CN111394748A - 一种用于co2电解的铁镍合金原位脱溶的层状钙钛矿阴极材料 - Google Patents
一种用于co2电解的铁镍合金原位脱溶的层状钙钛矿阴极材料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于CO2电解的固体氧化物电解池阴极材料,具体说是一种A缺位的层状钙钛矿阴极材料Pr0.9Ba0.9Mn2‑5xFe4xNixO5+δ(PBMFNO,x=0.04~0.20)及其应用。本发明的特征在于:对钛矿材料Pr0.5Ba0.5MnO3材料在A位引入Pr、Ba缺位,B位掺入Fe、Ni两种过渡金属离子,分子式为Pr0.45Ba0.45Mn1‑5yFe4yNiyO3‑δ(y=0.02~0.10),通过H2还原使其转变PBMFNO,同时原位脱溶出的尺寸介于30‑50nm的铁镍合金FeNi3纳米颗粒。本发明制备出的钙钛矿阴极材料具有良好的稳定性和CO2催化活性,可以有效降低阴极极化。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于CO2高温电解的固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)阴极材料,具体地说是一种铁镍合金原位脱溶的Pr0.9Ba0.9Mn2-5xFe4xNixO5+σ(PBMFNO,x=0.04~0.20)层状钙钛矿阴极材料,以及包含该阴极材料的SOEC阴极。
背景技术
我国能源结构具有“贫油,少气,富煤”的特点,近年来国家不断推动和支持新型煤化工行业的发展来缓解过分依赖国外石油,天然气进口的现状。目前,新型煤化工行业技术不断创新和突破,特别是在煤直接或间接液化,煤制油,天然气,甲醇和烯烃等工艺方面,但是大量产生和排放的副产物CO2给环境带来了严重的负担。
CO2的电化学催化转化具有快速高效和产品纯度高的特点,特别是基于SOEC的高温电解,可以直接将CO2的还原为CO。利用高温电解实现CO2的资源化不仅有利于环境保护,而且有利于创造额外的经济效益。产生的CO不仅可以作为燃料气,而且还可以作为原料用于化工合成烯烃,进一步生产高附加值的化工产品。
传统的Ni基陶瓷阴极材料在高温CO2气氛中容易积碳,电解过程中Ni表面产生的无定型碳和石墨不仅会堵塞三相界面,而且会进一步扩散到Ni基体,进而造成整个阴极材料失效。最近,Pr0.5Ba0.5MnO3等钙钛矿基阴极材料得到了广泛的关注(Nature Materials,2015,14:205-209),该材料体系具有良好的抗积碳性能。但是,钙钛矿基阴极材料对于CO2吸附性能较差、催化活性较弱、电解过程极化损失大,如何提高其电极活性及对CO2的催化能力是需要解决的关键问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了克服钙钛矿基阴极材料对CO2电催化活性不足的问题,在钙钛矿Pr0.5Ba0.5MnO3材料的A位引入Pr、Ba缺位,B位掺入Fe、Ni两种过渡金属离子,分子式为Pr0.45Ba0.45Mn1-5yFe4yNiyO3-δ(y=0.02~0.10),通过H2还原使其转变为层状钙钛矿结构,同时原位脱溶出的尺寸介于30-50nm的铁镍合金FeNi3纳米颗粒,获得一种用于CO2电解的铁镍合金原位脱溶的高活性PBMFNO阴极材料。通过大量实验,本发明人发现,原位脱溶的铁镍合金纳米颗粒具有良好的稳定性,可以显著提高阴极材料的催化活性,降低电解过程的阴极极化。
本发明提供以下基于改进溶胶-凝胶-低温自蔓延方法的铁镍合金脱溶PBMFNO阴极材料的制备方法,包括:
步骤1:根据Pr0.45Ba0.45Mn1-5yFe4yNiyO3-δ中Pr、Ba、Mn、Fe和Ni元素的化学计量比,将Pr(NO3)3·6H2O、Ba(NO3)2、Mn(NO3)2、Ni(NO3)2·6H2O、Fe(NO3)3·9H2O均匀溶解于去离子水中,然后加入一定量的一水合柠檬酸和乙二醇,充分搅拌形成均匀透明溶液。
步骤2:将混合均匀的透明溶液于300-350℃之间加热3h,引发低温自蔓延反应,完全反应生成黑色粉体。
步骤3:将低温自蔓延生成的黑色粉体分别在950℃下保温4h,以形成ABO3型的Pr0.45Ba0.45Mn1-5yFe4yNiyO3-δ钙钛矿晶相。
步骤4:将制备的Pr0.45Ba0.45Mn1-5yFe4yNiyO3-δ钙钛矿粉体放置于管式炉中,在5%H2氛围下900℃还原10h。使Pr0.45Ba0.45Mn1-5yFe4yNiyO3-δ完全转化为A2B2O5型A缺位的PBMFNO钙钛矿材料,同时材料表面原位脱溶出尺寸约为40nm的铁镍合金纳米颗粒。
优选地,所述步骤1中各种混合的金属离子与一水柠檬酸的摩尔比为1:1.5,溶解于200mL的去离子水中,加入100mL乙二醇充分搅拌至形成均匀透明溶液。
优选地,所述步骤3中,升温的程序设定为5℃/min到600℃,之后是2℃/min到950℃。
优选地,所述步骤4中,还原过程从室温到950℃的升温速度为5℃/min。当Pr0.9Ba0.9Mn2-5xFe4xNixO5+σ中x=0.04~0.20时,表面原位脱溶的大量FeNi3铁镍合金纳米颗粒,颗粒直径约为40nm。
本发明中的Pr0.45Ba0.45Mn1-5yFe4yNiyO3-δ材料也可以通过燃烧合成法和固相烧结法等方法合成,然后结合高温氢气还原均可制备铁镍合金原位脱溶的PBMFNO层状钙钛矿阴极材料。
本发明中发现A位引入的Pr和Ba缺位,可以显著提高阴极材料的氧空位,利于改善材料表面的CO2化学吸附能力。同时,B位脱溶出的FeNi3合金纳米颗粒可以显著提高阴极材料的CO2电催化反应活性。
本发明中还提供了铁镍合金原位脱溶PBMFNO层状钙钛矿阴极在CO2氛围下的抗积碳性能测试结果,样品表观形貌和碳沉积情况由扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和拉曼光谱结果验证,拉曼的特征峰位于1365cm-1(‘D’peak)和1585cm-1(‘G’peak)分别代表了表面积聚的石墨碳和无定形碳。
本发明中,固体氧化物电解池的阴极可以由PBMFNO阴极材料单独或与电解质材料复合构成。其中PBMFNO的质量分数为1-100%,电解质材料的质量分数为1-60%,电解质材料优选为是8%(质量分数)Y2O3稳定的ZrO2(YSZ)和GdxCe1-xO2-δ(GDC)中的一种或者是两者的混合物。阴极中加入一定量的电解质材料,可以增加和延长电催化反应的三相界面,改善阴极层与电解质层的热匹配性。
本发明中,不特别限制电池所用的电解质层的制备方法。在一些实施方案中,电解质的厚度为10–200μm之间,致密度达到95%以上,可以采用本领域公知的方法制备。同时不特别限制电池所用的阳极材料,阳极结构为多孔纳微结构,用于氧的催化还原析出反应,可以采用本领域共知的方法制备阳极。
本发明具有如下优点:
1:本发明的铁镍合金原位脱溶的PBMFNO层状钙钛矿阴极材料,具有Pr,Ba的A位缺位,增加了阴极材料的氧空位浓度,氧空位的浓度增加可以促进PBMFNO阴极材料对CO2的化学吸附。
2:本发明中PBMFNO原位脱溶的FeNi3铁镍合金纳米颗粒,不仅增加了阴极材料的电子电导率,而且改善了其对CO2的电催化还原活性,提高了钙钛矿基阴极CO2电解的电流密度。
3:本发明中PBMFNO原位脱溶FeNi3铁镍合金纳米颗粒的制备方法,相对于传统的浸渍方法,具有过程简单、高效省时的特点。
4:本发明中PBMFNO表面原位脱溶FeNi3铁镍合金纳米颗粒,与钙钛矿本体结合紧密、分散性好、稳定性高,避免了传统阴极材料纳米金属催化化剂颗粒易积碳和团聚的问题,具有良好的抗积碳性能。
下面结合说明书附图和实施方案进一步阐述本发明的内容。
附图说明
图1为未脱溶的Pr0.45Ba0.45Mn0.5Fe0.4Ni0.1O3-δ(A-PBMFNO)和脱溶后的Pr0.9Ba0.9MnFe0.8Ni0.2O5+δ(L-PBMFNO)样品的X射线衍射(XRD)图
图2为脱溶后L-PBMFNO样品的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图
图3为脱溶后L-PBMFNO样品的透射电子显微镜(TEM)图
图4为脱溶后L-PBMFNO作为阴极,YSZ为电解质,La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ(LSCF)为阳极构成的电解质支撑电解池的CO2的I-V曲线,测试条件:温度850℃,恒电压1.6V电解,CO2流量40mL/min。
具体实施方式
下面给出的实施例拟对本发明做进一步说明,但不能理解为是对本发明的保护范围的限制,该领域的技术人员根据上述本发明的内容对本发明做出的一些非本质的改进和调整,仍然属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例1:
步骤1:根据Pr0.45Ba0.45Mn0.5Fe0.4Ni0.1O3-δ(A-PBMFNO)中Pr、Ba、Mn、Fe和Ni元素的化学计量比分别计算出不同元素所需要的硝酸盐质量。先将这些硝酸盐溶解于去离子水中,充分搅拌约半小时后,然后加入59.8899g一水合柠檬酸和300mL乙二醇。同时,用氨水快速调节溶液pH至8~9之间,然后继续搅拌直至形成血红色澄清透明的前驱体溶胶,磁力搅拌器的转速为400–500r/min,搅拌的时间12h。
步骤2:配制好的前驱体溶胶转移至坩埚中,通过电阻丝加热引发生低温自蔓延反应。加热器的温度控制在350℃,逐渐将前驱体中的有机组分,水,氨水等组分缓慢蒸发掉,直至形成红褐色凝胶。形成凝胶后继续加热2-3h,红褐色的凝胶会发生自蔓反应生成前驱体黑色粉体。
步骤3:前驱体黑色粉体进一步通过程序升温煅烧,升温程序控制为5℃/min到600℃,保温4h,目的是去除低温自蔓延步骤残余的有机物组分,之后2℃/min到950℃,保温4h后,形成ABO3型钙钛矿样品A-PBMFNO。然后,通过乙醇湿法球磨进一步破碎Pr0.9Ba0.9Mn2O5+σ样品,转速控制为400~500r/min,时间为12h。球磨后取出样品,在105℃干燥12h。
步骤4:将干燥后的样品转移至管式炉中,在900℃和5%H2氛围下还原10h,形成A2B2O5型层状钙钛矿Pr0.9Ba0.9Mn2-5xFe4xNixO5+σ(L-PBMFNO),期间会原位生长出大量的FeNi3纳米颗粒,FeNi3纳米合金颗粒的尺寸约为40nm。样品的XRD,SEM和TEM分析结果见说明书附图1,图2和图3。
步骤4:将L-PBMFNO作为阴极,YSZ作为电解质,La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ(LSCF)为阳极构成电解质支撑的电解池片,YSZ和阳极中间使用GDC作保护层,电解池通过丝网印刷方式制备。
步骤5:电解池L-PBMFNO/GDC/YSZ/GDC/LSCF在850℃置于CO2氛围下进行电解测试,气体流量为40mL/min H2+10mL/min N2。Pr0.9Ba0.9M1.0Fe0.8Ni0.2O5+σ作阴极的电解池在850℃和2.0V下CO2的电解电流密度为575.56mA/cm2。电解池的CO2电解I-V曲线见说明书附图4。
实施例2:
步骤1:根据Pr0.45Ba0.45Mn0.5Fe0.48Ni0.02O3-δ中Pr、Ba、Mn、Fe和Ni元素的化学计量比分别计算出不同元素所需要的硝酸盐质量。先将这些硝酸盐溶解于去离子水中,充分搅拌约半小时后,然后加入59.8899g一水合柠檬酸和300mL乙二醇。同时,用氨水快速调节溶液pH至8~9之间,然后继续搅拌直至形成血红色澄清透明的前驱体溶胶,磁力搅拌器的转速为400–500r/min,搅拌的时间12h。
步骤2:配制好的前驱体溶胶转移至坩埚中,通过电阻丝加热引发生低温自蔓延反应。加热器的温度控制在350℃,逐渐将前驱体中的有机组分,水,氨水等组分缓慢蒸发掉,直至形成红褐色凝胶。形成凝胶后继续加热2-3h,红褐色的凝胶会发生自蔓反应生成前驱体黑色粉体。
步骤3:前驱体黑色粉体进一步通过程序升温煅烧,升温程序控制为5℃/min到600℃,保温4h,目的是去除低温自蔓延步骤残余的有机物组分,之后2℃/min到950℃,保温4h后,形成ABO3型钙钛矿样品Pr0.45Ba0.45Mn0.5Fe0.48Ni0.02O3-δ。然后,通过乙醇湿法球磨进一步破碎Pr0.9Ba0.9Mn2O5+σ样品,转速控制为400~500r/min,时间为12h。球磨后取出样品,在105℃干燥12h。
步骤4:将干燥后的样品转移至管式炉中,在900℃和5%H2氛围下还原10h,形成A2B2O5型层状钙钛矿Pr0.9Ba0.9MnFe0.96Ni0.04O5+δ,期间会原位生长出一定量的FeNi3纳米颗粒,FeNi3纳米合金颗粒的尺寸约为30-50nm。
步骤4:将Pr0.9Ba0.9MnFe0.96Ni0.04O5+δ与YSZ混合(质量比50%:50%)组成阴极材料,阳极部分选用LSCF,组装成YSZ电解质支撑的电解池片,YSZ和阳极中间使用GDC作保护层,电解池通过丝网印刷方式制备。
步骤5:电解池Pr0.9Ba0.9MnFe0.96Ni0.04O5+δ+YSZ/GDC/YSZ/GDC/LSCF在850℃置于CO2氛围下进行电解测试,气体流量为40mL/min H2+10mL/min N2。Pr0.9Ba0.9MnFe0.96Ni0.04O5+δ与YSZ为复合阴极的电解池在850℃和2.0V下CO2的电解电流密度为525.78mA/cm2。
Claims (5)
1.一种用于CO2电解的固体氧化物电解池阴极材料,属于A缺位的A2B2O5+δ型层状钙钛矿复合氧化物,具体分子式为:Pr0.9Ba0.9Mn2-5xFe4xNixO5+δ,其中x=0.04~0.20。
2.如权利要求1中所述的用于CO2电解的固体氧化物电解池阴极材料,其特征在于,该材料表面具有原位脱溶的铁镍合金FeNi3纳米颗粒,颗粒尺寸介于30-50nm之间。
3.一种用于CO2电解的固体氧化物电解池阴极,包含权利要求中1-2的固体氧化物电解池阴极材料。
4.如权利要求3所述的固体氧化物电解池阴极,由所述固体氧化物电解池阴极材料和电解质材料复合构成,其中所述固体氧化物电解池阴极材料的质量分数为1-100%;所述电解质材料的质量分数为1-60%。
5.如权利要求4中所述固体氧化物电解池阴极,其中所述电解质材料是8%(质量分数)Y2O3稳定的ZrO2(YSZ)和GdxCe1-xO2-δ(GDC)中的一种或者是两者的混合物。
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