CN111495384A - 一种二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂及制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂及制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 87
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- QQZMWMKOWKGPQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O QQZMWMKOWKGPQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- AOPCKOPZYFFEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(2+);dinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O AOPCKOPZYFFEDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 19
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910003158 γ-Al2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910004631 Ce(NO3)3.6H2O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- YMKHJSXMVZVZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);dinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O YMKHJSXMVZVZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
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Abstract
本发明是一种二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂及制备方法和应用,二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂由金属氧化物载体、活性金属镍和金属助剂组成,其重量百分比组成为:金属氧化物载体75~85%;活性金属镍10~20%;金属助剂2~5%。使用条件为:反应温度为200~400℃,反应压力为1~10个大气压,原料气空速为2000~12000ml·g‑1·h‑1。本发明是以比表面积大、结构稳定、价格低廉的γ‑氧化铝作为二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂的载体,制备的催化剂具有低温活性高、甲烷选择性好、耐热性能好以及使用寿命长的优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明属二氧化碳加氢甲烷化技术领域,特别涉及一种二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂及制备方法和应用,该催化剂主要用于制取合成天然气。
背景技术
我国作为全球最大的清洁能源市场和生产地,近年来风电、光伏和水电等清洁能源保持稳步增长的态势。报道显示,我国清洁能源消费比重在2016年提高了1.7%,煤炭消费比重下降2%,这是因为清洁能源在能源结构方面的调整替代作用不断增强。尤其在装机规模上,我国清洁能源装机总量在2016年就达到了2.91亿千瓦,风电并网装机1.46亿千瓦,光伏发电装机7800万千瓦,水电装机3.4亿千瓦,应用规模全球居首。不过,在清洁能源稳步增长的同时,部分地区在清洁能源的消纳上出现了问题,产生了严重的“弃风弃光弃水”现象,成为制约我国清洁能源发展的突出问题。
电转气(power to gas,P2G)技术为清洁能源消纳提供了新思路:P2G设备将清洁能源产生的电能通过电解水制备氢气,然后利用二氧化碳加氢甲烷化制备人造天然气。这一技术将清洁能源制氢和燃气管网结合起来,解除了地域限制,实现远距离传输,而且储能容量规模大,成本低。P2G技术路线的关键是二氧化碳甲烷化技术,而二氧化碳甲烷化技术的核心则是甲烷化的催化剂开发。二氧化碳加氢甲烷化是一个强放热反应,1mol二氧化碳完全反应会释放165kJ热量。为了控制适当的反应温度和保持高转化率,反应需要在换热良好的反应器中,中低温度(250~450℃)下进行。目前我国大规模甲烷化的工业应用基于近几年煤制天然气的发展,主要采用国外的甲烷化技术。国内商业化的甲烷化催化剂主要应用于微量CO/CO2气体净化,在二氧化碳加氢制天然气工艺中的甲烷化尚无成熟的催化剂。
在众多Ⅷ族金属催化剂中,镍基催化剂由于其优异的催化性能而被广泛研究。但是,镍的烧结温度较低,在反应过程镍基催化剂中容易出现烧结而失活,而且镍基催化剂的低温活性较低,产品气难以满足并网要求。为提高镍基催化剂的活性,有研究者加入了钌和稀土形成多组分催化剂,该方法得到的催化剂虽然具有较高的活性,但钌和稀土的加入势必会增加催化剂的生产成本。目前商用催化剂的镍掺杂量达到了20%-30%,也在一定程度上增大了生产成本。
发明内容
技术问题:本发明的目的是解决目前二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂中存在的低温活性低、容易烧结、积碳和失活等问题,开发一种低镍、低温活性高、使用寿命长的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂及制备方法和应用。
技术方案:本发明的目的可以通过下列方法实现:
本发明中的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂由金属氧化物载体、活性金属镍和金
属助剂组成。重量百分比组成为:
金属氧化物载体 75~85%;
活性金属镍 10~20%;
金属助剂 2~5%。
进一步地,所述的金属氧化物载体为球形γ-Al2O3,其比表面积为98m2/g,
平均孔径为62nm,粒径为100μm。
进一步地,所述的金属助剂为锰和铈。
本发明中上述的一种二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)按上述重量百分比称取γ-Al2O3,置于马弗炉中,700℃温度条件下焙烧8小时;
(2)按上述重量百分比计算以硝酸盐形式存在的六水合硝酸镍、六水合硝酸锰和六水合硝酸铈重量,称取相应重量的硝酸盐将其溶解于去离子水中,常温条件下磁力搅拌1小时,得到硝酸盐溶液;
(3)在搅拌条件下将(1)的γ-Al2O3浸渍于(2)的溶液中。浸渍温度为50-70℃,浸渍时间为12小时;
(4)将(3)的产品在100~120℃温度条件下干燥12小时;
(5)将(4)的产品置于马弗炉中煅烧,以1℃/min的升温速率升温至550℃,
保温3小时,即制得所述的一种二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂。
进一步地,本发明的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂的应用,应用条件为:反应温度为200~400℃,反应压力为1~10个大气压,原料气空速为2000~12000ml·g-1·h-1。
进一步地,所述的原料气为氢气、二氧化碳和氮气组成的混合气体。
进一步地,本发明的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂的应用,二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂在反应前使用氢气活化3~4小时,活化温度为400~500℃。
有益效果:本发明的优点如下:
本发明的催化剂具有镍含量低、耐热稳定性好、低温活性高等特点;本发明催化剂通过引入锰和铈元素,提高镍物种在载体表面的分散度和表面积,在压力为0.1MPa,温度为250~350℃,原料气体空速为6000ml·g-1·h-1,H2:CO2:N2的摩尔比为4:1:10的反应条件下,CO2转化率高于80%,CH4选择性接近100%,最佳反应温度降低到了275℃左右。本发明中的催化剂采用共浸渍法制备,活性组分利用率高,成本低,生产方法简单,适用于大规模工业化生产。
附图说明
图1为本发明中催化剂样品的活性测试图,
图2位本发明中催化剂样品的XRD谱图,
图3为本发明中催化剂样品的CO2-TPD谱图,
图4为本发明中催化剂样品的H2-TPR谱图,
图5为本发明中催化剂样品受反应压力的影响测试图,
图6为本发明中催化剂样品使用寿命测试图。
具体实施方式
实施例1、称取100gγ-Al2O3载体,在马弗炉中700℃条件下焙烧8小时。称取Ni(NO3)2.6H2O 12.3g,50%Mn(NO3)2溶液2.6g,Ce(NO3)3·6H2O 1.25g溶解于去离子水中,磁力搅拌1小时。称取焙烧后的γ-Al2O316.8g,将其浸渍于上述配置的溶液中。室温下静置12小时后,在烘箱中120℃条件下干燥12小时,然后置于马弗炉中以1℃/min的升温速率升温至550℃,保温焙烧3小时,即可得到Ni负载量为12%,Mn负载量为2%,Ce负载量为2%的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂。该催化剂在温度为275℃,压力为1个大气压,空速为6000ml·g-1·h-1条件下,二氧化碳转化率和甲烷选择性分别为88%和99%,如图1所示。
表1各实施例及对比例中催化剂性能表
对比例1、称取100gγ-Al2O3载体,在马弗炉中700℃条件下焙烧8小时。称取Ni(NO3)2.6H2O 12.3g,溶解于去离子水中,磁力搅拌1小时。称取焙烧后的γ-Al2O317.6g,将其浸渍于上述配置的溶液中。室温下静置12小时后,在烘箱中120℃条件下干燥12小时,然后置于马弗炉中以1℃/min的升温速率升温至550℃,保温焙烧3小时,即可得到Ni负载量为12%的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂。
对比例2、称取100gγ-Al2O3载体,在马弗炉中700℃条件下焙烧8小时。称取Ni(NO3)2.6H2O 12.3g,50%Mn(NO3)2溶液2.6g溶解于去离子水中,磁力搅拌1小时。称取焙烧后的γ-Al2O317.2g,将其浸渍于上述配置的溶液中。室温下静置12小时后,在烘箱中120℃条件下干燥12小时,然后置于马弗炉中以1℃/min的升温速率升温至550℃,保温焙烧3小时,即可得到Ni负载量为12%,Mn负载量为2%的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂。
对比例3、称取100gγ-Al2O3载体,在马弗炉中700℃条件下焙烧8小时。称取Ni(NO3)2.6H2O 12.3g,Ce(NO3)3·6H2O 1.25g溶解于去离子水中,磁力搅拌1小时。称取焙烧后的γ-Al2O317.2g,将其浸渍于上述配置的溶液中。室温下静置12小时后,在烘箱中120℃条件下干燥12小时,然后置于马弗炉中以1℃/min的升温速率升温至550℃,保温焙烧3小时,即可得到Ni负载量为12%,Ce负载量为2%的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂。
实施例2、对于实施例1的催化剂,在反应温度为300℃,原料气组成为H2:CO2:N2=4:1:10,原料气空速为6000ml·g-1·h-1条件下,评估压力对所制备的催化剂二氧化碳加氢甲烷化性能的影响。0.75MPa时,CO2转化率和CH4选择性分别为95%和99%,如图5所示。
实施例3、对于实施例1的催化剂,在反应温度为300℃,体系压力为0.1MPa,原料气组成为H2:CO2:N2=4:1:10,原料气空速为12000ml·g-1·h-1条件下,评估催化剂二氧化碳加氢甲烷化使用稳定性。在连续反应40小时后,二氧化碳转化率稳定在80%左右,如图6所示。
实施例4、对于实施例1的催化剂,在体系压力为0.1MPa,原料气组成为H2:CO2:N2=4:1:10,原料气空速为6000ml·g-1·h-1条件下,评估催化剂耐热稳定性。首先收集催化剂300℃条件下的产品气,然后将催化剂床层温度以1℃/min的升温速率升温至600℃,保温1小时,待温度缓慢降至300摄氏度,收集产品气。通过气相色谱仪分析气体组成,催化剂耐高温前二氧化碳转化率和甲烷选择性分别为88.5%和99%,催化剂耐高温后二氧化碳转化率和甲烷选择性分别为88.7%和99%。
结果表明,相较于添加单一助剂锰的镍基催化剂、添加单一助剂铈的镍基催化剂和不添加助剂的镍基催化剂,在Ni/Al2O3掺入锰和铈,可以显著提高催化剂的低温活性和甲烷选择性。
如H2-化学吸附数据(表1)和CO2-TPD谱图(图2)所示,锰和铈的加入显著提高了活性金属镍在载体表面的分散度和表面积,使得反应的活性位点数目增多,吸附更多的CO2,提高催化剂的活性。
如XRD谱图(图3)所示,锰和铈的加入减小了载体表面活性金属的晶粒尺寸和分散,能够抑制使用过程中活性金属迁移聚集烧结。
如H2-TPR谱图(图4)所示,锰和铈的加入减弱了氧化镍和载体之间的相互作用,降低了催化剂的还原温度。
Claims (7)
1.一种二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂,其特征在于该催化剂由金属氧化物载体、活性金属镍和金属助剂组成,其重量百分比组成为:
金属氧化物载体 75~85%;
活性金属镍 10~20%;
金属助剂 2~5%。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂,其特征在于,所述的金属氧化物载体为球形γ-Al2O3,其比表面积为98m2/g,平均孔径为62nm,粒径为100μm。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂,其特征在于,所述的金属助剂为锰和铈的混合物。
4.一种如权利要求1所述的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,该制备方法包括如下步骤:
步骤1,按上述重量百分比称取γ-Al2O3,置于马弗炉中,700℃温度条件下焙烧8小时;
步骤2,按上述重量百分比计算以硝酸盐形式存在的六水合硝酸镍、硝酸锰和六水合硝酸铈重量,称取相应重量的硝酸盐将其溶解于去离子水中,常温条件下磁力搅拌1小时,得到混合硝酸盐溶液;
步骤3,在搅拌条件下将步骤1处理后的γ-Al2O3浸渍于步骤2的混合硝酸盐溶液中,浸渍温度为50~70℃,浸渍时间为12小时;
步骤4,将步骤3的在混合硝酸盐溶液中浸渍过的γ-Al2O3在100-120℃温度条件下干燥12小时;
步骤5,将步骤4处理过的γ-Al2O3置于马弗炉中煅烧,以1℃/min的升温速率升温至550℃,保温3小时,即制得所述的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂。
5.一种如权利要求1所述的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂的应用,其特征在于,使用条件为:反应温度为200~400℃,反应压力为1~10个大气压,原料气空速为2000~12000ml·g-1·h-1。
6.如权利要求5所述的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂的应用,其特征在于,所述的原料气为氢气、二氧化碳和氮气组成的混合气体。
7.如权利要求5所述的一种二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂的应用,其特征在于,所述的二氧化碳加氢甲烷化催化剂在反应前使用氢气活化3~4小时,活化温度为400~500℃。
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