CN111418714A - 用于缓解大口黑鲈肝糖原累积的配合饲料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
用于缓解大口黑鲈肝糖原累积的配合饲料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了用于缓解大口黑鲈肝糖原累积的配合饲料及其制备方法,配合饲料由88‑92重量%的基础饲料和8‑12重量%酶解淀粉经逐级混匀、加水揉搓、制粒、糊化和干燥得到,基础饲料按质量份数计包括:鱼粉42份、谷朊粉3份、血粉4份、虾粉5份、发酵豆粕9份、玉米蛋白粉11份、鱿鱼粉2份、啤酒酵母2份、大豆磷脂3份、维生素混合物1份、矿物质混合物1份、磷酸二氢钙1份、豆油4份,或还包括沸石粉1‑4份,酶解淀粉的直链淀粉含量不低于28.21%,抗性淀粉含量不低于14.22%。本发明的配合饲料可以降低大口黑鲈的肝糖原累积,提高其糖耐受性,解决传统饲料饲养大口黑鲈时因其糖不耐受性出现肝脏损伤和代谢紊乱的问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产动物饲料技术领域,具体涉及用于缓解大口黑鲈肝糖原累积的配合饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
大口黑鲈是我国重要养殖经济鱼类,2018年其产量已达45万吨,并呈持续增长的态势。尽管国内外研究者对大口黑鲈营养素需求量的研究取得了一些进展,但以此为基础的大口黑鲈专用配合饲料在养殖中后期容易引发大口黑鲈肝脏病变,进而导致其生长性能以及饲料利用率的降低。目前,大口黑鲈的养殖仍要依赖冰鲜幼杂鱼的使用,这不仅会造成海洋渔业资源的浪费,还严重制约其养殖产业可持续发展。
鱼类尤其是肉食性鱼类对糖类物质的利用能力极为有限。在大口黑鲈的研究中发现,其饲料中适宜的糖含量应小于10%,饲料中过量的糖会造成其肝糖原的持续累积,肝糖原的过量累积会导致肝细胞细胞核的偏移,造成空泡化,进而损伤肝细胞正常的生理机能。在膨化浮性配合饲料的加工过程中,淀粉需要维持在特定的水平以发挥其粘合性以及可膨化性,而这一淀粉含量的添加却造成了饲料中糖含量超过大口黑鲈对糖的耐受性。另外,不同淀粉源因淀粉粒的形状、大小、类型以及直链与支链淀粉的比例等差异影响鱼类对淀粉的利用情况,尽管目前诸多研究学者比较研究了鱼类利用淀粉源之间的差异,然而由于实验鱼种类以及选用淀粉源之间的差异性导致上述结果的可借鉴性较低。
国内专利申请(CN105285504A)公开了一种改善鱼体糖耐受性的调控组合物及其制备方法与应用,通过在饲料中添加本调控组合物改善鱼体的糖耐受性,有效缩短其餐后高血糖持续的时间并提高其对饲料中糖类的利用率,该调控组合物是否适用于大口黑鲈尚不可知,而且不同物种存在显著的差异:
(1)不同食性鱼类对糖的耐受程度不同,且不同食性鱼类之间糖代谢的调控存在一定的差异。添加剂在杂食性鱼类团头鲂中有提高糖耐受性的能力,但是否可以有效的降低典型肉食性鱼类大口黑鲈肝糖原的含量尚不可知。
(2)该调控组合物以苯磷硫胺和酵母铬等的形式进行添加,即使上述添加剂有一定的作用,但无疑增大饲料的成本。
(3)大口黑鲈配合饲料中的必要成分维生素B1(硫胺素)以及鱿鱼膏中所含有的铬具有类似于苯磷硫胺和酵母铬的作用,然而饲料糖含量仍超过了大口黑鲈对其的耐受限度。
鉴于此,探究大口黑鲈肝糖原累积的缓解策略成为大口黑鲈乃至其他肉食性鱼类配合饲料开发所关注的焦点。然而,目前肉食性鱼类糖代谢的研究仍比较缺乏,降低其肝糖原累积的方法鲜有报道。
发明内容
针对传统饲料饲养大口黑鲈时因其糖不耐受性出现肝脏损伤和代谢紊乱等问题,本发明的主要目的在于提供用于缓解大口黑鲈肝糖原累积的配合饲料,可以降低大口黑鲈的肝糖原累积,提高其对饲料中糖的耐受性。
为实现上述目的,所采用的技术方案为:
本发明提供的配合饲料,由88-92重量%的基础饲料和8-12重量%的酶解淀粉经逐级混匀、加水揉搓、制粒、糊化和干燥得到,其中:
所述基础饲料按照质量份数计,包括以下原料:鱼粉42份、谷朊粉3份、血粉4份、虾粉5份、发酵豆粕9份、玉米蛋白粉11份、鱿鱼粉2份、啤酒酵母2份、大豆磷脂3份、维生素混合物1份、矿物质混合物1份、磷酸二氢钙1份、豆油4份,或还包括石粉1-4份;
所述酶解淀粉的直链淀粉含量不低于28.21%,抗性淀粉含量不低于14.22%。
本发明所述配合饲料的一些实施方式,所述酶解淀粉的制备方法包括:
(1)用pH4.5的醋酸钠缓冲溶液配置20%的木薯淀粉溶液,充分搅拌后置于120℃的高压灭菌锅糊化10min,冷却至室温,得到淀粉糊化液;
(2)按照添加量为0.6%加入1350NPUN/g的普鲁兰酶,在55℃、pH4.5的条件下酶解8h,沸水浴10min使酶失活,自然冷却后于4℃储存24h;
(3)60℃鼓风烘干24-28h,粉碎后过80目筛。
本发明所述配合饲料的一些实施方式,所述的维生素混合物按照IU或mg/kg所述配合饲料,包含:维生素A,16000IU;维生素D3,8000IU;维生素K3,14.72;维生素B1,17.80;维生素B2,48.00;维生素B6,29.52;维生素B12,0.24;维生素E,160.00;维生素C(35%),800.00;烟酸胺,79.20;泛酸钙,73.60;叶酸,6.40;生物素,0.64;肌醇,320.00;氯化胆碱,1500.00;L-肉碱,100.00。
本发明所述配合饲料的一些实施方式,所述的矿物质混合物按照mg/kg所述配合饲料,包含:铜(CuSO4),2.0;锌(ZnSO4),34.4;锰(MnSO4),6.2;铁(FeSO4),21.1;碘(Ca(IO3)2),1.63;硒(Na2SeO3),0.18;钴(COCl2),0.24;镁(MgSO4·H2O),52.7。
本发明还提供了上述任一所述配合饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将所述酶解淀粉、所述基础饲料中除豆油和大豆磷脂之外的原料分别过80目筛后,筛余物逐级混合均匀;
(2)步骤(1)得到的混合物和豆油及大豆磷脂混合均匀,过40目筛;
(3)步骤(2)得到的筛余物加水揉搓均匀,过40目筛;
(4)步骤(3)得到的筛余物通过模孔为2.5mm的制粒机制粒;
(5)步骤(4)得到的粒料在105℃烘箱中糊化15分钟,在55℃烘箱中鼓风干燥。
本发明还提供了酶解淀粉在降低大口黑鲈肝糖原累积中的应用。
本发明所述应用的一些实施方式,所述酶解淀粉作为所述配合饲料的组分,且其添加量为4-12重量%,优选为8重量%。
本发明所述应用的一些实施方式,所述酶解淀粉的直链淀粉含量不低于28.21%,抗性淀粉含量不低于14.22%。
本发明所述应用的一些实施方式,所述酶解淀粉的制备方法包括:
(1)用pH4.5的醋酸钠缓冲溶液配置20%的木薯淀粉溶液,充分搅拌后置于120℃的高压灭菌锅糊化10min,冷却至室温,得到淀粉糊化液;
(2)按照添加量为0.6%加入1350NPUN/g的普鲁兰酶,在55℃、pH4.5的条件下酶解8h,沸水浴10min使酶失活,自然冷却后于4℃储存24h;
(3)60℃鼓风烘干24-28h,粉碎后过80目筛。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果在于:
1.在不影响大口黑鲈生长健康的情况下,本发明可以提高配合饲料中的淀粉含量,并显著提高大口黑鲈的摄食性能,维持其肝脏健康,明显起到促进生长的作用。
2.与传统的大口黑鲈配合饲料相比,本发明的配合饲料不依赖于其他外源添加剂,可显著降低大口黑鲈肝糖原的累积以及血糖含量,提高大口黑鲈对糖的耐受性;同时降低大口黑鲈因摄食配合饲料造成的营养性肝病以及肝体指数和脏体指数,提高胰岛素通路的活力。
3.本发明的配合饲料使用方便、成本低廉且无残留,对加工浮性膨化饲料和实现配合饲料完全替代冰鲜鱼的使用提供依据。
附图说明
图1是实施例中各处理组大口黑鲈的肝脏外观形态差异,其中:CS4、CS8和CS12分别表示木薯淀粉含量为4%、8%和12%,DS4、DS8、DS12分别表示酶解淀粉含量为4%、8%和12%。
图2是实施例3中各处理组大口黑鲈的肝组织学分析,其中:CS4、CS8和CS12分别表示木薯淀粉含量为4%、8%和12%,DS4、DS8、DS12分别表示酶解淀粉含量为4%、8%和12%。
图3是实施例3中各处理组大口黑鲈的血糖含量。
具体实施方式
本发明提供的配合饲料,由88-92重量%的基础饲料和8-12重量%酶解淀粉组成,基础饲料按照质量份数计包括:鱼粉42份、谷朊粉3份、血粉4份、虾粉5份、发酵豆粕9份、玉米蛋白粉11份、鱿鱼粉2份、啤酒酵母2份、大豆磷脂3份、维生素混合物1份、矿物质混合物1份、磷酸二氢钙1份、豆油4份,或还包括沸石粉1-4份,酶解淀粉的直链淀粉含量不低于28.21%,抗性淀粉含量不低于14.22%。
以下实施例中酶解淀粉的制备方法,具体为:
(1)用pH4.5的醋酸钠缓冲溶液配置20%的木薯淀粉溶液,充分搅拌后置于120℃的高压灭菌锅糊化10min,冷却至室温,得到淀粉糊化液;
(2)按照添加量为0.6%加入1350NPUN/g的普鲁兰酶,在55℃、pH4.5的条件下酶解8h,沸水浴10min使酶失活,自然冷却,于4℃储存24h;
(3)60℃鼓风烘干24-28h,粉碎后过80目筛,得到酶解淀粉。
以下实施例中采用的维生素混合物1,按照IU或mg/kg配合饲料计由下列物质组成:维生素A,16000IU;维生素D3,8000IU;维生素K3,14.72;维生素B1,17.80;维生素B2,48.00;维生素B6,29.52;维生素B12,0.24;维生素E,160.00;维生素C(35%),800.00;烟酸胺,79.20;泛酸钙,73.60;叶酸,6.40;生物素,0.64;肌醇,320.00;氯化胆碱,1500.00;L-肉碱,100.00。
以下实施例中采用的矿物质混合物2,按照mg/kg配合饲料计由下列物质组成:铜(CuSO4),2.0;锌(ZnSO4),34.4;锰(MnSO4),6.2;铁(FeSO4),21.1;碘(Ca(IO3)2),1.63;硒(Na2SeO3),0.18;钴(CoC12),0.24;镁(MgSO4·H2O),52.7。
上述配合饲料通过以下步骤制备得到:
(1)将酶解淀粉、基础饲料中除豆油和大豆磷脂之外的原料分别过80目筛后,筛余物逐级混合均匀;
(2)步骤(1)得到的混合物和豆油及大豆磷脂混合均匀,过40目筛;
(3)步骤(2)得到的筛余物加水揉搓均匀,过40目筛;
(4)步骤(3)得到的筛余物通过模孔为2.5mm的制粒机制粒;
(5)步骤(4)得到的粒料在105℃烘箱中糊化15分钟,在55℃烘箱中鼓风干燥。
以下通过具体实施例对本发明进一步解释说明。
实施例1
制备酶解淀粉,具体步骤如下:
选用木薯淀粉作为淀粉源,将其用醋酸钠缓冲溶液(pH4.5)配置20%的木薯淀粉溶液,充分搅拌后置于高压灭菌锅于120℃糊化10min,冷却至室温,得到淀粉糊化液。再按照6g/kg的比例加入普鲁兰酶(1350NPUN/g),在55℃、pH4.5的条件下酶解8h,然后沸水浴10min使酶失活,自然冷却后4℃储存24h,60℃鼓风烘干26h,粉碎后过80目筛,得到酶解淀粉。
经测定,所得酶解淀粉的直链淀粉含量达28.21%,较处理前的木薯淀粉相比提高30.0%;抗性淀粉含量为14.22%,较处理前的木薯淀粉相比提高299.4%。
实施例2
通过梯度添加α-木薯淀粉和实施例1制备的酶解淀粉(添加量分别为4%、8%和12%)制成六种等氮(51%)等脂(11%)的配合饲料,配方如表1。所有低脂质原料通过80目筛,根据饲料配方按照逐级混匀的方法混合均匀,将混合的豆油及大豆磷脂与上述混合物再混合均匀并过40目筛,筛余物加水揉搓均匀并过40目筛,通过制粒机的2.5mm模孔进行制粒后,于105℃烘箱中糊化15分钟,并在55℃烘箱中鼓风干燥。待烘干,将饲料储存于-20℃冰箱待用。
表1:实验饲料配方
本发明还提供实施例1制备的酶解淀粉在降低大口黑鲈肝糖原累积中的应用,以下通过具体实施例进一步解释说明。
实施例3
采用实施例2制备的配合饲料,选择初始体重为13.08±0.02g的大口黑鲈为实验对象,在循环水养殖系统中开展为期12周的养殖实验,每个处理3个重复,每个重复40尾鱼。测定其对大口黑鲈生长、内脏指数、肝糖原含量、餐后血糖及肝组织学的影响。实验数据采用平均值±标准误表示,采用SPSS19.0分析软件进行双因素方差分析,固定因子间差异显著性采用Turkey检验方法,以P<0.05为显著水平。
表2:各组实验养殖结果
注:双因素分析中n.s.表示差异不显著;淀粉种类间差异显著用*表示.
由表2可见,与木薯淀粉相比,酶解淀粉作为淀粉源可以显著提高大口黑鲈的终末体重和特定生长率。当淀粉添加量为12%时,显著降低了大口黑鲈的生长性能;同时,淀粉种类和淀粉水平的交互作用明显影响大口黑鲈的生长性能,结合浮性膨化饲料的加工需求,8%的酶解淀粉明显优于木薯淀粉。
表3:各组肝糖原含量及形体指标
注:双因素分析中n.s.表示差异不显著;淀粉种类间差异显著用*表示。
由表3可见,淀粉水平的升高明显导致大口黑鲈肝糖原的累积。与木薯淀粉相比,酶解淀粉的加入显著降低了大口黑鲈肝糖原的累积,12%的酶解淀粉组大口黑鲈肝糖原的含量低于8%木薯淀粉组,肝体比、脏体比和肥满度的变化趋势与肝糖原的一致。因此,12%的酶解淀粉与8%的木薯淀粉相比更有利于维持大口黑鲈肝脏健康。
图1可以看出,木薯淀粉水平的升高,大口黑鲈肝脏变大,颜色变白,在一定程度上意味着肝细胞功能的受损。酶解淀粉处理组大口黑鲈的肝脏外观形态没有显著性影响,更有利于维持大口黑鲈的健康状况。
图2可以看出,高水平的木薯淀粉会导致肝细胞肿胀,细胞核位置偏移,说明饲料中高水平的木薯淀粉会因肝糖原累积造成肝细胞的损伤,酶解淀粉却未引起肝细胞功能的损伤。
图3可以看出,12%的淀粉水平组显著提高了大口黑鲈血糖含量,而酶解淀粉与木薯淀粉相比可以显著降低大口黑鲈血糖水平。
结果表明,饲料中酶解淀粉可以显著降低黑鲈肝糖原累积、肝体比以及脏体比,提高大口黑鲈的生长性能。结合浮性膨化饲料加工的需要,8-12%的酶解淀粉与8%木薯淀粉相比,可以显著降低肝糖原累积、维持鱼体健康并促进生长。结合膨化饲料加工对淀粉的需要,酶解淀粉的添加量可为8-12%。
实施例4
采用实施例2中添加量为8%的酶解淀粉制成配合饲料,对照组采用商业饲料(配方如表4),选取50g左右的大口黑鲈,在生产性养殖池塘中用网箱开展为期16周的养殖实验,每个处理设置4个重复。实验结束后每个网箱取样20尾,测定终末体重、分析肝糖原含量及形态学指标,数据采用平均值±标准误表示,采用SPSS19.0分析软件进行单因素方差分析,用T检验比较两组间的差异性,以P<0.05为显著水平。
结果发现,酶解淀粉组大口黑鲈肝糖原、肝体比和脏体比含量显著低于木薯淀粉组,且酶解淀粉组的生长性能显著高于木薯淀粉组(表5)。
表4:中试实验饲料配方
商业饲料组 | 酶解淀粉组 | |
鱼粉 | 42 | 42 |
谷朊粉 | 3 | 3 |
血粉 | 4 | 4 |
虾粉 | 5 | 5 |
发酵豆粕 | 9 | 9 |
玉米蛋白粉 | 11 | 11 |
鱿鱼粉 | 2 | 2 |
啤酒酵母 | 2 | 2 |
大豆磷脂 | 3 | 3 |
维生素混合物<sup>1</sup> | 1 | 1 |
矿物质混合物<sup>2</sup> | 1 | 1 |
Ca(H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> | 1 | 1 |
豆油 | 4 | 4 |
木薯淀粉 | 8 | - |
酶解淀粉 | - | 8 |
沸石粉 | 4 | 4 |
表5:中试实验大口黑鲈指标
商业饲料组 | 酶解淀粉组 | |
初始体重(g) | 52.13±1.25 | 53.26±0.81 |
终末体重(g) | 240.3±2.3 | 270.5±1.9* |
特定生长率(%/d) | 1.36±0.15 | 1.45±0.12* |
肝糖原(mg/g) | 95.24±1.31* | 74.24±1.46 |
肝体比(%) | 2.24±0.02* | 1.94±0.05 |
脏体比(%) | 7.62±0.05* | 6.74±0.15 |
肥满度 | 2.15±0.01 | 2.10±0.02 |
注:表中*表示组间差异显著。
综上所述,本发明的配合饲料可以有效地促进大口黑鲈的生长性能、降低其肝糖原含量,有效解决因其对糖不耐受性制约配合饲料应用的问题,应用前景广阔。
上述对实施例的描述是为了便于该技术领域的普通技术人员能理解和使用本发明。熟悉本领域技术人员显然可以容易的对这些实施例做出各种修改,并把在此说明的一般原理应用到其他实施例中,而不必经过创造性的劳动。因此,本发明不限于上述实施例。本领域技术人员根据本发明的原理,不脱离本发明的范畴所做出的改进和修改都应该在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.酶解淀粉在降低大口黑鲈肝糖原累积中的应用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其特征在于:
所述酶解淀粉的直链淀粉含量不低于28.21%,抗性淀粉含量不低于14.22%。
3.根据权利要求2所述的应用,其特征在于:
所述酶解淀粉的制备方法包括:
(1)用pH4.5的醋酸钠缓冲溶液配置20%的木薯淀粉溶液,充分搅拌后于120℃高压灭菌的条件下糊化10min,冷却至室温,得到淀粉糊化液;
(2)按照添加量为0.6%加入1350NPUN/g的普鲁兰酶,在55℃、pH4.5的条件下酶解8h,沸水浴10min使酶失活,自然冷却后于4℃储存24h;
(3)60℃鼓风烘干24-28h,粉碎后过80目筛。
4.根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的应用,其特征在于:
所述酶解淀粉作为用于缓解大口黑鲈肝糖原累积的配合饲料的组分,且其添加量为4-12重量%。
5.根据权利要求4所述的应用,其特征在于:
所述酶解淀粉的添加量为8重量%。
6.用于缓解大口黑鲈肝糖原累积的配合饲料,其特征在于:
由88-92重量%的基础饲料和8-12重量%的权利要求1至5任一项所述酶解淀粉经逐级混匀、加水揉搓、制粒、糊化和干燥得到,所述的基础饲料按照质量份数计包含:鱼粉42份、谷朊粉3份、血粉4份、虾粉5份、发酵豆粕9份、玉米蛋白粉11份、鱿鱼粉2份、啤酒酵母2份、大豆磷脂3份、维生素混合物1份、矿物质混合物1份、磷酸二氢钙1份、豆油4份,或还包括沸石粉1-4份。
7.根据权利要求6所述的配合饲料,其特征在于:
所述的维生素混合物按照IU或mg/kg所述的配合饲料,包含:
维生素A,16000IU;维生素D3,8000IU;维生素K3,14.72;维生素B1,17.80;维生素B2,48.00;维生素B6,29.52;维生素B12,0.24;维生素E,160.00;维生素C(35%),800.00;烟酸胺,79.20;泛酸钙,73.60;叶酸,6.40;生物素,0.64;肌醇,320.00;氯化胆碱,1500.00;L-肉碱,100.00。
8.根据权利要求6所述的配合饲料,其特征在于:
所述的矿物质混合物按照mg/kg所述配合饲料,包含:
铜(CuSO4),2.0;锌(ZnSO4),34.4;锰(MnSO4),6.2;铁(FeSO4),21.1;碘(Ca(IO3)2),1.63;硒(Na2SeO3),0.18;钴(COCl2),0.24;镁(MgSO4·H2O),52.7。
9.权利要求6至8任一项所述配合饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:
所述制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)将所述酶解淀粉、所述基础饲料中除豆油和大豆磷脂之外的原料分别过80目筛后,筛余物逐级混合均匀;
(2)步骤(1)得到的混合物和豆油及大豆磷脂混合均匀,过40目筛;
(3)步骤(2)得到的筛余物加水揉搓均匀,过40目筛;
(4)步骤(3)得到的筛余物通过模孔为2.5mm的制粒机制粒;
(5)步骤(4)得到的粒料于105℃烘箱中糊化15分钟,在55℃烘箱中鼓风干燥。
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