CN111467976A - 一种耐久型油水分离膜及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种耐久型油水分离膜及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111467976A CN111467976A CN202010259310.0A CN202010259310A CN111467976A CN 111467976 A CN111467976 A CN 111467976A CN 202010259310 A CN202010259310 A CN 202010259310A CN 111467976 A CN111467976 A CN 111467976A
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- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Abstract
本发明属于高分子化工领域,公开了一种耐久型油水分离膜及其制备方法和应用,油水分离膜的制备方法包括以下步骤:(1)通过水热合成法制得PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜;(2)配制多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液;(3)将水凝胶共聚物溶液喷涂到步骤(1)制备的PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜上,干燥即得分离复杂污水的耐久性油水分离膜。本发明制备的膜不仅对各类水包油乳液均具有良好的分离效率和高通量,而且能够同时一步分离含有有机染料,细菌的复杂污水,并能够有效防止细菌黏附造成的膜污染,在各种机械损坏和化学腐蚀的苛刻条件下,该膜仍然具有优异的分离性能,有效解决了膜经过长期使用耐久性差的问题,用于污水处理及石油回收领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及高分子化工领域,特别涉及一种分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
频繁发生的石油泄漏事故以及纺织、皮革、食品、钢铁和金属加工等工业生产过程中产生的水污染问题,不仅对环境和人们的健康产生致命的影响,而且带来了巨大的经济损失和能源消耗。水体污染的形式主要包括:油和染料等有机污染以及病原微生物污染。针对油污染,相比传统的油水混合物分离技术,包括电化学处理、离心分离、气浮、蒸馏、混凝、生物处理等,具有特殊润湿性和粗糙结构的膜分离材料由于其分离效率高、环境友好,操作简单的优点,逐渐成为当今国内外油水分离研究的热点和方向之一。然而已经报道的大多数膜材料容易遭受化学腐蚀和机械损坏,耐久性差,不能满足实际环境中的应用。
然而,除了油类污染外,由于有机染料具有不可生物降解、剧毒、致癌甚至致突变等特性,它们的排放会对健康和生态造成严重威胁,因此在油水分离过程中去除这些污染物具有重要意义。近年来大量的染料吸附和光降解材料等被广泛报道,吸附法通常通过静电相互作用去除染料,但吸附能力低,造成二次污染。与传统的物理吸附技术不同,光催化技术通过紫外/可见光将有机染料完全转化为无毒无害的CO2和H2O,但存在光降解不完全、效率低等缺点。同时制备出降解效率高、吸附性能好的水修复材料仍是一个巨大的挑战。
水中的细菌不仅会造成膜的不可逆污染,膜渗透通量的永久性损失,而且还容易引起人和水生生物产生疾病甚至死亡,目前的油水分离膜功能单一,不能同时去除水中的有机染料和细菌,并且在长期的使用中容易遭受细菌污染和外界损坏,耐久性较差。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术存在的不足之处而提供一种分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜及其制备方法和应用。
为实现上述目的,本发明采取的技术方案为:
一种耐久型油水分离膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)通过水热合成法实现PVDF膜表面氧化锌/银分层微纳米粗糙结构的构筑,制得PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜;
(2)配制多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液
将3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐、丙烯酰胺、含羧基的乙烯基单体以及交联剂、引发剂在水中混合均匀,在搅拌条件下于70-90℃反应8-10h,反应过程中使反应体系保持处于惰性气体氛围保护状态,即得多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液;
(3)制备分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜
将固化剂和步骤(2)制备的多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液混合,调节pH为10-12,超声溶解得混合溶液B,将混合溶液B均匀喷涂于步骤(1)制备的PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜,干燥即得所述耐久型油水分离膜。
优选地,所述PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜的制备:首先将PVDF膜清洗干净后干燥,将处理后的膜浸入装有锌盐和水的混合溶液Ⅰ中,调节pH=10-12,在80-120℃下水热反应1-3h,反应结束后用水冲洗干燥即得PVDF@ZnO,之后将PVDF@ZnO浸入AgNO3和柠檬酸三钠的混合溶液Ⅱ中在80-100℃加热15-30分钟,干燥即得所述PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜。
优选地,所述锌盐为乙酸锌,所述混合溶液Ⅰ中乙酸锌的浓度为0.1-0.5mol/L;所述混合溶液Ⅱ中柠檬酸三钠的浓度为0.1%-0.3%,AgNO3的浓度为0.5-1.0mmol/L。
优选地,所述PVDF膜的清洗是依次用无水乙醇、去离子水清洗,再用2mol L-1NaOH溶液处理PVDF膜12h。
优选地,步骤(2)中,按质量份计,所述3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐为45-50份、丙烯酰胺为25-30份、含羧基的乙烯基单体为20-25份。
优选地,所述含羧基的乙烯基单体为甲基丙烯酸和丙烯酸中的一种或两种,所述交联剂、引发剂分别为N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、过硫酸铵,所述交联剂、引发剂的用量分别为所述3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐、丙烯酰胺和含羧基的乙烯基单体总重量的0.5-1%、1%-2%。
优选地,步骤(3)中,所述固化剂为氨基树脂,所述固化剂的含量为混合溶液B总重量的5%-10%;所述混合溶液B的喷涂量为0.05~0.2g/cm2膜。
优选地,步骤(1)中,所述干燥温度为70-120℃,干燥时间为3-5h;步骤(3)中,所述干燥温度为80-100℃,干燥时间为1-3h。
优选地,步骤(1)和(3)中,所述调节pH所用的原料是氢氧化钠或氨水中的一种。
优选地,步骤(2)中的惰性气体为氮气。
本发明还提供一种上述任一所述方法制备得到的耐久型油水分离膜。
本发明还提供耐久型油水分离膜在分离复杂污水和石油回收领域中的应用。
本发明的有益效果在于:
1、本发明采用的PVDF膜机械性能优异,化学稳定性好,通过水热合成法构建膜表面微纳米粗糙结构,同时喷涂固定高表面能的多官能团水凝胶共聚物,制备超亲水-水下超疏油PVDF膜,密集交错的三维多孔结构赋予了膜优异的分离效率与高通量。
2、本发明采用氨基树脂固化剂将水凝胶和微纳米粒子很好的固定在膜表面,在不影响粗糙度的同时,又提高了膜与材料的附着力,进而提高膜的耐化学腐蚀(酸、碱、盐)和耐机械性能(摩擦、冲击等),有效解决了膜经过长期使用耐久性差的问题。
3.本发明制备的膜表面具有大量的羧基、两性离子亲水基团以及具有可见光响应的ZnO/Ag微纳米粒子,赋予了膜高效率光降解与吸附协同去除有机染料的性能以及水化层阻隔细菌粘附的防微生物污染性能,该膜能够克服工业上多步处理污水的复杂流程所造成的耗时耗能问题,实现一步同时分离含有油、染料和细菌等的复杂污水,在污水处理及石油回收领域均具有广泛的工业化应用价值。
附图说明
图1为实施例1所制备的PVDF@ZnO/Ag油水分离膜的SEM图。
图2为实施例1所制备的H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag油水分离膜的SEM图。
图3为实施例1所制备的油水分离膜的接触角测定,其中,a:原始PVDF在0s、5min时的水接触角;b:H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag在0s、5s时的水接触角图片;(c)H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag的水下油(氯仿)接触角图片。
图4为实施例1所制备的油水分离膜对甲苯/Tween80/水的水包油乳化液分离前后的实物图以及对应的显微镜图片。
图5为实施例2所制备的油水分离膜对甲苯/Tween80/水的水包油乳化液分离前后的实物图以及对应的显微镜图片。
图6为实施例3所制备的油水分离膜对甲苯/Tween80/水的水包油乳化液分离前后的实物图以及对应的显微镜图片。
图7为实施例4所制备的油水分离膜对甲苯/Tween80/水的水包油乳化液分离前后的实物图以及对应的显微镜图片。
图8为实施例1所制备的油水分离膜经过摩擦实验后的SEM图。
图9为实施例1所制备的油水分离膜经过分离复杂污水前后的实物图以及对应的显微镜图片。
图10为实施例1所制备的油水分离膜经过分离复杂污水前后MB的紫外吸光光谱。
图11为实施例1所制备的油水分离膜经过分离复杂污水前后,溶液中细菌(大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌)的荧光显微镜图片。
图12为实施例1所制备的油水分离膜经过分离复杂污水后,被水冲洗后的SEM图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1
一种分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)通过水热合成法去实现PVDF膜表面氧化锌/银(PVDF@ZnO/Ag)分层微纳米粗糙结构的构筑
首先将PVDF膜(直径:5cm)清洗至无粉尘、无油污后80℃下干燥3h备用,将处理后的膜浸入装有0.1mol/L乙酸锌和50ml去离子水的水热反应釜中,用氨水调节PH=12,在100℃下反应1h,水热反应结束后用去离子水冲洗100℃干燥4h即得PVDF@ZnO,之后将PVDF@ZnO浸入0.5mmol/L AgNO3和0.1%柠檬酸三钠的混合溶液中在100℃加热15分钟,100℃下干燥1h即得所述PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜;
(2)配制多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液
将质量分数为45%的3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐、质量分数为25%-的丙烯酰胺、质量分数为20%甲基丙烯酸单体、以及0.5%交联剂(N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺)、1%引发剂(过硫酸铵)在100ml去离子水中混合均匀,在机械搅拌条件下于80℃反应8h,反应过程中使反应体系保持处于氮气氛围保护和恒温搅拌状态,即得多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液;
(3)制备分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜(H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag)
将5%氨基树脂固化剂和步骤(2)制备的多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液混合,调节PH为10,超声溶解得混合溶液B,将3g溶液B喷涂于步骤(1)制备的PVDF@ZnO/Ag,80℃下干燥8h即得所述分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜。
实施例2
一种分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)通过水热合成法去实现PVDF膜表面氧化锌/银(PVDF@ZnO/Ag)分层微纳米粗糙结构的构筑
首先将PVDF膜(直径:5CM)清洗至无粉尘、无油污后70℃下干燥5h备用,将处理后的膜浸入装有0.3mol/L乙酸锌和50ml去离子水的水热反应釜中,用氨水调节PH=12,在100℃下反应1h,水热反应结束后用去离子水冲洗70℃干燥5h即得PVDF@ZnO,之后将PVDF@ZnO浸入0.7mmol/L AgNO3和0.3%柠檬酸三钠的混合溶液中在80℃加热30分钟,90℃下干燥2h即得所述PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜;
(2)配制多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液
将质量分数为50%的3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐、质量分数为25%的丙烯酰胺、质量分数为25%甲基丙烯酸单体、以及1%交联剂、1%引发剂在100ml去离子水中混合均匀,在机械搅拌条件下于80℃反应8h,反应过程中使反应体系保持处于氮气氛围保护和恒温搅拌状态,即得多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液;
(3)制备分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜(H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag)
将7%氨基树脂固化剂和步骤(2)制备的多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液混合,调节PH为10,超声溶解得混合溶液B,将2g溶液B喷涂于步骤(1)制备的PVDF@ZnO/Ag,90℃下干燥2h干燥即得所述分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜。
实施例3
(1)通过水热合成法去实现PVDF膜表面氧化锌/银(PVDF@ZnO/Ag)分层微纳米粗糙结构的构筑(同实施例1)
(2)配制多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液
将质量分数为45%的3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐、质量分数为25%的丙烯酰胺、质量分数为25%丙烯酸单体、以及1%交联剂、1.5%引发剂在100ml去离子水中混合均匀,在机械搅拌条件下于80℃反应8h,反应过程中使反应体系保持处于氮气氛围保护和恒温搅拌状态,即得多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液;
(3)制备分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜(H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag)
将5%氨基树脂固化剂和步骤(2)制备的多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液混合,调节PH为10,超声溶解得混合溶液B,将3g溶液B喷涂于步骤(1)制备的PVDF@ZnO/Ag,100℃下干燥1h干燥即得所述分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜。
实施例4
(1)通过水热合成法去实现PVDF膜表面氧化锌/银(PVDF@ZnO/Ag)分层微纳米粗糙结构的构筑(同实施例1)
(2)配制多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液(同实施例1)
(3)制备分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜(H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag)
将10%氨基树脂固化剂和步骤(2)制备的多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液混合,调节PH为10,超声溶解得混合溶液B,将1.5g溶液B喷涂于步骤(1)制备的PVDF@ZnO/Ag,100℃下干燥1h干燥即得所述分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜。
以下是对实施例技术效果的实验验证数据。
1、油水分离膜的SEM表征
根据实施例1制备的油水分离膜的SEM图1可知,沉积交错的ZnO/Ag微纳米粒子负载在PVDF膜上形成致密的三维微纳米孔道,由图2可知,经过水凝胶的喷涂后,水凝胶嵌入到ZnO棒的缝隙中形成更小的纳米孔道,并将微纳米粒子与膜牢牢的交联固化到一起,这与膜优异的分离性能相对应。
2、油水分离膜的接触角测定
将PVDF膜按照实施例1的制备过程,测定膜改性前后的亲水性能,参照附图3,其中a对应原始PVDF膜0s及5min时对应的水接触角,发现随着时间延长接触角未发生变化,均为51°;b对应H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag 0s及5s时对应的水接触角,发现初始接触角为27°,且随着时间延长在5s时接触角进一步减小为0°,可见,随着水凝胶和ZnO/Ag的负载,对膜的亲水性有显著的促进作用,另外c显示了H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜的水下油接触角为152°,膜优异的超亲水和水下超疏油性使其表现出更为优异的分离性能。
3、油水分离膜分离水包油乳液测试
以实施例1-4制备的H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag油水分离膜为实验对象,分别测定其对以甲苯/Tween80/水为体系的水包油乳化液的分离性能,结果见图4,5,6,7。可以看出,透过液与原液具有明显的不同,原水包油乳液呈现乳白色且油滴粒径较大,而分离后所得透过液澄清透明且无油滴显示,证明了实施例1-4制备的H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜具备优异的油水分离效率。同时,测试了氯仿/Tween80/水为体系的水包油乳化液的分离性能,分离后所得透过液同样澄清透明且无油滴显示。另外通过总有机碳分析仪测试分离效率在99%以上,在油水分离过程中膜通量可达1700L/(m2.h.bar)以上,具体测试结果见下表:
有机油 | 水下油接触角 | 分离效率% | 通量L/(m<sup>2</sup>.h.bar) |
甲苯 | 153±3° | 99.4±0.3 | 1740±30 |
氯仿 | 154±2° | 99.2±0.2 | 1761±40 |
4、油水分离膜耐久性测试
将以实施例1制备的H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag油水分离膜置于浓度均为1mol/L的强酸(HCl)、强碱(NaOH)、NaCl盐中浸泡24h,然后测试化学腐蚀后样品的水下油接触角和油水分离性能。另外膜的耐机械性能也被测试,将膜置于钢丝绒摩擦试验机上,设定接触压力为25KPa,摩擦次数为60次进行摩擦试验;将膜置于耐冲击试验机上,1kg铁锤在1m高空自由落体,冲击不锈钢板涂层表面,然后测试机械损坏后样品的水下油接触角和油水分离性能,测试结果如下表:
如表可见,经过一系列苛刻条件下的测试,H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag油水分离膜仍然具有较高的分离效率,通过图8摩擦后的H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag SEM电镜图表明,膜仍然保持原有的三维交联微纳米多孔结构,进而证明了H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜具有优异的耐化学腐蚀和机械损坏性能,这主要归因于氨基树脂的固化交联性以及水凝胶共聚物之间的氢键自愈作用。
5、油水分离膜分离复杂污水性能测试
以实施例1制备的H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag油水分离膜为实验对象,选择含有有机染料亚甲基蓝MB(10mg/L)的甲苯/水乳状液19mL进行灭菌,以排除其他细菌的影响。然后,在垂直可见光照射下,在真空过滤装置中加入19ml含有机染料的乳液和1mL108 CFU ml-1的细菌悬浮液(金黄色葡萄球菌或大肠杆菌)组成的复杂污水。通过对比图9分离前后的实物图和显微镜图,膜面对复杂污水体系依然保持较高的分离效率,另外通过对比原液和透过液的颜色变化,浅蓝色的乳液变成透明的纯水,图10用紫外/可见光谱法对透过液中MB的含量进行了表征,证明了膜优异的光降解与吸附协同去除染料性能,这主要源于含有羧基的水凝胶与染料分子的静电相互作用以及ZnO/Ag的可见光催化降解作用。图11显示了细菌的数量在原液和透过液的荧光显微镜图片,经膜过滤后,透过液中几乎没有细菌残留,另外为了证明膜的防细菌黏附行为,将过滤后的膜经水冲洗后通过SEM图观察膜上细菌数量,图12显示了H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag相比原始PVDF膜,几乎没有细菌残留,这主要归因于含羧基、两性离子的水凝胶和大量的水分子形成水化层能够阻隔细菌黏附,综上所述,以实施例1制备的H-PVDF@ZnO/Ag油水分离膜能够一步高效分离复杂污水且具有防细菌黏附的功能。
需要说明的是,实施例2-4所制备的耐久型PVDF油水分离膜在分离膜性能耐久性和分离复杂污水性能测定中,同样具有同实施例1相近的技术效果。
上述实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对本发明保护范围的限制,尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明作了详细说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本发明技术方案的实质和范围。
Claims (10)
1.一种耐久型油水分离膜的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)通过水热合成法实现PVDF膜表面氧化锌/银分层微纳米粗糙结构的构筑,制得PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜;
(2)配制多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液
将3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐、丙烯酰胺、含羧基的乙烯基单体以及交联剂、引发剂在水中混合均匀,在搅拌条件下于70-90℃反应8-10h,反应过程中使反应体系保持处于惰性气体氛围保护状态,即得多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液;
(3)制备分离复杂污水的耐久型油水分离膜
将固化剂和步骤(2)制备的多官能团水凝胶共聚物溶液混合,调节pH为10-12,超声溶解得混合溶液B,将混合溶液B均匀喷涂于步骤(1)制备的PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜,干燥即得所述耐久型油水分离膜。
2.根据权利要求1所述的的制备方法,其特征在于,所述PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜的制备:首先将PVDF膜清洗干净后干燥,将处理后的膜浸入装有锌盐和水的混合溶液Ⅰ中,调节pH=10-12,在80-120℃下水热反应1-3h,反应结束后用水冲洗干燥即得PVDF@ZnO,之后将PVDF@ZnO浸入AgNO3和柠檬酸三钠的混合溶液Ⅱ中在80-100℃加热15-30分钟,干燥即得所述PVDF@ZnO/Ag膜。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述锌盐为乙酸锌,所述混合溶液Ⅰ中乙酸锌的浓度为0.1-0.5mol/L;所述混合溶液Ⅱ中柠檬酸三钠的浓度为0.1%-0.3%,AgNO3的浓度为0.5-1mmol/L。
4.根据权利要求3所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述PVDF膜的清洗是依次用无水乙醇、去离子水清洗,再用2mol L-1NaOH溶液处理PVDF膜12h。
5.根据权利要求1~4任意一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(2)中,按质量份计,所述3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐为45-50份、丙烯酰胺为25-30份、含羧基的乙烯基单体为20-25份。
6.根据权利要求5所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述含羧基的乙烯基单体为甲基丙烯酸和丙烯酸中的一种或两种,所述交联剂、引发剂分别为N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺、过硫酸铵,所述交联剂、引发剂的用量分别为所述3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐、丙烯酰胺和含羧基的乙烯基单体总重量的0.5-1%、1%-2%。
7.根据权利要求1~4任意一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述固化剂为氨基树脂,所述固化剂的含量为混合溶液B总重量的5%-10%;所述混合溶液B的喷涂量为0.05~0.2g/cm2膜。
8.根据权利要求1~4任意一项所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,所述干燥温度为70-120℃,干燥时间为3-5h;步骤(3)中,所述干燥温度为80-100℃,干燥时间为1-3h;
步骤(1)和(3)中,所述调节pH所用的原料是氢氧化钠或氨水中的一种;
步骤(2)中的惰性气体为氮气。
9.根据权利要求1-8任一项所述方法制备得到的耐久型油水分离膜。
10.根据权利要求9所述耐久型油水分离膜在分离复杂污水和石油回收中的应用。
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