CN111517795A - 一种热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片及制备使用方法 - Google Patents

一种热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片及制备使用方法 Download PDF

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CN111517795A
CN111517795A CN202010345981.9A CN202010345981A CN111517795A CN 111517795 A CN111517795 A CN 111517795A CN 202010345981 A CN202010345981 A CN 202010345981A CN 111517795 A CN111517795 A CN 111517795A
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刘小冲
孙肖坤
刘持栋
陈旭
涂建勇
何江怡
成来飞
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Northwestern Polytechnical University
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片及制备使用方法,修复贴片由纤维增强层和陶瓷浆料组成。在纤维增强层的纤维表面制备界面层,然后将纤维增强层浸润在陶瓷浆料中,完成修复贴片制备;将修复贴片按压在待修复缺陷的上方,采用机械方法加持和固定;然后采用烘箱整体加热,或者采用石英灯等红外局部加热装置对贴片覆盖位置加热,修复贴片与待修复材料之间会有陶瓷化的粘接薄层生成,实现修补贴片与被修补结构的固化连接,完成被修补结构修补操作。本发明修补贴片可以覆盖RT~1650℃范围内陶瓷基复合材料、高温合金,以及常规耐火材料的损伤修补;具有抗氧化、长寿命、损伤修复效果好的特点,被修补材料高温性能达到完好试样的80%及其以上。

Description

一种热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片及制备使用方法
技术领域
本发明属于热防护材料结构损伤修复技术领域,涉及一种热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片及制备使用方法,具体涉及一种适用于高温极端环境的热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片与制备方法。
背景技术
在航空航天、化学冶金、核能等领域,涉及到多种高温极端环境,高技术装备热防护系统、热端部件的安全可靠成为装备功能实现的必要保障。然而,热防护系统常用的陶瓷基复合材料、高温合金等材料的制备成本较高,其受损伤后的更换周期长、施工难度大,尤其是连续运行或短暂间隙运行装备不允许实施常规零部件更换操作。一旦发现热防护结构损伤或破坏,对高性能装备安全提出了严峻挑战。
比如,高性能飞行器表面通常采用陶瓷基复合材料作为外防热结构材料,防热系统安装过程中的异物掉落冲击,或飞行过程中的空间碎片碰撞都能引发材料结构损伤甚至局部结构失效,为保障飞行安全通常需要对损伤部位进行更换。而在装备运行期间,受制于备件、操作条件等限制必须对发现的损伤部位进行修补或修复,保障系统能够继续顺利运行。
文献1“公布号为CN105948819A”的专利公布一种涂层制备方法,用于碳化硅基复合材料涂层的修补。该修补涂层采用刷涂法制备,以非氧化物陶瓷前驱体作为粘结剂、陶瓷粉体作为填料。高温服役环境下,涂层内部前驱体可热解生成陶瓷,进一步提高了涂层的抗氧化性和粘结性。陶瓷前驱体使用手持式加热设备固化,大大降低了对设备的依赖性,对于碳化硅基复合材料大尺寸异性热结构部件表面抗氧化涂层的简单修补具有非常重要的作用。该专利施工方便,利用高温下陶瓷粉体的烧结实现对碳化硅基复合材料的修补,能够弥合材料损伤,延缓材料性能衰减。但是该专利只能对破损涂层修补,对材料力学性能没有修复作用。
文献2“公布号CN102757260A”的专利公布一种大于等于1400℃的陶瓷基复合材料涂层修补方法。其技术特征在于:以硅粉、难熔金属的碳化物、硼化物、氧化物、低熔点玻璃粉为原料,通过添加有机硅烷和溶剂,制备成均匀浆料涂覆于陶瓷基复合材料受损涂层的表面,经低温固化得到和基体结合良好且致密的涂层。该专利同样采用陶瓷基粉体实现对破损涂层的修补,对耐高温结构复合材料的力学性能的修复无能为力。
综上所述,现有耐高温结构复合材料损伤修补技术存在如下缺陷:
(1)现有技术只适用于无机非金属复合材料损伤的修补,对高温合金等其他高温材料的适用性不强。
(2)现有技术大多是针对热结构材料表面涂层的修补,对材料力学性能的恢复作用不明显;
(3)现有技术的施工流程复杂,准备时间长,不能满足突发事故条件下和装备在线服役条件下的修复。
发明内容
要解决的技术问题
为了避免现有技术的不足之处,本发明提出一种热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片及制备使用方法,解决现有防热结构材料修补技术只针对涂层修补,对材料本体没有修补效果;另外现有技术适用范围窄、准备周期长、施工复杂的问题。
技术方案
一种热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片,其特征在于包括纤维增强层和陶瓷浆料;纤维增强层的纤维表面设有界面层,纤维增强层浸润在陶瓷浆料中;所述陶瓷浆料是由陶瓷粉体和陶瓷前躯体聚合物组成的糊状混合物;所述纤维增强层是由纤维织造。以满足航空航天、核能等高性能技术装备发展需求。
所述纤维为碳纤维、SiC纤维或Si3N4纤维。
一种所述热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片的制备方法,其特征在于步骤如下:
步骤1:取2~3层碳布平铺叠层,然后采取Z向穿刺的办法通过碳纤维将碳布缝合,增加其层间剪切强度,完成纤维增强层制备;
步骤2:将纤维增强层采用石墨平板模具压平,随模具一起放置于界面沉积炉内,采用CVD工艺对在纤维表面制备热解碳界面层;界面层沉积温度为700~1000℃,沉积炉抽真空至20~50kPa,40~200L/min的Ar气作为保护气体,丙烯气体流量为 100~500L/min,沉积时间为20~50h,界面厚度控制在500~700μm范围,然后件纤维增强层脱模;
步骤3:按照重量比,将改性酚醛树脂20份、邻苯二甲酸酐20份、二氨基二苯砜10份、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯5份、碳化硅粉15份、氧化锆粉5份、磷酸铝5份、碳化铪粉10份、氧化铪粉10份混合均匀,得到陶瓷浆料制备;
步骤4:将步骤2所制备的纤维增强层浸渗陶瓷浆料,完成修复贴片制备。
一种利用所制备的热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片进行修复的方法,其特征在于:
步骤1):将修复贴片覆盖在待修复材料缺陷上方,贴片裁剪的面积为缺陷截面面积的20倍;按压平整、固定;
步骤2):采用石英灯或其他红外局部加热装置对修复贴片位置加热至180~200℃,保温2小时,完成待修复材料的修复。
有益效果
本发明提出的一种热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片及制备使用方法,修复贴片由纤维增强层和陶瓷浆料组成。在纤维增强层的纤维表面制备界面层,然后将纤维增强层浸润在陶瓷浆料中,完成修复贴片制备;将修复贴片按压在待修复缺陷的上方,采用机械方法加持和固定;然后采用烘箱整体加热,或者采用石英灯等红外局部加热装置对贴片覆盖位置加热,修复贴片与待修复材料之间会有陶瓷化的粘接薄层生成,实现修补贴片与被修补结构的固化连接,完成被修补结构修补操作。
修补按压过程中修补贴片中浸润的陶瓷浆料会从纤维增强体中渗出,对缺陷充填,随后会固化和封堵缺陷形成的通道,避免环境气氛对待修复材料的进一步侵蚀。而纤维增强层中的陶瓷浆料也会发生固化,两者一起形成纤维增强的陶瓷基复合材料,该材料通过陶瓷粘接界面对待修补材料起到保护和补强作用。
本发明修补贴片结构简单,便于保存,施工方便;可以覆盖RT~1650℃范围内陶瓷基复合材料、高温合金,以及常规耐火材料的损伤修补;具有抗氧化、长寿命、损伤修复效果好的特点,被修补材料高温性能达到完好试样的80%及其以上。
附图说明
图1所示的是纤维增强层示意图,编织方式可以采用0/90°纤维正交编织方式,也可以采用其他多轴向编织方式;
图2所示的是热防护材料缺陷修复示意图
具体实施方式
现结合实施例、附图对本发明作进一步描述:
修复贴片由纤维增强层和陶瓷浆料组成,其中纤维增强层如图1所示,由碳纤维、SiC纤维或Si3N4纤维织造制备;陶瓷浆料是由陶瓷粉体和陶瓷前躯体聚合物组成的糊状混合物,用来对纤维增强层浸润。修补贴片对材料的修复原理如图2所示。首先,在纤维增强层的纤维表面制备界面层,然后将纤维增强层浸润在陶瓷浆料中,完成修复贴片1制备;修复贴片1成品采用塑料容器或塑料薄膜密封保存;使用时,将待修复材料2表面清理干净,将修复贴片1按压在待修复缺陷3的上方,采用机械方法加持和固定;所用贴片面积根据缺陷影响范围裁剪,通常为缺陷影响面积的25~30倍为最佳。然后采用烘箱整体加热,或者采用石英灯等红外局部加热装置对贴片覆盖位置加热2~3小时,贴片温度保持180~200℃,修复贴片1与待修复材料2之间会有陶瓷化的粘接薄层4生成,实现修补贴片与被修补结构的固化连接,完成被修补结构修补操作。
修补按压过程中修补贴片中浸润的陶瓷浆料会从纤维增强体中渗出,对缺陷3充填,随后会固化和封堵缺陷3形成的通道,避免环境气氛对待修复材料2的进一步侵蚀。而纤维增强层中的陶瓷浆料也会发生固化,两者一起形成纤维增强的陶瓷基复合材料,该材料通过陶瓷粘接界面4对待修补材料2起到保护和补强作用。
实施实例1
1、采用T700碳纤维编织普通平纹碳纤维布,每层碳布厚度控制在0.25mm,取 2~3层碳布平铺叠层,然后采取Z向穿刺的办法通过碳纤维将碳布缝合,增加其层间剪切强度,完成纤维增强层制备;
2、将纤维增强层采用石墨平板模具压平,随模具一起放置于界面沉积炉内,采用CVD工艺对在纤维表面制备热解碳界面层。界面层沉积温度为700~1000℃,沉积炉抽真空至20~50kPa,40~200L/min的Ar气作为保护气体,丙烯气体流量为100~500 L/min,沉积时间为20~50h,界面厚度控制在500~700μm范围,然后件纤维增强层脱模;
3、按照重量比,将改性酚醛树脂20份、邻苯二甲酸酐20份、二氨基二苯砜10 份、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯5份、碳化硅粉15份、氧化锆粉5份、磷酸铝5份、碳化铪粉 10份、氧化铪粉10份混合均匀,完成陶瓷浆料制备;
4、将所制备的纤维增强层浸渗陶瓷浆料,完成修复贴片制备,封装、备用;
5、将修复贴片裁剪成合适大小,覆盖在待修复材料缺陷上方,贴片裁剪的面积约为缺陷截面面积的20倍;按压平整、固定。
6、采用石英灯或其他红外局部加热装置对修复贴片位置加热至180~200℃,保温2小时,完成待修复材料的修复。
本实施实例得到的修复贴片对预制标准缺陷(长×宽×深,3×1×1mm)的C/SiC拉伸试样进行修复,在1200℃条件下其高温拉伸强度为220MPa,是完好C/SiC拉伸试样强度270MPa的81.48%左右,是未修补试样拉伸强度(100MPa)的2.20倍。
实施实例2
3、采用T700碳纤维编织4轴向经编碳纤维布,碳布厚度控制在0.5mm,取1~2 层碳布平铺叠层,然后采取Z向穿刺的办法通过碳纤维将碳布缝合,增加其层间剪切强度,完成纤维增强层制备;
4、将纤维增强层采用石墨平板模具压平,随模具放置于界面沉积炉内,采用CVD工艺对在纤维表面制备热解碳界面层。界面层沉积温度为700~1000℃,沉积炉抽真空至20~50kPa,40~200L/min的Ar气作为保护气体,丙烯气体流量为100~500L/min,沉积时间为20~50h,界面厚度控制在500~700μm范围,然后件纤维增强层脱模;
3、按照重量比,将改性酚醛树脂20份、邻苯二甲酸酐20份、二氨基二苯砜10 份、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯5份、碳化硅粉15份、氧化锆粉5份、磷酸铝5份、碳化铪粉 10份、氧化铪粉10份混合均匀,完成陶瓷浆料制备;
4、将所制备的纤维增强层浸渗陶瓷浆料,完成修复贴片制备,封装、备用;
5、将修复贴片裁剪成合适大小,覆盖在待修复材料缺陷上方,贴片裁剪的面积约为缺陷截面面积的20倍;按压平整、固定。
6、采用石英灯或其他红外局部加热装置对修复贴片位置加热至180~200℃,保温2小时,完成待修复材料的修复。
本实施实例得到的修复贴片对预制标准缺陷(长×宽×深,3×1×1mm)的C/SiC拉伸试样进行修复,在1200℃条件下其高温拉伸强度为247MPa,是完好C/SiC拉伸试样强度270MPa的91.48%左右,是未修补试样拉伸强度(100MPa)的2.47倍。
实施实例3
1、采用SiC纤维编织平纹碳纤维布,每层SiC布厚度控制在0.4mm,取2~3层 SiC布平铺叠层,然后采取Z向穿刺的办法通过SiC纤维将SiC布缝合,增加其层间剪切强度,完成纤维增强层制备;
2、将纤维增强层采用石墨平板模具压平,随模具放置于界面沉积炉内,采用CVD工艺对在纤维表面制备热解碳界面层。界面层沉积温度为700~1000℃,沉积炉抽真空至20~50kPa,40~200L/min的Ar气作为保护气体,丙烯气体流量为100~500L/min,沉积时间为20~50h,界面厚度控制在500~700μm范围,然后件纤维增强层脱模;
3、按照重量比,将改性酚醛树脂20份、邻苯二甲酸酐20份、二氨基二苯砜10 份、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯5份、碳化硅粉15份、氧化锆粉5份、磷酸铝5份、碳化铪粉 10份、氧化铪粉10份混合均匀,完成陶瓷浆料制备;
4、将所制备的纤维增强层浸渗陶瓷浆料,完成修复贴片制备,封装、备用;
5、将修复贴片裁剪成合适大小,覆盖在待修复材料缺陷上方,贴片裁剪的面积约为缺陷截面面积的20倍;按压平整、固定。
6、采用石英灯或其他红外局部加热装置对修复贴片位置加热至180~200℃,保温2小时,完成待修复材料的修复。
本实施实例得到的修复贴片对预制标准缺陷(长×宽×深,3×1×1mm)的C/SiC拉伸试样进行修复,在1200℃条件下其高温拉伸强度为255MPa,是完好C/SiC拉伸试样的270MPa的81%左右,是未修补试样拉伸强度(100MPa)的2.55倍。

Claims (4)

1.一种热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片,其特征在于包括纤维增强层和陶瓷浆料;纤维增强层的纤维表面设有界面层,纤维增强层浸润在陶瓷浆料中;所述陶瓷浆料是由陶瓷粉体和陶瓷前躯体聚合物组成的糊状混合物;所述纤维增强层是由纤维织造。
2.根据权利要求1所述热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片,其特征在于:所述纤维为碳纤维、SiC纤维或Si3N4纤维。
3.一种权利要求1或2所述热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片的制备方法,其特征在于步骤如下:
步骤1:取2~3层碳布平铺叠层,然后采取Z向穿刺的办法通过碳纤维将碳布缝合,增加其层间剪切强度,完成纤维增强层制备;
步骤2:将纤维增强层采用石墨平板模具压平,随模具一起放置于界面沉积炉内,采用CVD工艺对在纤维表面制备热解碳界面层;界面层沉积温度为700~1000℃,沉积炉抽真空至20~50kPa,40~200L/min的Ar气作为保护气体,丙烯气体流量为100~500L/min,沉积时间为20~50h,界面厚度控制在500~700μm范围,然后件纤维增强层脱模;
步骤3:按照重量比,将改性酚醛树脂20份、邻苯二甲酸酐20份、二氨基二苯砜10份、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯5份、碳化硅粉15份、氧化锆粉5份、磷酸铝5份、碳化铪粉10份、氧化铪粉10份混合均匀,得到陶瓷浆料制备;
步骤4:将步骤2所制备的纤维增强层浸渗陶瓷浆料,完成修复贴片制备。
4.一种利用权利要求1或2所述的、权利要求3所制备的热防护材料结构损伤修复贴片进行修复的方法,其特征在于:
步骤1):将修复贴片覆盖在待修复材料缺陷上方,贴片裁剪的面积为缺陷截面面积的20倍;按压平整、固定;
步骤2):采用石英灯或其他红外局部加热装置对修复贴片位置加热至180~200℃,保温2小时,完成待修复材料的修复。
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