CN111345406A - 利用发酵菜籽粕制备的肉鸡饲料及其方法 - Google Patents
利用发酵菜籽粕制备的肉鸡饲料及其方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种利用发酵菜籽粕制备的肉鸡饲料及其制备方法。利用发酵菜籽粕制备的肉鸡饲料,其组成包括:大于或等于10%的发酵菜籽粕;玉米;发酵菌种母液0.5‑1.0%;和/或豆粕;和/或麦麸;和/或细米糠,所述发酵菜籽粕包括菜籽粕粉92‑95%、调质剂1‑2%、菌种0.3‑0.5%、玉米粉或者细米糠3‑5%。本发明采用菜籽粕厌氧发酵制备的发酵菜籽粕比菜籽粕中的硫甙含量降低70%以上、单宁含量降低50%以上;采用发酵菜籽粕与玉米、豆粕、麦麸等原料组合后再经二次发酵制备的优质肉鸡无药物添加的配合饲料,饲喂肉鸡后对于肠道免疫力及血液IgG指标有显著提升,肉质鲜味指标如肌苷酸有显著提升。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种肉鸡饲料及其制备方法,特别是涉及一种利用发酵菜籽粕制备的优质肉鸡饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
我国现代畜牧业到了重要的升级转型时期,整个行业的发展正从数量型向品质型转变。当前,人们对于优质风味畜产品的消费需求也呈现快速增长趋势,而我国饲料行业将从2020年7月1日起全面禁止在饲料产品中使用抗生素等药物添加剂,更为这种转型起到了促进作用。
目前市场对于口感风味佳、生产模式绿色健康的优质肉鸡需求日益增加,同时也就带来对用于生产优质风味肉鸡的无药物添加的相关饲料产品的需求增加。
菜籽粕是菜籽经过预压或预压、浸提油脂后得到的一种附产品,是一种利用价值很高的高蛋白饲料,其含粗蛋白为35.0-40.0%(重量百分比含量,以下同)、粗脂肪为0.5-3.0%、硫甙(glucosinolate)为3.0-7.0%。虽然这些年国际国内对低芥酸低硫甙“双低”品种菜籽的选育推广很普及,但菜籽榨油后,其中单宁、硫甙、芥酸仍然是三大主要的抗营养因子,这限制了菜籽粕在饲料中的利用,而且作为一种本地优势蛋白饲料资源,在营养和功能性方面有较大开发利用价值。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种利用发酵菜籽粕制备的肉鸡饲料。
本发明还要提供一种上述肉鸡饲料的制备方法。
本发明解决技术问题所采用的技术方案是:肉鸡饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将预压、浸提油脂后的菜籽粕粉碎为菜籽粕粉;
2)制备菌种和调质剂;
3)将菜籽粕粉92-95%、调质剂1-2%和0.3-0.5%菌种,与玉米粉或者细米糠3-5%再加水混合搅拌均匀;
4)将发酵物料装入容器内密封厌氧发酵,发酵温度在25-35℃,发酵完成后制成发酵菜籽粕备用;
5)制备发酵菌种母液;
6)将制备的发酵菜籽粕与玉米预混合,混合物料粉碎过筛,同时把按照对应生长肉鸡需要营养标准饲料配方中所需剩余原料:玉米、和/或豆粕、和/或麦麸、和/或细米糠以配方比例粉碎过筛,得到混合料,所述发酵菜籽粕在整个配方中的重量比例大于或等于10%;
7)将步骤5)得到的发酵菌种母液0.5-1.0%加入步骤6)得到的混合料中混匀后,放入袋内二次发酵,发酵温度在25-35℃,发酵后制成肉鸡饲料。
进一步的,步骤2)所述制备菌种为采用三级活化培养制种。
进一步的,步骤2)所述调质剂包括0.1-0.3%氯化钾、0.5-1.5%硫酸铵、0.05-0.1%硫酸镁、0.1-0.4%CuSO4.5H2O、0.03-0.05%5000IU植酸酶和适量载体重钙粉。
进一步的,步骤3)所述加水的量为:使发酵物料达到55-65%的含水量。
进一步的,步骤4)所述发酵第2-3天排气2次。
进一步的,步骤4)所述发酵菜籽粕在同样水份含量条件下,比菜籽粕中的硫甙含量降低70%以上,单宁含量降低50%以上,PH值在3.2-3.8。
进一步的,步骤5)所述制备发酵菌种母液为:将在制备发酵菜籽粕中制备的液体菌种0.1%,与0.3-0.5%调质剂和10%玉米粉混合,其中,调质剂由0.1-0.3%氯化钾、0.5-1.5%硫酸铵、0.05-0.1%硫酸镁、0.1-0.3%食用含一水葡萄糖和适量重钙粉组成;混合后加入清水搅拌均匀后放入容器中密封避光厌氧发酵4-7天,第二天排气1次,温度控制在25-35℃。
进一步的,步骤7)所述混合料在卧式搅拌机中混合5-7分钟后,迅速放入20-28丝厚度食品级尼龙袋内;再经抽真空、热封口完成封口包装后,可存放库房或者养殖场内发酵,发酵48-72小时即可开袋饲喂。
进一步的,步骤7)所述肉鸡饲料水分控制在22-35%。
利用发酵菜籽粕制备的肉鸡饲料,其组成包括:大于或等于10%的发酵菜籽粕;玉米;发酵菌种母液0.5-1.0%;和/或豆粕;和/或麦麸;和/或细米糠,所述发酵菜籽粕包括菜籽粕粉92-95%、调质剂1-2%、菌种0.3-0.5%、玉米粉或者细米糠3-5%。
本发明的有益效果是:采用菜籽粕厌氧发酵制备的发酵菜籽粕比菜籽粕中的硫甙含量降低70%以上、单宁含量降低50%以上;采用发酵菜籽粕与玉米、豆粕、麦麸等原料组合后再经二次发酵制备的优质肉鸡无药物添加的配合饲料,酵香味浓厚、酸甜适口性强;饲喂肉鸡后对于肠道免疫力及血液IgG指标有显著提升,肉质鲜味指标如肌苷酸有显著提升。本发明的饲料特别适用于中快型和慢型优质肉鸡高端产品的生产所需,其生产质量指标完全达到绿色食品以上的产品品质标准。
具体实施方式
本发明的技术路线是:厌氧发酵菜籽粕—→调质混合平衡营养—→二次厌氧发酵饲料成品。
本发明采用菜籽粕制备发酵菜籽粕的方法,包括以下步骤:
1)将预压、浸提油脂后的菜籽粕粉碎为菜籽粕粉:用垂片式粉碎机将菜籽粕粉碎为菜籽粕粉,粉碎机筛片孔径为1.5mm;
2)菌种及调质剂制备:
菌种制备:采用三级活化培养制种,是一种常用技术。
①将试管斜面酿酒酵母(S.cerevisiae)菌种接种至标准麦芽琼脂培养基上,在培养箱中20-25℃培养2-3天;
②麦芽琼脂培养基高温灭菌后,冷却到22-25℃装入试管,在无菌箱中挑取一白金菌体接入试管,在25℃培养20-24小时;
③准备2升的三角瓶,培养基用25-35%麦芽汁和45-55%糖蜜,添加培养标准营养盐和浓度7%的稀蔗糖溶液15-30%,塞好棉塞后放入蒸锅内灭菌15分钟,再冷却至25℃后在无菌箱中接入一管上述②中的试管种,三角瓶数量根据所要发酵的菜籽粕量而定,每瓶可以制取1升生产菌种,每3瓶可以供一吨菜籽粕发酵用,所产酿酒酵母规格为1.2×108cfu/ml左右;
④将三角瓶二级菌种在标准摇床上室温培养12小时备用。
调质剂制备:由0.1-0.3%氯化钾、0.5-1.5%硫酸铵、0.05-0.1%硫酸镁、0.1-0.4%CuSO4.5H2O、5000IU植酸酶0.03-0.05%和适量重钙粉组成。
3)混料拌种:将步骤1)的菜籽粕粉92-95%与步骤2)得到的调质剂1-2%和0.3-0.5%菌种,与玉米粉或者细米糠3-5%再加水混合搅拌均匀。可采用人工或砂浆搅拌机搅拌,加水量使发酵物料达到55-65%的最终含水量为佳;
4)将发酵物料装入容积300-400升平盖塑料桶内或用1-2立方的酵池密封厌氧发酵,发酵温度控制在25-35℃,发酵时间为11—15天。同时在发酵第2-3天排气2次,以控制容器中的厌氧状态和容器受压。发酵完成后制成本发明的发酵菜籽粕,同时测定PH值在3.2-3.8为适宜质量标准。
本发明制备的发酵菜籽粕,在同样水份含量条件下,比菜籽粕中的硫甙含量降低70%以上,单宁含量降低50%以上,不会使营养成分流失,改善蛋白质吸收利用率,适口性明显改善;采用本发明厌氧发酵生产的发酵菜籽粕,发酵方法适宜春夏秋冬四季,产品保质期也很长;本发明方法容易操作,所生产的发酵菜籽粕具有适口性好、消化利用率高、富含有机酸和小肽等功能性物质,可调节家禽肠道免疫力和增强免疫功能;发酵过程加入的植酸酶可以快速释放菜籽粕中大量钙磷等成分,促进发酵效果进一步完成。通过实验表明,按一定比例添加使用该发酵菜籽粕,具有抑制有害菌如金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎双球菌等增殖的效果。
本发明进一步采用发酵菜籽粕制备优质风味肉鸡生物饲料的方法,包括以下步骤:
1)发酵母液的制备:
①将在制备发酵菜籽粕中的第④步制备的菌种0.1%,与0.3-0.5%调质剂和10%玉米粉混合,其中,调质剂由0.1-0.3%氯化钾、0.5-1.5%硫酸铵、0.05-0.1%硫酸镁、0.1-0.3%食用含一水葡萄糖和适量重钙粉载体组成;
②混合后放入相应量的清洁饮水中搅拌均匀,如0.1千克液体菌种、0.3千克调质剂和10千克玉米粉放入100千克水中。将上述混合悬浊液放入相应容器中密封避光厌氧发酵4-7天,温度控制在25-35℃,第二天需排气1次。发酵完成后备用,PH值约3.5-3.8为宜。
2)将垂片式粉碎机筛片调换为10mm孔径规格,同时准备好按照对应生长肉鸡相应的饲料营养标准配比原料:玉米、豆粕、发酵菜籽粕、麦麸、细米糠等。先取配方中的部分玉米籽粒和发酵菜籽粕预混合,比例为:一份含水55-65%的发酵菜籽粕和2份玉米。以上混合物料共同粉碎过筛进入卧式搅拌机内,再立即将配方中剩余的玉米、豆粕等原料粉碎过筛送入搅拌机,与预混合处理的玉米和发酵菜籽粕含水粉料一同搅拌,同时补充加入适合生长必须的氨基酸、维生素及微量元素等添加剂。根据肉鸡冬春季或者生长后期肥育需要还可添加1.0-4.0%的符合现行饲料卫生标准的油脂以确保生长速度,油脂采用植物源或者动物源均可。上述发酵菜籽粕在整个饲料配方中所占的重量比例须大于或等于10%,才能保证营养和抑制有害菌生长的效果;
3)将步骤1)得到的发酵菌种母液0.5-1.0%加入步骤2)得到的混合料中,在卧式搅拌机中混合5-7分钟后,迅速放入20-28丝厚度食品级尼龙袋内,按照人工实际操作方便以90cm×60cm长宽为最适宜性价比规格,产品包装规格适合25-40千克成品;再将装袋饲料经抽真空、热封口一体化机完成封口包装后,可存放库房或者养殖场内发酵,发酵温度控制在25-35℃,发酵48-72小时即可开袋饲喂生长阶段脱温鸡,发酵的肉鸡饲料成品的水分控制在22-35%为宜,一次未使用完的饲料将尼龙袋开口卷好密封,开袋后最好两天内喂完。
本发明利用厌氧发酵菜籽粕与玉米、豆粕等原料混合,经平衡营养成分后二次发酵完成,制作优质风味肉鸡生物饲料。该发酵饲料具有酵香浓郁、酸甜适口;饲喂生长阶段肉鸡120天后对于肠道免疫力及血液IgG指标有显著提升;对于肉质鲜味指标如肌苷酸有显著提升。按照目前优质肉鸡遗传品种生长速度分类:快型、中快型和慢型,本发明适用于中快型和慢型优质肉鸡高端产品的生产市场,其生产质量指标完全达到绿色食品以上的产品品质标准。
实施例1:按照中国饲料工业协会提供的T/CFIAS 002—2018《蛋鸡、肉鸡配合饲料》饲养标准并参照NRC肉鸡3周龄饲养标准,应用发酵菜籽粕制作高能量高蛋白营养水平配方饲料。
原料品种 | 添加比例%(重量) | 1000千克重量(千克) |
玉米(粗蛋白8.0%) | 53.5 | 535 |
豆粕(粗蛋白43%) | 20 | 200 |
发酵菜籽粕(粗蛋白41%) | 10 | 100 |
小麦麸 | 9.5 | 95 |
黄豆油 | 3.5 | 35 |
预混料 | 3.5 | 35 |
表中预混料成分为:磷酸氢钙、碳酸钙、赖氨酸盐酸盐、蛋氨酸、维生素、食盐、微量元素。表中发酵菜籽粕是按照常规干物质折算,实际生产中发酵菜籽粕为含水55-65%,须折算为干物质添加。
发酵完成后,成品饲料水分约25-30%;直接饲喂28天全免疫健康脱温鸡,给足清洁饮水,120天后公鸡可以达到2.5-2.75千克,实现全程饲养无药物添加的生态养殖模式。
实施例2:按照中国饲料工业协会提供的T/CFIAS 002—2018《蛋鸡、肉鸡配合饲料》饲养标准并参照NRC肉鸡3周龄饲养标准,应用发酵菜籽粕制作低能量高蛋白营养水平配方饲料。
原料品种 | 添加比例%(重量) | 1000千克重量(千克) |
玉米(粗蛋白8.0%) | 53.5 | 535 |
豆粕(粗蛋白43%) | 16 | 160 |
发酵菜籽粕(粗蛋白41%) | 20 | 200 |
小麦麸 | 5.5 | 55 |
黄豆油 | 1.5 | 15 |
预混料 | 3.5 | 35 |
表中预混料成分:磷酸氢钙、碳酸钙、赖氨酸盐酸盐、蛋氨酸、维生素、食盐、微量元素。表中发酵菜籽粕是按照常规干物质折算,实际生产中发酵菜籽粕为含水55-65%,须折算为干物质添加。
发酵完成后,成品饲料水分约30-35%;直接饲喂28天全免疫健康脱温鸡,给足清洁饮水,130天后公鸡可以达到2.5-2.75千克,实现全程饲养无药物添加的生态养殖模式。肌内不饱和脂肪酸含量高,同时鸡肉又有嚼劲,口感极佳,对于追求低脂高蛋白健康饮食的人士无疑是重要选择。
本发明以当前市场对优质风味肉鸡产品的高端需求为切入点,以现代动物营养技术与生物技术融合发展形成的微生态动物营养调控技术为基础,应用本地饲用蛋白资源菜籽粕,开发适合特色风味肉鸡生产的菌酶协同发酵的生物饲料。本发明采用菜籽粕发酵制备蛋白原料,同时运用发酵菜籽粕经二次发酵后制备用于优质风味肉鸡生产的菌酶协同发酵生物饲料产品。该发明适合广大中小肉鸡养殖场或者中小饲料加工厂供生产优质肉鸡使用,所针对的肉鸡为4周龄以上并且已完成了相应的流行病免疫程序的脱温鸡苗。
Claims (10)
1.肉鸡饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)将预压、浸提油脂后的菜籽粕粉碎为菜籽粕粉;
2)制备菌种和调质剂;
3)将菜籽粕粉92-95%、调质剂1-2%和0.3-0.5%菌种,与玉米粉或者细米糠3-5%再加水混合搅拌均匀;
4)将发酵物料装入容器内密封厌氧发酵,发酵温度在25-35℃,发酵完成后制成发酵菜籽粕备用;
5)制备发酵菌种母液;
6)将制备的发酵菜籽粕与玉米预混合,混合物料粉碎过筛,同时把按照对应生长肉鸡需要营养标准饲料配方中所需剩余原料:玉米、和/或豆粕、和/或麦麸、和/或细米糠以配方比例粉碎过筛,得到混合料,所述发酵菜籽粕在整个配方中的重量比例大于或等于10%;
7)将步骤5)得到的发酵菌种母液0.5-1.0%加入步骤6)得到的混合料中混匀后,放入袋内二次发酵,发酵温度在25-35℃,发酵后制成肉鸡饲料。
2.如权利要求1所述的肉鸡饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)所述制备菌种为采用三级活化培养制种。
3.如权利要求1所述的肉鸡饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)所述调质剂包括0.1-0.3%氯化钾、0.5-1.5%硫酸铵、0.05-0.1%硫酸镁、0.1-0.4%CuSO4.5H2O、5000IU植酸酶0.03-0.05%和重钙粉。
4.如权利要求1所述的肉鸡饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3)所述加水的量为:使发酵物料达到55-65%的含水量。
5.如权利要求1所述的肉鸡饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤4)所述发酵第2-3天排气2次。
6.如权利要求1所述的肉鸡饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤4)所述发酵菜籽粕在同样水份含量条件下,比菜籽粕中的硫甙含量降低70%以上,单宁含量降低50%以上,PH值在3.2-3.8。
7.如权利要求1所述的肉鸡饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤5)所述制备发酵菌种母液为:将在制备发酵菜籽粕中制备的液体菌种0.1%,与0.3-0.5%调质剂和10%玉米粉混合,其中,调质剂由0.1-0.3%氯化钾、0.5-1.5%硫酸铵、0.05-0.1%硫酸镁、0.1-0.3%食用含一水葡萄糖和重钙粉组成;混合后加入清水搅拌均匀后放入容器中密封避光厌氧发酵4-7天,第二天排气1次,温度控制在25-35℃。
8.如权利要求1所述的肉鸡饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤7)所述混合料在卧式搅拌机中混合5-7分钟后,迅速放入20-28丝厚度食品级尼龙袋内;再经抽真空、热封口完成封口包装后,可存放库房或者养殖场内发酵,发酵48-72小时即可开袋饲喂。
9.如权利要求1所述的肉鸡饲料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤7)所述肉鸡饲料水分控制在22-35%。
10.利用发酵菜籽粕制备的肉鸡饲料,其特征在于,其组成包括:大于或等于10%的发酵菜籽粕;玉米;发酵菌种母液0.5-1.0%;和/或豆粕;和/或麦麸;和/或细米糠,所述发酵菜籽粕包括菜籽粕粉92-95%、调质剂1-2%、菌种0.3-0.5%、玉米粉或者细米糠3-5%。
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