例混合,所述酸催化剂调节溶液pH值为弱酸性即可;
S4、在所述溶胶中均匀加入处理好的石墨烯粉体,超声处理30 min使石墨烯在溶液中分散均匀,静置5~10天得到石墨烯涂层剂,其中添加的石墨烯的质量百分数为10%~50%,
S5、利用提拉或旋涂等方式将所述涂层剂均匀覆盖在金属与碳基材料电极表面,在温度为-58℃,真空的环境中冷冻干燥48h以上,再以300~600℃的温度下,氮气的气氛中退火5~8 h,最终在电极表面得到所述石墨烯涂层。
下面结合实施例,对本发明作进一步说明,所述的实施例的示例旨在解释本发明,而不能理解为对本发明的限制。
实施例1
金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层的制备:将5g石墨烯通过体积比为2:1的乙醇和水的混合物进行清洗烘干以待备用;将17.08g钛酸四丁酯、7.46g异丙醇、18.66 g无水乙醇和0.90g去离子水混合均匀,添加加柠檬酸调节pH值至6左右,室温搅拌3 h;将处理好的石墨烯与所述溶胶混合均匀,超声处理30 min,使石墨烯在溶液中分散均匀,静置8天得到石墨烯涂层剂;将该涂层剂以5cm/min的速度参数将金属与碳基材料电极在涂层剂中进行提拉镀膜,使涂层剂均匀覆盖在电极表面,在温度为-58℃,真空的环境中冷冻干燥48h以上,再以450℃的温度下,氮气的气氛中退火7h,最终在电极表面得到所述石墨烯涂层。
实施例2
金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层的制备:将5g石墨烯通过体积比为2:1的乙醇和水的混合物进行清洗烘干以待备用;将10.46g正硅酸乙酯、7.46g异丙醇、14.92 g无水乙醇和0.90g去离子水混合均匀,添加加草酸调节pH值至6左右,室温搅拌3 h;将处理好的石墨烯与所述溶胶混合均匀超声处理30min,使石墨烯在溶液中分散均匀,静置5天得到石墨烯涂层剂;将该涂层剂以5cm/min的速度参数将金属与碳基材料电极在涂层剂中进行提拉镀膜,使涂层剂均匀覆盖在电极表面,在温度为-58 ℃,真空的环境中冷冻干燥48h以上,再以300℃的温度下,氮气的气氛中退火8h,最终在电极表面得到所述石墨烯涂层。
实施例3
金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层的制备:将5g石墨烯通过体积比为2:1的乙醇和水的混合物进行清洗烘干以待备用;将13.22g异氰酸丙基三乙氧基硅烷、7.46g异丙醇、22.38g无水乙醇和0.90g去离子水混合均匀,添加加柠檬酸调节pH值至6左右,室温搅拌3h;将处理好的石墨烯与所述溶胶混合均匀,超声处理30min,使石墨烯在溶液中分散均匀,静置10天得到石墨烯涂层剂;将该涂层剂以5 cm/min的速度参数将金属与碳基材料电极在涂层剂中进行提拉镀膜,使涂层剂均匀覆盖在电极表面,在温度为-58 ℃,真空的环境中冷冻干燥48 h以上,再以600℃的温度下,氮气的气氛中退火5h,最终在电极表面得到所述石墨烯涂层。
实施例4
掺杂N的功能化石墨烯的制备:将60ml浓度为1.5g/L的氧化石墨烯溶液和体积分数为4%的吡咯单体混合,并均匀放入反应釜中,在200℃的温度下反应8h,得到石墨烯凝胶;然后将得到石墨烯凝胶,浸泡于50ml浓度为30g/L的三氯化锌溶液中,低温退火;然后放置于管式炉中,在氮气保护下,通过在1.5小时内升温至900℃,并在900℃反应3小时;最后将其浸泡于稀盐酸中去除氧化锌纳米颗粒,并水洗至中性。通过元素分析可以得,在掺杂N的功能化石墨烯中,氮含量为8at.%。
金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层的制备:将6.51g掺杂N的功能化石墨烯通过体积比为2:1的乙醇和水的混合物进行清洗烘干以待备用;将17.08g钛酸四丁酯、7.46g异丙醇、18.66 g无水乙醇和0.90g去离子水混合均匀,添加加柠檬酸调节pH值至6左右,室温搅拌3 h;将处理好的掺杂N的功能化石墨烯与所述溶胶混合均匀,超声处理30 min,使掺杂N的功能化石墨烯在溶液中分散均匀,静置8天得到石墨烯涂层剂;将该涂层剂以5cm/min的速度参数将金属与碳基材料电极在涂层剂中进行提拉镀膜,使涂层剂均匀覆盖在电极表面,在温度为-58℃,真空的环境中冷冻干燥48h以上,再以450℃的温度下,氮气的气氛中退火7h,最终在电极表面得到所述石墨烯涂层。
实施例5
掺杂S的功能化石墨烯的制备:将60ml浓度为1.5g/L的氧化石墨烯溶液均匀放入反应釜中,在200℃的温度下反应8h,得到石墨烯凝胶;然后将得到石墨烯凝胶,浸泡于50ml浓度为30g/L的三氯化锌溶液中,低温退火;然后将然后石墨烯凝胶于硫粉按照1:1的质量比混合,放置于管式炉中,在氮气保护下,通过在1.5小时内升温至900℃,并在900℃反应3小时;最后将其浸泡于稀盐酸中去除氧化锌纳米颗粒,并水洗至中性。通过元素分析可以得,在掺杂S的功能化石墨烯中,硫含量为4.5at.%。
金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层的制备:将5.93g掺杂S的功能化石墨烯通过体积比为2:1的乙醇和水的混合物进行清洗烘干以待备用;将17.08g钛酸四丁酯、7.46g异丙醇、18.66 g无水乙醇和0.90g去离子水混合均匀,添加加柠檬酸调节pH值至6左右,室温搅拌3 h;将处理好的掺杂S的功能化石墨烯与所述溶胶混合均匀,超声处理30 min,使掺杂S的功能化石墨烯在溶液中分散均匀,静置8天得到石墨烯涂层剂;将该涂层剂以5cm/min的速度参数将金属与碳基材料电极在涂层剂中进行提拉镀膜,使涂层剂均匀覆盖在电极表面,在温度为-58℃,真空的环境中冷冻干燥48h以上,再以450℃的温度下,氮气的气氛中退火7h,最终在电极表面得到所述石墨烯涂层。
实施例6
掺杂P的功能化石墨烯的制备:将60ml浓度为1.5g/L的氧化石墨烯溶液和10ml浓度为2.0g/L的乙醇溶液均匀放入反应釜中,在200℃的温度下反应8h,得到石墨烯凝胶;然后将得到石墨烯凝胶,浸泡于50ml浓度为30g/L的三氯化锌溶液中,低温退火;然后放置于管式炉中,在氮气保护下,通过在1.5小时内升温至900℃,并在900℃反应3小时;最后将其浸泡于稀盐酸中去除氧化锌纳米颗粒,并水洗至中性。通过元素分析可以得,在掺杂P的功能化石墨烯中,磷含量为3at.%。
金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层的制备:将6.54g掺杂P的功能化石墨烯通过体积比为2:1的乙醇和水的混合物进行清洗烘干以待备用;将17.08g钛酸四丁酯、7.46g异丙醇、18.66 g无水乙醇和0.90g去离子水混合均匀,添加加柠檬酸调节pH值至6左右,室温搅拌3 h;将处理好的掺杂P的功能化石墨烯与所述溶胶混合均匀,超声处理30 min,使掺杂P的功能化石墨烯在溶液中分散均匀,静置8天得到石墨烯涂层剂;将该涂层剂以5cm/min的速度参数将金属与碳基材料电极在涂层剂中进行提拉镀膜,使涂层剂均匀覆盖在电极表面,在温度为-58℃,真空的环境中冷冻干燥48h以上,再以450℃的温度下,氮气的气氛中退火7h,最终在电极表面得到所述石墨烯涂层。
实施例7
掺杂N、S的功能化石墨烯的制备:将60ml浓度为1.5g/L的氧化石墨烯溶液和体积分数为4%的吡咯单体混合,并均匀放入反应釜中,在200℃的温度下反应8h,得到石墨烯凝胶;然后将得到石墨烯凝胶,浸泡于50ml浓度为30g/L的三氯化锌溶液中,低温退火;然后将然后石墨烯凝胶于硫粉按照1:1的质量比混合,放置于管式炉中,在氮气保护下,通过在1.5小时内升温至900℃,并在900℃反应3小时;最后将其浸泡于稀盐酸中去除氧化锌纳米颗粒,并水洗至中性。通过元素分析可以得,在掺杂N、S的功能化石墨烯中,氮含量为7at.%,硫含量为4at.%。
金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层的制备:将6.85g掺杂N、S的功能化石墨烯通过体积比为2:1的乙醇和水的混合物进行清洗烘干以待备用;将17.08g钛酸四丁酯、7.46g异丙醇、18.66 g无水乙醇和0.90g去离子水混合均匀,添加加柠檬酸调节pH值至6左右,室温搅拌3 h;将处理好的掺杂N、S的功能化石墨烯与所述溶胶混合均匀,超声处理30 min,使掺杂N、S的功能化石墨烯在溶液中分散均匀,静置8天得到石墨烯涂层剂;将该涂层剂以5cm/min的速度参数将金属与碳基材料电极在涂层剂中进行提拉镀膜,使涂层剂均匀覆盖在电极表面,在温度为-58℃,真空的环境中冷冻干燥48h以上,再以450℃的温度下,氮气的气氛中退火7h,最终在电极表面得到所述石墨烯涂层。
另外需要说明的是,在上述具体实施方式中所描述的各个具体技术特征,在不矛盾的情况下,可以通过任何合适的方式进行组合。为了避免不必要的重复,本发明对各种可能的组合方式不再另行说明。
Claims (7)
1.一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层,其特征在于,所述涂层包括如下组分:溶胶、溶剂及石墨烯粉体;经过溶胶凝胶和石墨烯的协同反应在电极表面形成石墨烯复合涂层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层,其特征在于,所述溶胶前体可为正硅酸乙酯、异氰酸丙基三乙氧基硅烷、钛酸四丁酯以及其它所需的金属醇盐的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层,其特征在于,所述溶胶质量百分含量为20%~45%;所述石墨烯的质量百分数为10%~50%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层,其特征在于,所述石墨烯粉体为N、S或P掺杂后的功能化石墨烯。
5.根据权利要求1所述的金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层,其特征在于,所述石墨烯涂层厚度小于10微米,且涂层厚度均匀。
6.根据权利要求1所述的金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层,其特征在于,所述溶剂为异丙醇、无水乙醇的混合物,按照质量比1:(2~3)的比例混合。
7.一种基于权利要求1~6中任一项所述的金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
S1、提供薄层的石墨烯粉体、溶胶、溶剂、去离子水、酸催化剂和金属与碳基材料电极;
S2、将所述石墨烯粉体通过不同比例的乙醇和水的混合物进行清洗烘干以待备用;
S3、将所述溶胶、去离子水、溶剂和酸催化剂在磁力搅拌地条件下混合均匀;
S4、在所述溶胶中均匀加入处理好的石墨烯粉体,超声处理30~45min使石墨烯在溶液中分散均匀,静置5~10天得到石墨烯涂层剂;
S5、利用提拉或旋涂等方式将所述涂层剂均匀覆盖在金属与碳基材料电极表面,通过冷冻干燥和退火处理,在电极表面得到所述石墨烯涂层。
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN202010387172.4A CN111549335A (zh) | 2020-05-09 | 2020-05-09 | 一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层及其制备方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN202010387172.4A CN111549335A (zh) | 2020-05-09 | 2020-05-09 | 一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层及其制备方法 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN111549335A true CN111549335A (zh) | 2020-08-18 |
Family
ID=72001826
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN202010387172.4A Pending CN111549335A (zh) | 2020-05-09 | 2020-05-09 | 一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层及其制备方法 |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN111549335A (zh) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103021574A (zh) * | 2012-12-27 | 2013-04-03 | 上海交通大学 | 一种石墨烯/无机半导体复合薄膜及其制备方法 |
CN103015163A (zh) * | 2013-01-17 | 2013-04-03 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 一种碳纤维表面复合涂层的制备方法 |
CN104045346A (zh) * | 2014-06-30 | 2014-09-17 | 中国科学技术大学 | 一种利用溶胶凝胶法制备的石墨烯陶瓷复合材料及其制备方法 |
CN108249427A (zh) * | 2016-12-29 | 2018-07-06 | 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 | 一种微波结合溶胶-凝胶工艺制备石墨烯薄膜的方法 |
CN108330679A (zh) * | 2017-01-20 | 2018-07-27 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | 一种石墨烯涂层导电纤维的制备方法 |
-
2020
- 2020-05-09 CN CN202010387172.4A patent/CN111549335A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN103021574A (zh) * | 2012-12-27 | 2013-04-03 | 上海交通大学 | 一种石墨烯/无机半导体复合薄膜及其制备方法 |
CN103015163A (zh) * | 2013-01-17 | 2013-04-03 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 一种碳纤维表面复合涂层的制备方法 |
CN104045346A (zh) * | 2014-06-30 | 2014-09-17 | 中国科学技术大学 | 一种利用溶胶凝胶法制备的石墨烯陶瓷复合材料及其制备方法 |
CN108249427A (zh) * | 2016-12-29 | 2018-07-06 | 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 | 一种微波结合溶胶-凝胶工艺制备石墨烯薄膜的方法 |
CN108330679A (zh) * | 2017-01-20 | 2018-07-27 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | 一种石墨烯涂层导电纤维的制备方法 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN106987857B (zh) | 单层金属结构二硫化钼/氧化还原石墨烯复合物及其制备方法 | |
CN108689398B (zh) | 一种可控的氮掺杂碳纳米管的制备方法 | |
CN109437156B (zh) | 一种氮掺杂碳纳米管的制备方法 | |
KR101550846B1 (ko) | 단일공정을 이용한 탄소소재의 다원소 도핑방법 및 그 용도 | |
CN103991860A (zh) | 氮掺杂石墨烯及其制备方法 | |
CN106848494A (zh) | 一种碳自掺杂氮化碳纳米薄膜电极的简单制备方法 | |
CN108831757B (zh) | 一种n和s双掺杂石墨烯/碳纳米管气凝胶的制备方法 | |
CN108598498A (zh) | 氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯修饰的石墨毡电极及其制备方法 | |
CN108597886A (zh) | 一种用于改性氧化铁光阳极的有机溶液及其应用 | |
CN109103442A (zh) | 一种石墨烯包覆磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法 | |
CN109003826A (zh) | N和s双掺杂石墨烯-石墨烯纳米带气凝胶的制备方法 | |
CN103991861A (zh) | 氮掺杂石墨烯及其制备方法 | |
CN111962090B (zh) | 一种Ti3C2-MXene修饰的α-氧化铁光电极及其制备方法 | |
CN112225197A (zh) | 一种具有框架结构的杂原子掺杂碳材料的制备方法 | |
CN111549335A (zh) | 一种金属与碳基材料电极表面石墨烯涂层及其制备方法 | |
CN110451498B (zh) | 一种石墨烯-氮化硼纳米片复合结构及其制备方法 | |
CN111686810A (zh) | 一种层层自组装GQDs/3D-G/PANI复合薄膜的制备方法 | |
CN110745801A (zh) | 一种表面硫掺杂磷化钴纳米材料及其制备方法 | |
CN115881993A (zh) | 一种膜电极催化层及其制备方法和膜电极 | |
CN112079576B (zh) | 一种氮化碳材料及其原位制备方法和在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用 | |
CN110137439A (zh) | 过渡金属氧化物@碳复合纳米材料的制备方法 | |
CN106486292A (zh) | 一种纱状石墨烯包裹四氧化三钴复合材料的制备方法 | |
CN114093955A (zh) | 一种碳纳米纤维掺杂氧化镍空穴传输层的砷化镓太阳电池及其制备 | |
CN106025089A (zh) | 一种高效稳定有机聚合物太阳能电池的制备方法 | |
CN112279237A (zh) | 一种硝酸锌辅助高比电容大孔薄层碳的制备方法 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication | ||
RJ01 | Rejection of invention patent application after publication |
Application publication date: 20200818 |