CN111334775A - 制造热成型且压硬化的钢板构件用的钢基质及热成型方法 - Google Patents

制造热成型且压硬化的钢板构件用的钢基质及热成型方法 Download PDF

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CN111334775A
CN111334775A CN201911308510.4A CN201911308510A CN111334775A CN 111334775 A CN111334775 A CN 111334775A CN 201911308510 A CN201911308510 A CN 201911308510A CN 111334775 A CN111334775 A CN 111334775A
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T.奥皮茨
M.科齐安
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种制造热成型且压硬化的钢板构件用的钢基质及热成型方法,在其中在热处理步骤(III)中将钢基质(1)热处理到超过奥氏体化温度Ac3,在置入步骤(IV)中将被热处理的钢基质(1)置入成型工具中并且在压硬化步骤(V)中将钢基质(1)热成型且冷却,亦即在形成钢板构件的情况下,其中,钢基质(1),尤其可硬化的、含碳的、含硼的和/或含锰的调质钢,以防氧化层(5)来覆层。根据本发明,防氧化层(5)是薄层,其在热处理步骤(III)之前在覆层步骤(I)中可施加到钢基质(1)上。

Description

制造热成型且压硬化的钢板构件用的钢基质及热成型方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1的前序部分的用于制造热成型的且压硬化的钢板构件的钢基质(Stahlblechbauteil)以及一种根据权利要求9的热成形方法。
背景技术
热成型钢、例如22MnB5在热成型过程之后具有几乎完全的马氏体组织,其带有1500MPa的名义抗拉强度Rm。当前,通过例如提高在钢基质中的碳含量将这些热成型钢的强度进一步提升至2000MPa。
在这种类型的热成型方法中作为还未覆层的、卷起的带状材料(卷圈)来提供钢基质。在热成型过程之前进行热浸过程(Schmelztauchprozess),在其中以作为防氧化层(Zunderschutzschicht)起作用的AlSi层来覆层钢基质。为了执行热浸过程,将卷起的带状材料在卷绕站(Wickelstation)中在制造方向上展开并且被输送通过熔池(Schmelzbad),在其中以AlSi层来覆层带状材料。以AlSi覆层的带状材料在另外的卷绕站中又被卷起并且运输至挤压设备,在其中将带状材料裁切成板坯(Blechplatine)。使板坯在挤压设备中经受本身已知的热成型过程,在其中在一热处理步骤中在辊底式炉(Rollenherdofen)中将板坯热处理到超过奥氏体化温度,在置入步骤中将被热处理的板坯置入成型工具(Umformwerkzeug)中,并且在压硬化步骤中将板坯热成型且冷却,亦即在形成钢板构件的情况下。
在现有技术中在热浸方法中被施加到钢基质上的AlSi层具有在20μm至40μm的范围中的层厚。在这样的层厚中AlSi层形成封闭的盖层(Deckschicht),在其中H2渗透性在室温下极其受限制。
然而AlSi层的较大的层厚导致在辊底式炉中较高的停留时间,以此确保AlSi层完全扩散进入钢基质中。
AlSi层此外由于其较大的层厚作为H2屏障起作用,其阻隔效果与温度相关。AlSi层的H2阻隔效果在热处理步骤之后妨碍H2流出(Effusion),在其中减少在钢基质中储存的氢的份额。来自炉环境的这样的H2输入(Eintrag)众所周知地在热处理步骤中在辊底式炉中发生。H2输入导致H2脆化。尤其最高强度的钢、例如34MnB5敏感地对H2脆化起反应,亦即带有H2引起的裂纹形成(延迟断裂),其尤其在制成的热成型钢板件接下来安装在车辆车身中时可能发生。为了避免在安装到车辆车身中时H2引起的裂纹形成,特别对于用于高-和/或最高强度的钢板件的钢基质须提供在过程技术上耗费的措施。例如热成型过程可后置有在过程技术上耗费的退火(Anlassen),以便有利于H2流出。
此外在现有技术中AlSi层在热处理步骤中转变成熔化相,由此AlSi可扩散进入辊底式炉的陶瓷-辊中。这会导致提早的辊破裂。
由文件US 2016/0122889 A1已知一种用于由柔性地轧制的带状材料制造产品的方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种用于制造热成型的且压硬化的钢板构件的钢基质,借助于其在自动化的批量生产方面改善热成型方法。
该目的通过权利要求1或9的特征来实现。本发明的优选的改进方案在从属权利要求中公开。
在本发明中将防氧化层作为薄层施加到钢基质上,亦即借助于合适的物理的气相-离析方法。物理的气相-离析-方法优选地可实现为PVD过程,或者备选地为热蒸发或JVD过程(喷射蒸汽沉积)。接下来仅示例性地特别参照PVD过程来说明本发明,在其中施加PVD层。然而应强调的是,本发明不限于PVD过程。
如此根据权利要求1的特征部分,防氧化剂不再实现为AlSi层,而是构造为PVD薄层,其在热处理步骤之前在PVD覆层步骤中可蒸发到钢基质上。PVD薄层可具有与AlSi层相比显著减少的层厚,其已在0.1μm至5μm的范围中防止钢基质的空气接触(和因此氧化皮形成)。此外,强烈减少的层厚导致在热处理炉中显著减少的扩散持续时间,在其中PVD薄层扩散进入钢基质中。
对于常见的AlSi层在达到奥氏体化温度之后示例性地需要例如45至60s的扩散时间,以便确保层构造。与此相对,对于根据本发明的PVD薄层(由于更小的扩散路径)扩散时间减少至几秒。以该方式热处理步骤可在辊底式炉(Rollenherdorfen)中以总体上强烈减少的过程持续时间实现。
可将PVD薄层在PVD-设备中在一侧或两侧施加到钢基质上。
根据本发明PVD-薄层应用为防氧化层尤其对于钢基质是有利的,其与用于制造高-和/或最高强度的钢板构件的原料-质量等级相关联。在硬化状态中,其抗拉强度处于Rm>1400MPa,优选地Rm>1700MPa,尤其Rm>1800MPa。示例性地,钢基质可以是22MnB5、34MnB5或36MnB5。
由于与传统的AlSi层相比强烈减少的层厚,在PVD薄层的情况中对于H2流出必需的时间强烈减少,以低于H2含量的关键的极限值。由此在热处理步骤之后有利于H2流出,在其中减少在钢基质中储存的氢的份额,亦即不提供在过程技术上耗费的附加措施。因此可在无附加措施(例如退火)的情况下减少在将制成的热成型钢板件安装(Verbau)在车辆车身中时H2引起的裂纹形成的风险。在该背景下,本发明特别与用于制造高-和/或最高强度的钢板构件的原料-质量等级的钢基质相结合是有利的,其敏感地、也就是以H2引起的裂纹形成对H2脆化起反应。
作为用于制造PVD薄层的覆层材料可应用任何合适的金属或非金属,尤其铝、锌、铁以及元素和氧化物的特殊合金(也就是ZnxOy、AlxMgy、AlxFey、ZnxFey)。此外,PVD薄层可以是多层的覆层系统的组成部分,其具有至少一个第一PVD薄层和第二PVD薄层。这两个PVD薄层可具有不同的覆层材料。除了这样的多层的结构之外,反应性的覆层也是可能的。
在PVD设备中,将覆层材料从气相蒸发到钢基质上并且在那里在形成PVD薄层的情况下冷凝。如果在PVD覆层步骤之后跟随有后处理步骤(在其中改善各种过程特性或再加工特性),是优选的。后处理步骤优选地在过程技术上前置于真正的热成型过程。示例性地,覆层材料在PVD覆层步骤中可应用铝。在该情况中后处理步骤可实现为阳极氧化步骤,在其中由PVD薄层(由铝构成)来产生氧化铝层。
备选于此,在后处理步骤中可进行热处理,在其中通过热作用将PVD薄层熔融。因此已在辊底式炉中热处理之前实现预扩散。对于预扩散,通过热作用将PVD薄层熔融成熔化相,其至少部分地或完全地扩散进入钢基质中。因此在辊底式炉中真正的热处理步骤中仅进行再扩散,在其中使还未扩散进入的PVD薄层扩散进入钢基质中。
在预扩散时制成合金的层的熔点可有利地提高。这导致在热成型过程中液态相形成的减少。在极端情况中,制成合金的层的熔化温度已在通过炉之前处于在辊底式炉中的热处理温度之上。
在上述后处理步骤中所产生的预扩散的PVD薄层此外(至少在从铝转变成铝-铁时)导致钢基质的(与还未扩散的PVD薄层相比)更高的散发系数(Emissionskoeffizient)(也就是更暗的层使加热加速)。
为了提供对于自动化的批量生产合适的过程顺序,如果钢基质是卷起的带状材料,是优选的。为了准备PVD覆层步骤可将卷起的带状材料在第一卷绕站中在制造方向上展开并且连续地引导通过PVD设备。在实现PVD覆层之后,可将带状材料在第二卷绕站中又卷起。可将卷起的且已覆层的带状材料运输至切割站(坯件切割设备或激光切割设备),在其中裁切板坯。使这些板坯在后置的挤压设备中经受热成型过程。
附图说明
接下来根据附图来说明本发明的实施例。
其中:
图1示出了框图,根据其来说明了用于薄覆层钢基质的热成型的过程路线;
图2以粗略示意图示出了PVD设备;
图3示出了显微图,其在横截面中示出在覆层步骤之后由现有技术已知的以AlSi层覆层的钢基质;以及
图4示出了显微图,其在横截面中示出在PVD覆层步骤之后根据本发明的以PVD薄层覆层的钢基质。
附图标记清单:
1 钢基质
3 覆层材料
5 PVD薄层
7 AlSi层
9 中间扩散层(Interdiffusionsschicht)
11、13 卷绕站
15 预处理站
17 第一覆层站
19 第二覆层站
21 后处理站
25 覆层室
27 坩埚
29 电子束
31 高功率-电子炮
33 气相
F 制造方向
I 覆层步骤
Ia 后处理步骤
II 切割步骤
III 热处理步骤
IV 置入步骤
V 成型步骤
VI 构件取出
VII 再加工步骤。
具体实施方式
接下来根据图1来阐述用于制造热成型的且压硬化的钢板件的基本过程顺序或过程路线。因此作为卷起的带状材料(卷圈)来提供还未覆层的钢基质1。使卷起的带状材料1经受PVD覆层步骤Ⅰ,其之后根据图2来详细说明。在PVD覆层步骤I中进行PVD覆层,在其中将覆层材料3(图2)在物理的气相离析(PVD)中作为PVD薄层5(图4)汽化蒸镀到钢基质1上。接着进行切割步骤II,在其中将现在被覆层的带状材料1在切割站II中裁切成板坯。接下来将板坯输送给真正的热成型过程,其在图1中通过过程步骤III至VII来表示。因此将以PVD薄层5覆层的板坯在热处理步骤III中例如在辊底式炉中热处理到超过奥氏体化温度Ac3。接着进行置入步骤IV,在其中将被热处理的板坯在热状态中置入成型工具中且在其中定心。之后执行压硬化步骤Ⅴ,在其中将板坯热成型并且冷却,亦即在形成钢板构件的情况下。在成型工具中将钢板构件冷却到取出温度。接着执行构件取出VI,在其中将钢板构件从热成型工具中取出。在最后的再加工步骤VII中进行钢板构件的再加工,例如修剪(Beschnitt)等。
图3(以及图4)示出显微图。在图3中示出在常见的热浸方法中被施加到钢基质1上的AlSi层7。其层厚s1显著大于在图3中示出的PVD薄层5中的层厚s2。在图3中,较高的熔池温度已在覆层步骤中导致扩散,在其中还液态的AlSi层7部分地扩散进入钢基质1中,亦即在形成上面提到的中间扩散层9的情况下。该中间扩散层9由Al-Fe和Si组成的中间金属相构成。
如由图4所得悉的那样,在覆层步骤I中施加到钢基质1上的PVD薄层5具有层厚s2,其处于0.1μm与5μm之间。应强调的是,在PVD覆层步骤I中未构造中间扩散层9,亦即与在标准-热浸过程中热浸提炼的钢基质1相对,如其在图3中所示。
根据本发明,PVD薄层5由于其较小的层厚s2在热处理步骤III中几乎突然地扩散进入钢基质1中。由此,根据本发明在热处理炉中必需的扩散时间仅为几秒(大约3至10s),亦即与2.5min的扩散时间相对,如其在以AlSi(图3)覆层的钢基质1中必需的那样。
在图1中通过虚线部分来表示备选的过程路线,在其中覆层步骤I在过程技术上后置有后处理步骤Ia位于之后,在其中可改善被覆层的钢基质1的过程特性。特别在应用铝作为覆层材料3用于PVD薄层5时,后处理步骤可以是阳极氧化步骤,在其中由PVD薄层5(由铝构成)来产生氧化铝层。
备选于此,可在后处理步骤Ia中进行预扩散,在其中通过热作用将PVD薄层5熔融成熔化相。在预扩散时制成合金的层的熔点可有利地提高。这导致在热成型过程中的液态相形成的减少。在极端情况中,在预扩散时制成合金的层的熔化温度已在通过炉之前处于辊底式炉中的热处理温度之上,由此避免在辊底式炉中弄脏辊。
如上所述,在后处理步骤Ia中已在执行热成型过程(步骤III至VII)之前使PVD薄层5预扩散到钢基质1中。由此在钢基质1中出现(与还未扩散的PVD薄层相比)更大的散发系数(至少在从铝转变成铝-铁时),也就是说钢基质1更暗。相应附加地使在辊底式炉中的加热加速。
根据图2接下来粗略示意性地来说明PVD设备的构造和功能方式,借助于其可执行覆层步骤I,在其中示例性地仅在一侧覆层。PVD设备在图1中具有卷绕站11、预处理站15、第一覆层站17、第二覆层站19、后处理站21以及第二卷绕站13,其在制造方向F上彼此串联。
为了准备PVD覆层步骤I,将带状材料1在第一卷绕站11中展开并且在制造方向F上连续地引导到预处理站15中且进一步到这两个覆层站17和19中。第一覆层站17具有排空的覆层室25,在其中布置有两个坩埚27。在坩埚27中的每个中以固定的形状布置覆层材料3的初始成分。通过以来自高功率-电子炮31的电子束29照射,将覆层材料3蒸发成气相33。接着将气态的材料输送给带状材料1,在那里其在形成PVD薄层5的情况下冷凝。后置的第二覆层站19相同地来构建,除了仅仅唯一的带有覆层材料3的坩埚27定位在覆层室25中。紧接第二覆层站19,将被覆层的带状材料引导到后处理站21中并且进一步到第二卷绕站13中。在第二卷绕站13中将被覆层的带状材料又卷起。接着将卷起的带状材料运输至切割站II,在切割站中其被裁切成板坯,使板坯经受另外的热成型过程(过程步骤III至VII)。
借助于针对性的控制可设立特定的、针对性的化学计量,例如带有不同镁含量的铝-镁。

Claims (16)

1.一种用于在热成型方法中制造热成形的且压硬化的钢板构件的钢基质,在所述热成型方法中在热处理步骤(III)中将所述钢基质(1)热处理到超过奥氏体化温度Ac3,在置入步骤(IV)中将被热处理的所述钢基质(1)置入成型工具中并且在压硬化步骤(V)中将所述钢基质(1)热成型且冷却,亦即在形成所述钢板构件的情况下,其中,所述钢基质(1),尤其可硬化的、含碳的、含硼的和/或含锰的调质钢,以防氧化层(5)来覆层,其特征在于,所述防氧化层(5)是薄层,其在所述热处理步骤(III)之前在覆层步骤(I)中能够施加到所述钢基质(1)上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的钢基质,其特征在于,在物理的气相-离析方法中施加所述薄层。
3.根据权利要求2所述的钢基质,其特征在于,所述物理的气相-离析方法是热蒸发、PVD过程或JVD过程。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3所述的钢基质,其特征在于,所述薄层(5)具有小于5μm的层厚(s),并且/或者尤其所述层厚(s)大于0.1μm。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的钢基质,其特征在于,所述钢基质(1)与用于制造钢板件的原料-质量等级相关联,其抗拉强度在硬化状态中处于Rm>1400MPa,尤其22MnB5。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的钢基质,其特征在于,所述钢基质(1)与用于制造高-和/或最高强度的钢板件的原料-质量等级相关联,其抗拉强度在硬化状态中处于Rm>1700MPa、尤其Rm>1800MPa,并且/或者所述钢基质尤其是带有碳含量>0.22%重量百分数的含锰的调质钢,例如34MnB5或36MnB5。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的钢基质,其特征在于,用于制造所述薄层(5)的覆层材料(3)是任何合适的金属或非金属,尤其铝、锌、铁以及氧化物和元素的特殊合金(也就是ZnxOy、AlxFey、AlxMgy、ZnxFey)。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的钢基质,其特征在于,所述薄层(5)是多层的覆层系统的组成部分,其具有至少一个第一薄层和第二薄层,并且尤其所述第一薄层和第二薄层具有不同的覆层材料(3)。
9.一种用于制造热成型的且压硬化的钢板构件的热成型方法,在其中在覆层步骤(I)中以防氧化层(5)将钢基质(1)覆层,在热处理步骤(III)中将被覆层的所述钢基质(1)热处理到超过奥氏体化温度Ac3,在置入步骤(IV)中将被热处理的所述钢基质(1)置入成型工具中并且在压硬化步骤(V)中将所述钢基质(1)热成型且冷却,亦即在形成所述钢板构件的情况下,其特征在于,在所述覆层步骤(I)中进行覆层,在其中将至少一个覆层材料(3)作为薄层(5)汽化蒸镀到所述钢基质(1)上。
10.根据权利要求9所述的热成型方法,其特征在于,在物理的气相-离析方法中施加所述薄层。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的热成型方法,其特征在于,所述覆层步骤(I)在过程技术上直接后置有后处理步骤(Ia),在其中改善过程特性和/或使用特性。
12.根据权利要求9、10或11所述的热成型方法,其特征在于,应用铝作为覆层材料(3),并且/或者所述后处理步骤(Ia)是阳极氧化步骤,在其中从由铝构成的所述薄层(5)来产生氧化铝层。
13.根据权利要求12所述的热成型方法,其特征在于,在所述后处理步骤(Ia)中通过热作用将所述薄层(5)熔融,由此进行预扩散,在其中所述薄层(5)至少部分地扩散进入所述钢基质(1)中,并且/或者尤其在所述热处理步骤(III)中进行再扩散,在其中使所述薄层(5)的还未扩散进入的剩余-覆层材料进一步扩散进入所述钢基质(1)中。
14.根据权利要求8至11中任一项所述的热成型方法,其特征在于,作为带状材料来提供所述钢基质(1),并且将所述带状材料在切割站(II)、尤其激光切割设备或坯件切割设备中裁切成板坯,其接着被输送给所述热成型过程(III至VII),并且尤其所述覆层步骤(I)在切割步骤(II)之前进行。
15.根据权利要求14所述的热成型方法,其特征在于,为了预备所述覆层步骤(I)将所述带状材料在第一卷绕站(11)中展开,并且在制造方向(F)上引导通过覆层设备,并且在实现覆层之后将所述带状材料在第二卷绕站(13)中又卷起,并且将被卷起的、已覆层的所述带状材料在所述切割站(II)中裁切成所述板坯。
16.根据权利要求9至15中任一项所述的热成型方法,其特征在于,在所述覆层过程中利用不同的热源用于所述覆层材料的蒸发,例如电子束-蒸发、激光-蒸发、热蒸发等。
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