CN111302322A - 一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111302322A CN111302322A CN202010116756.8A CN202010116756A CN111302322A CN 111302322 A CN111302322 A CN 111302322A CN 202010116756 A CN202010116756 A CN 202010116756A CN 111302322 A CN111302322 A CN 111302322A
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- lithium vanadium
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- QRVIVVYHHBRVQU-UHFFFAOYSA-H [Li+].[V+5].[O-]P([O-])(F)=O.[O-]P([O-])(F)=O.[O-]P([O-])(F)=O Chemical compound [Li+].[V+5].[O-]P([O-])(F)=O.[O-]P([O-])(F)=O.[O-]P([O-])(F)=O QRVIVVYHHBRVQU-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 13
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- NWZSZGALRFJKBT-KNIFDHDWSA-N (2s)-2,6-diaminohexanoic acid;(2s)-2-hydroxybutanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O.NCCCC[C@H](N)C(O)=O NWZSZGALRFJKBT-KNIFDHDWSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrazine monohydrate Substances O.NN IKDUDTNKRLTJSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 5
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WBIQQQGBSDOWNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1S(O)(=O)=O WBIQQQGBSDOWNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910003206 NH4VO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960000686 benzalkonium chloride Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[NH+](C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 CADWTSSKOVRVJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960004106 citric acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940060296 dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960001031 glucose Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940033355 lauric acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium sulfate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O INHCSSUBVCNVSK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940116315 oxalic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PBWZKZYHONABLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)F PBWZKZYHONABLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DOTMOQHOJINYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N molecular nitrogen;molecular oxygen Chemical compound N#N.O=O DOTMOQHOJINYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CSUFEOXMCRPQBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(F)(F)C(O)(F)F CSUFEOXMCRPQBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminum fluoride Inorganic materials F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910004713 HPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910011140 Li2C2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Li2O Inorganic materials [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001323 Li2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001216 Li2S Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910010951 LiH2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910012985 LiVO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017677 NH4H2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017665 NH4HF2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017673 NH4PF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021551 Vanadium(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium fluoride Chemical compound [NH4+].[F-] LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001634 calcium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M dilithium;hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[OH-] XUCJHNOBJLKZNU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
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- 229940071264 lithium citrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium citrate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O WJSIUCDMWSDDCE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitride Chemical compound [Li]N([Li])[Li] IDBFBDSKYCUNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LZWQNOHZMQIFBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;2-methylpropan-2-olate Chemical compound [Li+].CC(C)(C)[O-] LZWQNOHZMQIFBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N phenyl(114C)methanol Chemical compound O[14CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- HQYCOEXWFMFWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-K vanadium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[V+3] HQYCOEXWFMFWLR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- UUUGYDOQQLOJQA-UHFFFAOYSA-L vanadyl sulfate Chemical compound [V+2]=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O UUUGYDOQQLOJQA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000352 vanadyl sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/455—Phosphates containing halogen
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/582—Halogenides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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Abstract
一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备方法,其化学式为:LixVPO4F1‑yOyHz/C,0<x≤1.5,0≤y<1,0≤z≤y;制备方法为:一、在混合均匀的醇类溶剂A中加入磷源,水浴加热至恒温,在高速搅拌;二、在搅拌过程中,加入酸类添加剂B,分别按照摩尔体积分数0.001~2mol/L加入钒源、锂源和氟源,再加入酸类添加剂C,继续恒温搅拌;三、将混合溶液转移到高压反应釜中,保温10~40h,过滤、洗涤、烘干、研磨;四、在气氛下热处理0.1~4h,研磨过筛得到目标材料粉末LixVPO4F1‑yOyHz/C;本发明工艺简单、操作简便,可规模生产结构稳定、性能优异的高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂材料,加快氟磷酸钒锂系列材料的实际应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及锂电池正极材料技术领域,特别涉及一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
面对全球日渐短缺的能源危机和日益严峻的环境污染,可充电锂电池在高效环保能源存储领域展示出巨大的技术潜力和广阔的市场前景。作为一种绿色电源,相比电容器、铅酸电池和燃料电池等其它电能存储装置,可充电锂电池兼具能量密度高、充放电速度快、循环寿命长、能量转换效率高、安全性好、使用温度范围宽、自放电率低和价格便宜等优点,在便携式电子设备、电动工具、电动交通(含电动汽车和电动自行车)、医疗健康、航天航空、军事国防、智能电网和电站储能等领域具有广阔的应用前景,对于节约高效使用能源和促进环境保护具有重要的战略意义【Nature Energy,2017,2(8),17108;Nature ReviewsMaterials,2016,1(4),16013;Nature Chemistry,2015,7(1),19-29;Energy Science&Engineering,2015,3(5),385-418.】。
可充电锂电池主要由正极、负极、隔膜、电解质和外壳等部分组成。其中,正极作为锂离子的来源和载体,对电池的整体性能和价格成本起着决定性作用【Materials Today,2016,19(2),109-123;Chemical Society Reviews,2014,43(1),185-204;ChemicalReviews,2004,104(10),4271-4301.】。聚阴离子型LiVPO4F是一种近年才提出的新型正极材料,具有工作电位高(4.2V,vs.Li/Li+,下同)、理论比容量高(156mAh/g)和能量密度高(667Wh/Kg)等优点【Advanced Materials,2017,29(44),1701972;化工新型材料,2014,42(9),1-3;Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2003,150(10),A1394-A1398】。更重要的是,由于F-与PO4 3-的相互作用,LiVPO4F的晶体结构也更加稳定,其热力学稳定性比LiFePO4还要优异【Journal of Power Sources,2015,273,1250-1255;ElectrochemistryCommunications,2009,11(3),589-591】,是目前已报道的安全性最好的可充电锂电池正极材料。因此,LiVPO4F被视为LiFePO4的升级换代材料,在先进可充锂电池特别是动力电池领域具有巨大的市场潜力。此外,我国钒资源储量位居世界前列,开发、生产和利用LiVPO4F正极材料具有得天独厚的自然条件和成本优势。
J.B.Barker【Journal of the Electrochemical Society,2003,150(10),A1394-A1398】等人最早采用两步碳热还原法制备了LiVPO4F。为了进一步提高LiVPO4F的导电率,改善其实际电化学性能,研究人员在两步碳热还原法合成的基础上,不断尝试采用多种技术方法对LiVPO4F进行改性研究。此外,李宇展【Journal of Power Sources,2006,160(1),633-637.】等人较早通过溶胶凝胶法制备LiVPO4F。溶胶凝胶法成相均匀,但制备周期较长,且干燥过程中收缩较大,工艺相对复杂。更重要的是,所制备得到的LiVPO4F电学性能一般,且其充放电曲线与固相法制备的LiVPO4F有所不同,相关机制尚不清楚。
面向高性能LiVPO4F在电动汽车等领域的实际应用,如何在保持高安全、高容量、快充放、长寿命、宽工况的同时,显著提升材料的振实密度,获得高能量密度和高功率密度的LiVPO4F目前在学术和产业界鲜有报道。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术的缺陷,本发明的目的在于提供一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料及其制备方法,设计和调控溶剂热合成制备条件,有效控制了氟磷酸钒锂电池材料的颗粒形貌和尺寸大小,获得了紧密堆积的多孔球形氟磷酸钒锂,具有高振实密度,并展示出优良的电池性能,是一种非常有理论价值和市场前景的高能量密度、高功率密度锂电池正极材料;本发明工艺简单、操作简便,可规模生产结构稳定、性能优异的高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂材料,加快氟磷酸钒锂系列材料的实际应用,助推高安全、高性能可充锂电池的生产、制造、发展及其在电子设备、电动汽车和电站储能等领域的广泛深入应用。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案为:
一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料,其化学式为:
LixVPO4F1-yOyHz/C,0<x≤1.5,0≤y<1,0≤z≤y。
一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
一、在混合均匀的溶剂A中加入摩尔体积分数0.001~2mol/L的磷源,水浴加热至30~100℃恒温,在500~1500rpm的转速下高速搅拌0~6h;
二、在搅拌过程中,加入质量分数0~30%的添加剂B,分别按照摩尔体积分数0.001~2mol/L加入钒源、锂源和氟源,再加入质量分数0~40%的添加剂C,继续恒温搅拌0.5~12h;
三、将混合溶液转移到高压反应釜中,在100~300℃下保温10~40h,过滤、洗涤、烘干、研磨;
四、在气氛下100~800℃热处理0.1~4h,研磨过筛得到目标材料粉末LixVPO4F1- yOyHz/C。
所述的质量分数、摩尔体积分数均是按照原料总量计。
所述的范围加入量不包括0。
所述的溶剂A包括H2O,甲醇,乙醇,丙酮,甲酸,乙酸,乙酸乙酯,二氯甲烷,正己烷,乙醚,苯甲醇,乙二醇,丙三醇,苯乙烯,三乙醇胺,碳酸二甲酯中的一种或多种任意比例的混合物。
所述的磷源包括H3PO4,NH4H2PO4,(NH4)2HPO4,(NH4)4P2O7,P2O5,磷酸三乙酯,H3PO3,H4P2O7,NH4H2PO2,H9N2O3P中的一种或多种任意比例的混合物。
所述的添加剂B包括柠檬酸,葡萄糖,蔗糖,草酸,抗坏血酸,十二烷基苯磺酸,月桂酸,苯扎氯铵,卵磷脂,十六烷三甲基溴化铵,水合肼中的一种或多种任意比例的混合物。
所述的钒源包括V2O5,VO2,V2O3,NH4VO3,C2O5V,VCl3,VOCl3,VOSO4,VPO4,VOF3中的一种或多种任意比例的混合物。
所述的锂源包括Li2CO3,LiOH,LiF,Li2O,Li2O2,Li2C2O4,LiC3H5O3,LiC2H3O2,LiCH3O,LiC2H5O,Li3PO4,LiH2PO4,LiCl,Li2SO4,Li2S,Li3N,LiNO3,LiPF6,LiVO3,柠檬酸锂,醋酸锂,叔丁醇锂中的一种或多种任意比例混合物。
所述的氟源包括NH4F,NH4HF2,NH4PF6,HF,LiF,LiPF6,HPF6,LiBF4,NaF,KF,CaF2,AlF3,二氟乙酸、四氟丙醇、七氟丁酸中的一种或多种任意比例混合物。
所述的添加剂C包括柠檬酸,葡萄糖,蔗糖,草酸,抗坏血酸,十二烷基苯磺酸,月桂酸,苯扎氯铵,卵磷脂,十六烷三甲基溴化铵,水合肼,PTFE,PVDF,淀粉,碳黑,石墨,乙炔黑,导电炭黑,碳纳米管,碳纤维,石墨烯中的一种或多种任意比例混合物。
所述的气氛包括氮气、氮氧混合气、氩气或氢氩混合气。
本发明具有以下技术效果:
将本发明所制备的LixVPO4F1-yOyHz粉末、导电剂、粘结剂,按照质量比(7~9.8):(0.1~2):(0.1~1)在NMP中混料制浆,均匀地涂覆在铝箔集流体上,烘干、辊轧、裁片后得到实验电池正极,并以金属锂为负极,以聚丙烯微孔膜为隔膜,采用1M EC/EMC/DMC(1:1:1,v/v/v)为电解液装配实验电池,在充放电测试平台上测试其电化学性能。
本发明设计和调控溶剂热合成技术制备了一系列高密度的球形氟磷酸钒锂材料,展示出较高的可逆比容量和综合性能,有助于显著提升LiVPO4F的能量密度和功率密度,是一种非常有理论价值和市场前景的实用化高性能锂电池正极材料,可进一步加快LiVPO4F系列材料的工业化生产和产业化应用进程,促进高安全、高能量、高功率可充锂电池的制造和应用。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例一高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂的SEM图像。
图2为本发明实施例二高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂的XRD图谱。
图3为本发明实施例二高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂与其它LiVPO4F的振实密度。
图4为本发明实施例三高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂的充放电曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明做详细叙述。
实施例一:
本实施例一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料,其化学式为:
Li1.2VPO4F0.8O0.2/C。
本实例一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
一、在混合均匀的溶剂A中加入摩尔体积分数0.02mol/L的磷源,水浴加热至60℃恒温,在800rpm的转速下高速搅拌0.5h。
二、在搅拌过程中,加入质量分数10%的添加剂B,分别按照摩尔体积分数0.018mol/L、0.04mol/L和0.02mol/L加入钒源、锂源和氟源,再加入质量分数30%的添加剂C,继续恒温搅拌1h。
三、将混合溶液转移到高压反应釜中,在220℃下保温20h,过滤、洗涤、烘干、研磨。
四、在气氛下600℃热处理0.5h,研磨过筛得到目标材料粉末Li1.2VPO4F0.8O0.2/C。
所述的溶剂A为H2O,乙醇和乙二醇按照体积比2:2:1的混合物。
所述的磷源为H3PO4。
所述的添加剂B为十六烷三甲基溴化铵和水合肼按照质量比9:1的混合物。
所述的钒源为NH4VO3。
所述的锂源为LiF和Li2O按照摩尔比4:3的混合物。
所述的氟源为LiF与HF按照摩尔比8:1的混合物。
所述的添加剂C为柠檬酸与PTFE按照质量比8:2的混合物。
所述的气氛为体积比92:8的氮氧混合气。
图1为本发明实施例一高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂的SEM图像。样品颗粒形貌为直径约10~15um的圆球,表面具有一定量的微裂纹和孔隙等多孔结构,有利于电解液向球状颗粒内部浸润。球形氟磷酸钒锂颗粒表面整体较为光滑,部分表面存在微小颗粒物,疑为残余碳颗粒。
实施例二:
本实施例一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料,其化学式为:
LiVPO4F/C。
本实例一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
一、在混合均匀的溶剂A中加入摩尔体积分数0.04mol/L的磷源,水浴加热至50℃恒温,在700rpm的转速下高速搅拌0.5h。
二、在搅拌过程中,加入质量分数15%的添加剂B,分别按照摩尔体积分数0.04mol/L、0.12mol/L、0.05mol/L加入钒源、锂源和氟源,再加入质量分数30%的添加剂C,继续恒温搅拌0.8h。
三、将混合溶液转移到高压反应釜中,在180℃下保温25h,过滤、洗涤、烘干、研磨。
四、在气氛下750℃热处理2h,研磨过筛得到目标材料粉末LiVPO4F/C。
所述的溶剂A为H2O,乙醇和乙二醇按照体积比2:2:0.5的混合物。
所述的磷源为NH4H2PO4。
所述的添加剂B为十六烷三甲基溴化铵与蔗糖按照质量比8:2的混合物。
所述的钒源为V2O5。
所述的锂源为LiF和Li2CO3按照摩尔比1:1的混合物。
所述的氟源为LiF和二氟乙酸按照摩尔比8:1的混合物。
所述的添加剂C为柠檬酸和炭黑按照质量比2:1的混合物。
所述的气氛为氩氢混合气。
图2为本发明实施例二高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂的XRD图谱。XRD测试结果与LiVPO4F的标准卡片及文献报道完全相符【The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,2016,120(46),26187-26198】。图3对比了本发明实施例二高密度球形LiVPO4F与其它LiVPO4F的振实密度。本发明设计和调控溶剂热合成方法所制备的LiVPO4F具有高达1.87g/cm3的振实密度,为该类材料目前所报道的最高振实密度。
实施例三:
本实施例一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料,其化学式为:
LiVPO4F0.9(OH)0.1/C。
一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
一、在混合均匀的溶剂A中加入摩尔体积分数0.06mol/L的磷源,水浴加热至55℃恒温,在900rpm的转速下高速搅拌0.4h。
二、在搅拌过程中,加入质量分数6%的添加剂B,分别按照摩尔体积分数0.06mol/L、0.18mol/L和0.06mol/L加入钒源、锂源和氟源,再加入质量分数15%的添加剂C,继续恒温搅拌0.8h。
三、将混合溶液转移到高压反应釜中,在220℃下保温16h,过滤、洗涤、烘干、研磨。
四、在气氛下550℃热处理0.2h,研磨过筛得到目标材料粉末LiVPO4F0.9(OH)0.1/C。
所述的溶剂A为H2O,乙醇和丙三醇按照体积比1:1:0.2的混合物。
所述的磷源为H3PO4和磷酸三乙酯按照摩尔比9:1的混合物。
所述的添加剂B为十六烷三甲基溴化铵和水合肼按照质量比9:1的混合物。
所述的钒源为NH4VO3和VPO4按照摩尔比95:5的混合物。
所述的锂源为LiOH和LiF按照摩尔比1:2的混合物。
所述的氟源为LiF。
所述的添加剂C为柠檬酸与氧化石墨烯按照质量比7:1的混合物。
所述的气氛为氮气。
图4为本发明实施例三高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂在2.5~4.6V电位窗、0.1C倍率下的充放电曲线。位于4.21V和4.25V的充电平台和4.19V的放电平台很好地对应了LiVPO4F的氧化还原充放电电位【Chemistry of Materials,2015,27(15),5212-5221】。其首圈充电比容量约为166mAh/g,放电比容量约为141mAh/g,首次库仑效率约为85%,居于文献报道先进水平。
Claims (7)
1.一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料,其特征在于,其化学式为:
LixVPO4F1-yOyHz/C,0<x≤1.5,0≤y<1,0≤z≤y。
2.一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
一、在混合均匀的溶剂A中加入摩尔体积分数0.001~2mol/L的磷源,水浴加热至30~100℃恒温,在500~1500rpm的转速下高速搅拌0~6h;
二、在搅拌过程中,加入质量分数0~30%的添加剂B,分别按照摩尔体积分数0.001~2mol/L加入钒源、锂源和氟源,再加入质量分数0~40%的添加剂C,继续恒温搅拌0.5~12h;
三、将混合溶液转移到高压反应釜中,在100~300℃下保温10~40h,过滤、洗涤、烘干、研磨;
四、在气氛下100~800℃热处理0.1~4h,研磨过筛得到目标材料粉末LixVPO4F1-yOyHz/C;
所述的质量分数、摩尔体积分数均是按照原料总量计;
所述的范围加入量不包括0;
所述的溶剂A包括H2O,甲醇,乙醇,丙酮,甲酸,乙酸,乙酸乙酯,二氯甲烷,正己烷,乙醚,苯甲醇,乙二醇,丙三醇,苯乙烯,三乙醇胺,碳酸二甲酯中的一种或多种任意比例的混合物;
所述的添加剂B包括柠檬酸,葡萄糖,蔗糖,草酸,抗坏血酸,十二烷基苯磺酸,月桂酸,苯扎氯铵,卵磷脂,十六烷三甲基溴化铵,水合肼中的一种或多种任意比例的混合物;
所述的添加剂C包括柠檬酸,葡萄糖,蔗糖,草酸,抗坏血酸,十二烷基苯磺酸,月桂酸,苯扎氯铵,卵磷脂,十六烷三甲基溴化铵,水合肼,PTFE,PVDF,淀粉,碳黑,石墨,乙炔黑,导电炭黑,碳纳米管,碳纤维,石墨烯中的一种或多种任意比例混合物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述的磷源包括H3PO4,NH4H2PO4,(NH4)2HPO4,(NH4)4P2O7,P2O5,磷酸三乙酯,H3PO3,H4P2O7,NH4H2PO2,H9N2O3P中的一种或多种任意比例的混合物。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述的钒源包括V2O5,VO2,V2O3,NH4VO3,C2O5V,VCl3,VOCl3,VOSO4,VPO4,VOF3中的一种或多种任意比例的混合物。
5.根据权利要求2所述的一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述的锂源包括Li2CO3,LiOH,LiF,Li2O,Li2O2,Li2C2O4,LiC3H5O3,LiC2H3O2,LiCH3O,LiC2H5O,Li3PO4,LiH2PO4,LiCl,Li2SO4,Li2S,Li3N,LiNO3,LiPF6,LiVO3,柠檬酸锂,醋酸锂,叔丁醇锂中的一种或多种任意比例混合物。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述的氟源包括NH4F,NH4HF2,NH4PF6,HF,LiF,LiPF6,HPF6,LiBF4,NaF,KF,CaF2,AlF3,二氟乙酸、四氟丙醇、七氟丁酸中的一种或多种任意比例混合物。
7.根据权利要求2所述的一种高密度球形氟磷酸钒锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述的气氛包括氮气、氮氧混合气、氩气和氢氩混合气。
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