CN111494601A - 一种过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111494601A CN111494601A CN202010254804.XA CN202010254804A CN111494601A CN 111494601 A CN111494601 A CN 111494601A CN 202010254804 A CN202010254804 A CN 202010254804A CN 111494601 A CN111494601 A CN 111494601A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒,对抗菌肽芯材进行双层包被,外层包材的过瘤胃惰性脂肪使抗菌肽与瘤胃液隔离,内层包材的海藻酸钙保护抗菌肽不被皱胃的低PH值及胃蛋白酶破坏,让抗菌肽可以顺利通过反刍动物的瘤胃和皱胃,并在小肠快速定点释放。将上述抗菌肽颗粒添加入饲料中,能提高动物产量,且具有无残留、无污染等优势。本发明还提供了一种过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒制备方法,可高效生产和制备过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒,生产成本低、可产业化大规模制备。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种过瘤胃抗菌肽,属于生物技术领域。
技术背景
抗菌肽是生物体产生的与宿主防御和先天免疫相关的小分子多肽,一般由5~50个氨基酸组成。抗菌肽具有抑制或杀灭病原体、增强免疫、促进伤口愈合和粘膜防御等功能。例如:腺苷七肽(又名腺苷七肽、microcin C7肽)是由肠杆菌属、乳杆菌属等微生物分泌的一种细菌素类抗菌肽,是由7个氨基酸残基组成的寡肽,C端通过N-酰磷酰胺键与5'-磷酸腺苷(AMP)所结合形成小分子量抗菌肽,具有抗菌能力强、调节免疫的功能(冉仁森,中国科学院大学,硕士学位论文,2017)。饲料中添加抗生素可以提高动物产量,但容易导致耐药性细菌的产生、食品中抗生素的残留等问题,开发新型抗菌肽作为潜在的抗生素替代品具有无残留、无污染等优势。
反刍动物与单胃动物的消化道结构不同,反刍动物胃包括瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃、皱胃四个胃,其中,前三个胃没有胃腺,不能分泌胃液,pH为5.5~7.5。其中瘤胃存在大量的微生物,如细菌、真菌、纤毛虫,具有很强的消化作用;网胃起到过滤的作用;瓣胃主要起碾碎的作用;而皱胃与单胃动物的胃功能相近,故也称真胃,能分泌胃液,分泌胃蛋白酶、胃脂肪酶等消化酶,pH为2.0~3.0。反刍动物消化道的特殊结构导致其具有很强的消化和降解代谢能力,许多营养物质和药物在瘤胃就被微生物降解。目前多采用过瘤胃技术对物质进行包被,如专利(CN104431369A)采用过瘤胃技术对赖氨酸进行包被,提高其利用率;专利(CN104824476A)采用过瘤胃技术对叶酸进行包被,避免叶酸在瘤胃中的破坏。但这些包被技术都无法对抗菌肽进行高效保护,抗菌肽穿过瘤胃后,过瘤胃脂肪在皱胃和小肠被脂肪酶分解打开。虽然腺苷七肽可以通过约氏乳杆菌发酵产生(专利申请号201911127892.0),所产生的肽具有一定耐受人工胃液和肠液的作用,但对于低PH值仍然不能耐受。因此,在皱胃中被释放的抗菌肽,若对低pH值或者对胃液的耐受性差,如腺苷七肽microcin C7、枯草菌肽sublancin、植物乳杆菌肽plantaricin、罗伊氏乳杆菌素reuterin等,易被皱胃中的环境影响而损失活性。
发明内容
针对目前抗菌肽在反刍动物体内易被降解,难以穿过瘤胃和皱胃的问题,本发明提供了一种过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒,可顺利通过反刍动物的瘤胃和皱胃,并在小肠快速释放,实现抗菌肽在反刍动物小肠的定点靶向释放。
本发明的目的是通过以下措施实现的:
一种过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒,包括芯材、内层包材和外层包材;所述芯材为益生菌发酵产生的肽类代谢产物,占颗粒总量1%~1.2%;所述内层包材为干淀粉、麦芽糊精、瓜儿豆胶、海藻酸钙的组合物,占颗粒总量的62%~80.5%,其中干淀粉为8%~12%,麦芽糊精为8%~12%,瓜儿豆胶为1%~1.5%,海藻酸钙为45%~55%,以重量百分比计。
本发明所述包被后的抗菌肽颗粒可以顺利穿过反刍动物的瘤胃,外层包材棕榈油存在的情况下,抗菌肽颗粒与瘤胃中的瘤胃液隔离,亲水性的瘤胃液无法进入内层与抗菌肽、淀粉、糊精接触而导致抗菌肽的降解。当颗粒进入皱胃和小肠后,外层被逐渐降解,由于pH酸性,海藻酸钙不溶,同时淀粉不会在皱胃中降解,抗菌肽释放速率很慢,进入小肠后,pH偏中性,海藻酸钙易分解,同时淀粉和麦芽糊精被降解,颗粒快速崩解,释放抗菌肽。
具体的,上述发酵类抗菌肽可以是腺苷七肽microcin C7、枯草菌肽sublancin、植物乳杆菌肽plantaricin、罗伊氏乳杆菌素reuterin等益生菌发酵产生的肽类代谢产物。上述外层包材为过瘤胃惰性脂肪,为体积比2:3的52度棕榈油和58度棕榈油,熔点为53~55℃,占总量的18%~25%。
本发明还提供了上述过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒的制备方法。所述目的是通过以下措施实现的:
一种过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1,抗菌肽浓缩液中加入上述用量的瓜儿豆胶、麦芽糊精、淀粉和海藻酸钠,混合均匀,形成悬浊液;
步骤2,将悬浊液滴入到氯化钙溶液中,形成不溶于水的凝胶小颗粒;
步骤3,将凝胶小颗粒过滤后(过50目筛),在流化床包衣机中80℃干燥25min~35min;
步骤4,在包衣机中喷入预热熔化的高熔点棕榈脂肪,60℃包被10min~25min,冷却流化床。
另外,本发明还提供了一种饲料,包含上述过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒,在奶牛饲料中所述饲料能缓减奶牛乳房炎,降低高体细胞奶牛的体细胞,提高产奶量;在肉羊饲料中所述饲料可以提高肉羊的生长速度,降低尿结石发生率。
有益效果
1.本发明提供一种过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒,通过双层包被,使抗菌肽颗粒能顺利通过反刍动物的瘤胃和皱胃,并在小肠快速定点释放,解决了目前抗菌肽在反刍动物体内易被降解,难以穿过瘤胃和皱胃的问题。
2.本发明的内层包材制备中:麦芽糊精和淀粉做保护剂,可以提高抗菌肽的耐热程度,淀粉同时起崩裂剂的作用,瓜儿豆胶为增稠剂,帮助形成悬浊液,防止淀粉沉淀,且粘度增大后滴入饱和氯化钙溶液中易形成絮凝颗粒。采用海藻酸钙作为肠溶性材料,抗菌肽颗粒在到达小肠之前固化效果好,而其他的肠溶性材料,如果胶、明胶等作为内层包被材料,抗菌肽颗粒在皱胃低PH值环境下固化的效果不佳;且海藻酸钙等组成的抗菌肽颗粒提高了抗菌肽作为反刍动物兽药或食物添加剂的生物利用率。
3.本发明提供了一种过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒的制备方法,可高效生产和制备过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒,生产成本低、可产业化大规模制备。
4.本发明还提供了一种包含上述抗菌肽颗粒的饲料,能提高动物产量,且具有无残留、无污染等优势。在奶牛饲料中所述饲料能缓减奶牛乳房炎、降低高体细胞奶牛的体细胞、提高产奶量;在肉羊料中所述饲料可以提高肉羊的生长速度,降低尿结石发生率。饲料中添加抗生素容易导致耐药性细菌的产生、食品中抗生素的残留等问题,开发新型抗菌肽可作为潜在的抗生素替代品。
附图说明
图1双层包被示意图:1为外层:过瘤胃脂肪(棕榈脂肪);2为内层:海藻酸钙、麦芽糊精淀粉、瓜儿豆胶;3为芯材:抗菌肽。
图2抗菌肽颗粒实物图
具体实施案例
下面通过实施例对本发明进行具体描述,有必要在此指出的是,以下实施例只用于对本发明进行进一步的说明,不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,该领域的技术熟练人员可以根据上述发明内容对本发明作出一些非本质的改进和调整。
实施例1
一、制备过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒
1.腺苷七肽浓缩液
约氏乳杆菌(CGMCC No.18695)发酵液,10吨发酵罐产生7吨发酵液,经过碟式离心机离心(250型,分离因数9779,8600rpm),陶瓷膜(孔径为50nm~200nm,优选200nm)进一步过滤除菌得到6.5吨上清液,腺苷七肽含量为1%。上清液经过纳滤(150Da~400Da,优选400Da)浓缩为1吨,抗菌肽腺苷七肽含量为4.0%~5.0%。
2.第一层(内层)包被
抗菌肽浓缩液中加入终浓度为0.1%~0.15%瓜儿豆胶(高粘度)、2%~3%麦芽糊精、2%~3%淀粉和1.5%~2%海藻酸钠,混合均匀,形成悬浊液,溶液PH=6.5~7.5,粘度为4.0~4.5cP。除优选的麦芽糊精外,还有环化糊精、海藻糖等可溶性多糖也可作为保护剂。室温下将混合液滴入到氯化钙溶液中,形成絮凝小球粒液滴,海藻酸钠和氯化钙形成不溶于水的絮凝小球海藻酸钙。将凝胶颗粒过滤后(过50目筛),在流化床包衣机中干燥,条件为80℃,25min~35min,得到400kg凝胶颗粒。
3.第二层(外层)包被
干燥后的颗粒在包衣机中喷入预热熔化的高熔点棕榈脂肪(其成分为52度棕榈油和58度棕榈油,比例为2:3,其熔点为53℃~55℃),流化床温度为60℃,包被10min~25min。包被后,流化床冷却,随着包被小颗粒的冷却,第二层包被棕榈脂肪凝固,形成3~5×5~10mm颗粒,得到800kg包被产品。
该方法可高效生产和制备过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒,产量可达2~3吨/天。
二、过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒的利用率检测:
选择4头体重500~600kg,安装有瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端瘘管的西门塔尔与鲁西黄牛的杂交改良阉牛。试验分4期进行,依次对1、2、3和4日粮进行研究,每期进行13天,其中预试期10天,正式期3天。从预试期开始给动物饲喂试验日粮,每天饲喂两次(早上8:00和晚上20:00),精粗料分开饲喂,自由饮水。日粮为玉米、棉籽饼和稻草为基础原料添加不同包被方式的抗菌肽,四种日粮分别为:1.对照组(基础日粮);2.未包被抗菌肽组(饲喂发酵液和载体麦芽糊精、淀粉和海藻糖混合后喷雾干燥的粉末,不经过海藻酸钙处理,抗菌肽有效含量为10mg/kg);3.包被外层组(饲喂经过外层棕榈脂肪包被的抗菌肽,其方法为抗菌肽发酵液加如载体淀粉和糊精喷雾干燥后包被棕榈脂肪。有效含量为10mg/kg);4.双层包被组(经过两层包被的抗菌肽,抗菌肽有效含量为10mg/kg)。自正式期的第4天开始,分别在饲喂后1、1.5、2小时,采集瘤胃、十二指肠及回肠食糜样,每次50ml,连续采集3天。样品采集后立即置于冰箱中低温保存。每期试验结束后,将所采样混匀,再从中取适当比例的样品冷冻干燥,测定抗菌肽的含量(4期,n=4)。抗菌肽含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,其前处理方法:将样品按照1:10溶解到提取液(1mM磷酸缓冲液中加入终浓度脂肪酶2000U/mL,pH=7.0),37℃,震荡15min,0.22μm过滤后,即可液相检测,检测方法参考专利(专利申请号201911127892.0)。
表1抗菌肽在不同肠道食糜中的含量
ND:Not Detected
注:同一行的肩标大小写字母为差异极显著(P<0.01)
试验结果发现,日粮中添加的未包被抗菌肽,在瘤胃中被降解,无法检测到其含量。而日粮中添加的仅外层包被抗菌肽,在高熔点脂肪酸的作用下通过瘤胃,在瘤胃中能被检测,在皱胃和小肠前端,脂肪酶消化后,部分包被打开后,抗菌肽被破坏,故在十二指肠(小肠前端)含量很少,抗菌肽经小肠释放,故在回肠末端无法检测,仅外层包被抗菌肽在肠道所起的所用有限。而日粮中添加的双层包被抗菌肽在外层高熔点脂肪酸的保护下通过瘤胃,保留约80%的活性含量,进入皱胃后,被脂肪酶消化降解,外层包被打开,而由于海藻酸钙在酸性介质中不会膨胀,可以保护对胃液敏感的药物(参考《中国海洋药物》2003年第5期文章《海藻酸钙凝胶微球的制备和pH依赖性溶胀》),在十二指肠(小肠前端)抗菌肽活性含量仍保留约75%;进入小肠后,在肠淀粉酶的作用下,淀粉快速降解,促进微囊颗粒迅速崩解,释放出抗菌肽,在回肠末端检测含量显著下降,说明抗菌肽在小肠中有效释放,可以在肠道起作用。
三、过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒作为反刍动物饲料添加的效果
1.在东北乳业集团公司奶牛场,选择年龄、胎次(第3胎次)、泌乳天数相近(60-80天)的健康荷斯坦奶牛24头,随机分为试验组和对照组各12头,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组额外添加过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒(腺苷七肽含量为1%)50g/头/天。试验前对照组和试验组的产奶量相近(P>0.05),不同喂食30天后,试验组产奶量明显高于对照组(P<0.05),且后奶中体细胞明显低于试验前(预饲期)。高体细胞奶牛采食抗菌肽后,白细胞数和嗜中性粒细胞数明显降低(P<0.05)。同时发现,抗菌肽能明显缓减奶中尿素氮的增加(P<0.05)。过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽作为饲料添加剂,能缓减奶牛乳房炎、降低高体细胞奶牛的体细胞、提高产奶量。
表2抗菌肽对高体细胞奶牛(SCC>50万)产奶量、体细胞、乳品质和血液指标的影响
注:同一行的肩标无相同字母为差异显著(P<0.05)
2.在伊犁某养殖场,将450头肉羊分为3个组,分别为无抗对照组(基础日粮)、抗菌肽组(基础日粮+500g/T过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽)、金霉素组(基础日粮+75ppm金霉素),每组150头。日粮中加入金霉素和抗菌肽都能明显提高肉羊试验结束体重、提高日增重(P<0.05),而抗菌肽的效果好于金霉素(P<0.05)。对照组有3.3%的尿结石率,而金霉素组和抗菌肽组都没有发现尿结石。在肉羊育肥日粮配方中添加500g/T过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒可以提高肉羊的生长速度,降低尿结石发生率,其效果与抗生素(金霉素)效果相当。
表3腺苷七肽对育肥羊生产性能和尿结石的影响
注:同一行的肩标无相同字母为差异显著(P<0.05)
试验发现,日粮中加入金霉素和抗菌肽都能明显提高肉羊试验结束体重、提高日增重(P<0.05),而抗菌肽的效果好于金霉素(P<0.05)。从尿结石发生率看,金霉素组和抗菌肽组都没有发现尿结石,而对照组有3.3%的尿结石率。说明抗菌肽能替代金霉素在肉羊料中使用,提高生产性能,降低尿结石发生率。
Claims (5)
1.一种过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒,包括芯材、内层包材和外层包材;所述芯材为益生菌发酵产生的肽类代谢产物,占总量1%~1.2%;所述内层包材为干淀粉、麦芽糊精、瓜儿豆胶、海藻酸钙的组合物,占颗粒总量的62%~80.5%,其中干淀粉为8%~12%,麦芽糊精为8%~12%,瓜儿豆胶为1%~1.5%,海藻酸钙为45%~55%,以重量百分比计。
2.如权利要求1所述的过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒,所述发酵类抗菌肽为益生菌发酵产生的代谢产物如腺苷七肽、枯草菌肽、植物乳杆菌肽、罗伊氏乳杆菌素中的一种或多种。
3.如权利要求1所述的过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒,所述外层包材为过瘤胃惰性脂肪,由体积比2:3的52度棕榈油和58度棕榈油组成,熔点为53℃~55℃,占总量的18%~25%。
4.如权利要求1所述的过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽抗菌肽颗粒,其制备方法包括以下步骤:
步骤1:抗菌肽浓缩液中加入上述用量的瓜儿豆胶、麦芽糊精、淀粉和海藻酸钠,混合均匀,形成悬浊液;
步骤2:将悬浊液滴入到氯化钙溶液中,形成不溶于水的凝胶小颗粒;
步骤3:将凝胶小颗粒过滤后(过50目筛),在流化床包衣机中80℃干燥25min~35min;
步骤4:在包衣机中喷入预热熔化的高熔点棕榈脂肪,60℃包被10min~25min,冷却流化床。
5.一种饲料,包含权利要求1-3所述的过瘤胃的肠溶性抗菌肽颗粒。
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