CN111264696A - 一种中草药添加剂在改善猪的肉中脂肪酸组成和提高抗炎症、抗应激功能中的应用 - Google Patents
一种中草药添加剂在改善猪的肉中脂肪酸组成和提高抗炎症、抗应激功能中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及家畜养殖技术领域，具体涉及一种中草药添加剂在改善猪的肉中脂肪酸组成和提高抗炎症、抗应激功能中的应用。本发明发现由连翘苷元、连翘苷、连翘兰A和连翘酯苷A复配组成的中草药添加剂能够有效改善猪的肉中脂肪酸的组成，同时降低眼肌亮度，进而显著提高肉品质；此外，该中草药添加剂还能够显著提高猪的抗应激和抗炎症功能。本发明提供的含有连翘提取物活性成分的中草药添加剂的新功能为猪肉中脂肪酸组成的改善提供了新方法，为提高生长肥育猪的抗病力以及生长和生产性能提供了新思路，为解决生长肥育猪的生产关键问题提供可行性方案，具有良好的市场应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及家畜养殖技术领域，具体涉及一种中草药添加剂在改善猪的肉中脂肪酸组成和提高抗炎症、抗应激功能中的应用。
背景技术
近年来，在家畜日粮中添加抗生素促生长剂逐渐受到限制，因此，亟需寻求有效、稳定和安全的饲料级抗生素的替代品，以促进家畜的生长性能、预防疾病。天然中草药饲料添加剂作为抗生素促生长剂的替代品引起了广泛关注。许多中草药及其提取物对于家畜具有抗氧化、抗菌和促进生长等作用，因此可被用作饲料添加剂。中草药提取物对家畜的有益作用可能来自饲料摄入量的增加和消化酶分泌的活化，免疫刺激以及抗细菌，抗球虫，抗病毒和抗氧化等作用。
连翘(拉丁学名：Forsythia suspensa)是双子叶植物纲、捩花目、木樨科、连翘属落叶灌木，具有较高的药用价值。连翘提取物中含有的主要活性成分是连翘酯苷，它是一种存在于连翘果实中的苯乙醇类物质，也是非常重要的天然活性物质，具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎和抗氧化等功效。研究表明，连翘提取物参与动物机体多种生理学功能及代谢过程，可以促进小肠上皮细胞增殖、改善断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率、提高机体抗氧化能力和免疫机能，促进肠道健康等。
中国专利CN 108041273A公开了一种用于育肥猪的中草药复合饲料添加剂，其组成为：秋葵提取物40-60份、连翘提取物30-40份、甘牛至粉1-10份、维生素E 0.1-1份、维生素C 0.1-1份、复合酶制剂0.1-1份、植酸酶0.1-1份、酵母铬0.05-0.2份、无水葡萄糖5-10份、麦芽糊精粉5-20份，能够有效提高日粮中干物质、能量、蛋白质的消化率，提高饲料转化率、平均日增重量和胴体瘦肉率，降低料肉比和背脂厚度，改善回肠营养物质的表观消化率，并促进胃液分泌。中国专利CN110613054A公开了一种哺乳母猪用的中草药添加剂，其组成为：连翘苷元15-17份，连翘苷80-85份，连翘兰A 40-45份，连翘酯苷A 15-20份；该中草药添加剂特别适用于哺乳母猪(妊娠107天-哺乳21天)，能够提高其泌乳性能、抗氧化和免疫功能。目前尚没有关于连翘或其提取物在改善猪的肉中脂肪酸组成、提高肉品质、抗炎症和抗应激功能方面的研究报道。
发明内容
为解决现有技术中的技术问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种含有连翘提取物的中草药添加剂在改善猪的肉中脂肪酸组成以及提高抗炎症和抗应激功能中的应用。
本发明所述的中草药添加剂包含活性成分，其活性成分由连翘提取物组成。
本发明所述的连翘提取物可通过以连翘为原料，采用本领域常规技术手段提取获得，或通过商业途径购买获得。所述连翘提取物可包含连翘活性成分中的一种或多种的混合物。
本发明提供中草药添加剂或含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料在改善猪的肉中脂肪酸组成中的应用，所述中草药添加剂的活性成分由连翘提取物组成。
本发明所述改善肉中脂肪酸的组成具体可为提高C20:5n3的含量、提高饱和脂肪酸与多不饱和脂肪酸的比值(SFA/PUFA)以及降低n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值(n-6PUFA/n-3PUFA)中的一种或多种。
本发明提供中草药添加剂或含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料在提高猪的肉品质中的应用。
具体地，本发明所述提高猪的肉品质表现为降低猪的眼肌亮度。
眼肌的亮度是肉品质的衡量的指标之一，眼肌亮度的降低标志着猪肉的储存时间延长，猪肉的抗氧化和抗白肌肉(PSE肉)的能力提高。
本发明还提供中草药添加剂或含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料在提高猪的抗应激功能中的应用，所述中草药添加剂的活性成分由连翘提取物组成。
本发明还提供中草药添加剂或含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料在提高猪的抗炎症功能中的应用，所述中草药添加剂的活性成分由连翘提取物组成。
本发明还提供中草药添加剂或含有中草药添加剂的饲料在提高高猪对脂肪的利用能力中的应用。
具体地，所述提高猪对脂肪的利用率表现为提高血清中高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的含量和/或降低血清中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的含量。
本发明发现含有连翘提取物中的4种活性成分：连翘苷元、连翘苷、连翘兰A和连翘酯苷A的中草药添加剂能够显著改善猪的肉中脂肪酸组成，降低猪的眼肌亮度，进而有效改善肉品质；同时，该中药添加剂还可通过调控猪体内皮质醇的含量以及炎症相关细胞因子的水平显著提高猪的抗应激和抗炎症功能并提高其对脂肪的利用能力。
本发明所述的中草药添加剂的活性成分优选包括如下组分(按重量份计)：连翘苷元15-20份，连翘苷80-85份，连翘兰A 40-45份，连翘酯苷A 15-20份。连翘苷元、连翘苷、连翘兰A和连翘酯苷A以上述比例复配使用，各组分之间能够更好地协同作用，更好地发挥改善猪的肉中脂肪酸组成，提高猪肉品质以及猪的抗炎症、抗应激和脂肪利用能力的作用。
本发明所述的中草药添加剂在应用时，在饲料中的添加量为15-18mg/kg饲料。优选15-16mg/kg饲料，更优选15.62mg/kg饲料。
在所述中草药添加剂的基础上，本发明通过对各种营养物质进行合理的调配，提供了能够更好地与所述中草药添加剂配合，促进其更好地发挥改善肉中脂肪酸组成、提高肉品质、抗应激、抗炎症和脂肪利用功能的饲料配方。本发明所述饲料除包括所述中草药添加剂外，优选还包括如下组分(按重量百分比计)：玉米80～85％、豆粕10～15％、大豆油0.3～0.6％，磷酸氢钙0.7～1.1％、石粉0.5～0.8％、食盐0.2～0.4％、L-赖氨酸盐酸盐0.2～0.4％、蛋氨酸0.01～0.03％、苏氨酸0.06～0.1％、色氨酸0.02～0.04％、三氧化二铬0.2～0.3％和预混料0.4～0.6％。
上述预混料的组分和含量优选为：每kg饲料中所述预混料的组分及其含量如下：维生素A，5000～5500IU；维生素D3，1800～2200IU；维生素E，17～18IU；维生素K3，1.4～1.8mg；维生素B1，0.6～1mg；维生素B2，3.5～4mg；维生素B6，1.4～1.8mg；维生素B12，8～12μg；烟酸，17～18mg；泛酸，8.5～9mg；叶酸，0.3～0.4mg；生物素，30～35μg；氯化胆碱，0.2～0.3g；铁，75～85mg；铜，14～16mg；锰，4～6mg；碘，0.1～0.3mg；硒，0.2～0.4mg。
作为本发明的优选方案，所述中草药添加剂由如下重量份的组分组成：连翘苷元17份，连翘苷82份，连翘兰A 41份和连翘酯苷A 17份。
所述饲料的配方如下：按重量百分比计，83.47％的玉米、13％的豆粕、0.49％的大豆油，0.83％的磷酸氢钙、0.72％的石粉、0.3％的食盐、0.31％的L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、0.02％的蛋氨酸、0.08％的苏氨酸、0.03％的色氨酸、0.25％的三氧化二铬和0.50％的预混料；其中，所述预混料具体配方为：每kg饲料中预混料的各组分及其含量如下：维生素A，5200IU；维生素D3，2000IU；维生素E，17.2IU；维生素K3，1.6mg；维生素B1，0.8mg；维生素B2，3.6mg；维生素B6，1.6mg；维生素B12，10μg；烟酸，17.6mg；泛酸，8.8mg；叶酸，0.38mg；生物素，32μg；氯化胆碱，0.24g；铁，80mg；铜，15mg；锰，5mg；碘，0.2mg；硒，0.3mg。
本发明提供的中草药添加剂和饲料特别适用于生长肥育猪，对于生长肥育猪能够发挥十分显著的改善肉中脂肪酸组成以及提高肉品质、抗应激、抗炎症和脂肪利用功能的作用。
综合考虑饲喂成本和效果，本发明所述的中草药添加剂的应用优选为在猪的生长后期采用含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料饲喂猪。
对于生长肥育猪而言，优选在生长肥育猪体重达到80～90kg开始直至出栏，连续采用含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料饲喂猪。
本发明的有益效果在于：本发明发现含有连翘提取物、尤其是由连翘苷元、连翘苷、连翘兰A和连翘酯苷A复配组成的中草药添加剂能够显著降低眼肌亮度进而显著提高肉品质；同时有效改善肉中脂肪酸的组成(提高C20:5n3的含量，饱和脂肪酸与多不饱和脂肪酸的比值并降低n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值)；此外，该中草药添加剂还能够显著提高猪的抗应激能力(显著降低了皮质醇含量)、抗炎症能力(显著降低了肿瘤坏死因子-α和白介素-1β含量)和猪对脂肪的利用率(高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量提高，低密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低)以及抗氧化(显著提高了血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量)和免疫功能(显著提高了血清总蛋白和免疫球蛋白G含量)。本发明提供的含有连翘提取物活性成分的中草药添加剂的新功能为猪肉中脂肪酸组成的改善、猪肉品质的提高提供了新方法，为提高生长肥育猪的抗病力和生长以及生产性能提供了新思路，为解决生长肥育猪的生产关键问题提供可行性方案，具有良好的市场应用前景。
具体实施方式
下面将结合实施例对本发明的优选实施方式进行详细说明。需要理解的是以下实施例的给出仅是为了起到说明的目的，并不是用于对本发明的范围进行限制。本领域的技术人员在不背离本发明的宗旨和精神的情况下，可以对本发明进行各种修改和替换。
下述实施例中所使用的实验方法如无特殊说明，均为常规方法。
下述实施例中所用的材料、试剂等，如无特殊说明，均可从商业途径得到。
实施例1中草药添加剂在猪养殖中的应用
选取64头初始体重约为85kg的生长肥育猪，按照性别和体重进行随机分组，共设置2个处理组(试验组和对照组)，每个处理8个重复，每个重复4头猪，其中4个重复全为公猪，另外4个重复全为母猪。
对照组：仅饲喂基础日粮饲料，不添加任何中草药添加剂。
试验组：按照15.62mg/kg基础日粮饲料的剂量添加中草药添加剂，饲喂含中草药添加剂的饲料，中草药添加剂的配方如下：连翘苷元17mg，连翘苷82mg，连翘兰A 41mg，连翘酯苷A 17mg；中草药添加剂的制备方法如下：
(1)连翘果实购自北京同仁堂药店，产地为中国陕西，取100g连翘干燥果实，粉碎成粉末，粉末用500mL的80％乙醇在超声清洗机(KQ5200DE，昆山市超声仪器有限公司，昆山，中国)超声1h，沉淀、过滤、收集提取液，重复三次；
(2)将步骤(1)中得到的三次提取液混合后用旋转蒸发仪(Rotavapor R-124，
公司，瑞士)减压浓缩，回收溶剂，得到乙醇提取浸膏；
(3)浸膏分装到100mL烧杯中，放入冷冻干燥机(Genesis，Vhtis公司，美国)冷冻干燥，得到连翘粗提物；
(4)粗提物用水混匀，二氯甲烷连续萃取三次，然后旋转蒸发回收溶剂，并用通风厨干燥过夜，得到二氯甲烷萃取物；
(5)通过生物活性跟踪法分离得到4种单体，分别是连翘苷元、连翘兰A、连翘酯苷A和连翘苷；
(6)将步骤(5)得到的连翘苷元、连翘兰A、连翘酯苷A和连翘苷4种单体按比例混合，即得。
基础日粮参照NRC(2012)和中国猪饲养标准(2004)配制，饲料配方如下：按重量百分比计，83.47％的玉米、13％的豆粕、0.49％的大豆油，0.83％的磷酸氢钙、0.72％的石粉、0.3％的食盐、0.31％的L-赖氨酸盐酸盐、0.02％的蛋氨酸、0.08％的苏氨酸、0.03％的色氨酸、0.25％的三氧化二铬和0.50％的维生素和矿物质预混料；其中，生长肥育猪预混料的具体配方如下：每kg饲料中的维生素和矿物质预混料的组分及其含量如下：维生素A，5200IU；维生素D3，2000IU；维生素E，17.2IU；维生素K3，1.6mg；维生素B1，0.8mg；维生素B2，3.6mg；维生素B6，1.6mg；维生素B12，10μg；烟酸，17.6mg；泛酸，8.8mg；叶酸，0.38mg；生物素，32μg；氯化胆碱，0.24g；铁，80mg(以一水合硫酸铁的形式提供)；铜，15mg(以五水合硫酸铜的形式提供)；锰，5mg(以氧化锰的形式提供)；碘，0.2mg(以碘酸钙的形式提供)；硒，0.3mg(以亚硒酸钠的形式提供)。
基础日粮及其营养成分如表1所示。
表1生长肥育猪基础日粮配方和营养成分(饲喂基础，％)
实施例2中草药添加剂对生长肥育猪的生长性能影响分析
对实施例1中试验组和对照组的生长肥育猪的生长性能进行统计分析，结果如表2所示，结果表明，日粮中添加由4种连翘活性成分组成的中草药添加剂对肥育猪的生长性能没有显著影响(P>0.05)，但是在数值上平均日增重提高8.6％，平均日采食量提高1.0％，增重耗料比提高7.0％。
表2日粮中添加中草药添加剂对生长肥育猪生长性能的影响
实施例3中草药添加剂对生长肥育猪的肉中脂肪酸组成的影响分析
对实施例1中试验组和对照组的生长肥育猪的肉中各种脂肪酸的含量进行检测和统计分析，结果如表3所示。结果表明，日粮中添加由4种连翘活性成分组成的中草药添加剂可显著提高肥育猪眼肌的C22:1n9含量和SFA/PUFA(P<0.05)，显著降低n-6/n-3PUFA(P<0.05)；对于肥育猪眼肌的C10:0和C20:5n3的含量具有明显提高的作用趋势。SFA/PUFA、C20:5n3的提高和n-6/n-3PUFA的降低说明该中草药提取物具有改善猪肉的脂肪酸组成的功能。
表3日粮中添加中草药添加剂对生长肥育猪眼肌脂肪酸组成的影响(g/100g总脂肪酸)
注：a，b同行肩标不同字母代表差异显著(P<0.05)；其中SFA代表饱和脂肪酸，MUFA代表单不饱和脂肪酸，PUFA代表多不饱和脂肪酸，SFA/PUFA代表SFA和PUFA的比值，n-6PUFA代表n-6型多不饱和脂肪酸，n-3PUFA代表n-3型多不饱和脂肪酸，n-6/n-3PUFA代表n-6PUFA和n-3PUFA的比值。
实施例4中草药添加剂对生长肥育猪的肉品质的影响分析
对实施例1中试验组和对照组的生长肥育猪的肉品质进行检测和统计分析，结果如表4所示。结果表明，日粮中添加由4种连翘活性成分组成的中草药添加剂可显著降低肥育猪眼肌的亮度(P<0.05)。眼肌的亮度是肉品质的衡量的指标之一，眼肌亮度的降低标志着猪肉的储存时间延长，猪肉的抗氧化和抗白肌肉(PSE肉)的能力提高，说明中草药添加剂具有延长猪肉储存时间、提高猪肉抗氧化和防止PSE肉的功能，提高肉品质的潜力。
表4日粮中添加中草药添加剂对生长肥育猪肉品质的影响
注：a，b同行肩标不同字母代表差异显著(P<0.05)
实施例5中草药添加剂对生长肥育猪的抗应激、抗炎症和脂肪利用功能的影响分析
对实施例1中试验组和对照组的生长肥育猪的血清生化指标进行检测和统计分析，结果如表5所示，结果表明，日粮中添加连翘提取物可显著提高肥育猪血清中的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的含量(P<0.05)，显著降低皮质醇和肿瘤坏死因子-α的含量(P<0.05)；对于血清总蛋白和免疫球蛋白G的含量具有明显的提高作用趋势，对于低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和白介素-1β的含量具有明显的降低作用趋势。皮质醇指标与猪的抗应激功能直接相关，其含量的显著下降说明猪的应激减少了，抗应激能力得到了显著提高；肿瘤坏死因子-α和白介素-1β与炎症反应直接相关，其含量的显著降低，说明猪的炎症反应下降了，抗炎症功能得到了显著提高。高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的提高和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇是衡量猪对脂肪的代谢能力的指标，高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的提高和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的降低说明该中草药提取物使得猪对脂肪的利用率提高了，有利于降低猪的血液总胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量，减少心血管疾病的发生，促进肥育猪的机体健康。血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶含量提高说明猪的抗氧化能力有所提高。血清总蛋白和免疫球蛋白G含量提高说明猪的免疫功能显著提高。
表5日粮中添加中草药添加剂对生长肥育猪血清生化指标的影响
注：a，b同行肩标不同字母代表差异显著(P<0.05)。
虽然，上文中已经用一般性说明、具体实施方式及试验，对本发明作了详尽的描述，但在本发明基础上，可以对之作一些修改或改进，这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此，在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或改进，均属于本发明要求保护的范围。
Claims (10)
1.中草药添加剂或含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料在改善猪的肉中脂肪酸组成中的应用，所述中草药添加剂的活性成分由连翘提取物组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用，其特征在于，所述改善猪的肉中脂肪酸的组成为提高C20:5n3的含量、提高饱和脂肪酸与多不饱和脂肪酸的比值以及降低n-6多不饱和脂肪酸与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值中的一种或多种。
3.中草药添加剂或含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料在提高猪的肉品质中的应用；
优选地，所述提高猪的肉品质为降低猪的眼肌亮度。
4.中草药添加剂或含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料在提高猪的抗应激功能中的应用，所述中草药添加剂的活性成分由连翘提取物组成。
5.中草药添加剂或含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料在提高猪的抗炎症功能中的应用，所述中草药添加剂的活性成分由连翘提取物组成。
6.中草药添加剂或含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料在提高猪对脂肪的利用能力中的应用。
7.根据权利要求1～6任一项所述的应用，其特征在于，按重量份计，所述中草药添加剂的活性成分包括：连翘苷元15-20份，连翘苷80-85份，连翘兰A 40-45份和连翘酯苷A 15-20份。
8.根据权利要求1～7任一项所述的应用，其特征在于，所述中草药添加剂在所述饲料中的含量为15-18mg/kg饲料；
优选地，按重量百分比计，所述饲料还包括：玉米80～85％、豆粕10～15％、大豆油0.3～0.6％，磷酸氢钙0.7～1.1％、石粉0.5～0.8％、食盐0.2～0.4％、L-赖氨酸盐酸盐0.2～0.4％、蛋氨酸0.01～0.03％、苏氨酸0.06～0.1％、色氨酸0.02～0.04％、三氧化二铬0.2～0.3％和预混料0.4～0.6％；
更优选地，每kg饲料中所述预混料的组分及其含量如下：维生素A，5000～5500IU；维生素D3，1800～2200IU；维生素E，17～18IU；维生素K3，1.4～1.8mg；维生素B1，0.6～1mg；维生素B2，3.5～4mg；维生素B6，1.4～1.8mg；维生素B12，8～12μg；烟酸，17～18mg；泛酸，8.5～9mg；叶酸，0.3～0.4mg；生物素，30～35μg；氯化胆碱，0.2～0.3g；铁，75～85mg；铜，14～16mg；锰，4～6mg；碘，0.1～0.3mg；硒，0.2～0.4mg。
9.根据权利要求1～8任一项所述的应用，其特征在于，所述猪为生长肥育猪。
10.根据权利要求1～9任一项所述的应用，其特征在于，所述应用为在猪的生长后期采用含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料饲喂猪；
优选地，在生长肥育猪体重达到80～90kg开始直至出栏，采用含有所述中草药添加剂的饲料饲喂猪。
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| 朴香淑: "《天然活性物质在饲料中的应用研究及策略》", 30 November 2012, 中国农业大学出版社 * |
| 韦克林等: "肌内脂肪、脂肪酸与猪肉肉质三者关系研究进展", 《中国畜牧兽医文摘》 * |
| 龙沈飞等: "连翘的作用机理及其在猪和鸡生产中的应用", 《动物营养学报》 * |
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