CN111264318B - Planting method of corn and cover crop - Google Patents
Planting method of corn and cover crop Download PDFInfo
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- CN111264318B CN111264318B CN202010181227.6A CN202010181227A CN111264318B CN 111264318 B CN111264318 B CN 111264318B CN 202010181227 A CN202010181227 A CN 202010181227A CN 111264318 B CN111264318 B CN 111264318B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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Abstract
The invention relates to a planting method of corns and cover crops, belongs to the field of crop planting, and particularly relates to a cultivation method of intercalary rotation of corns and cover crops. The invention aims to solve the technical problems of reduced soil quality and non-point source pollution caused by the use of a large amount of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides in the corn planting process. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, preparing soil in spring; secondly, ridging and applying base fertilizer; thirdly, sowing the corn; fourthly, covering crops on the ridges for sowing; fifthly, planting the crops by covering furrows; sixth, harvesting the corn; seventhly, covering crop residues in the spring of the next year, crushing and turning over the land; eighthly, ridging in the next year; and ninth, field management in the second year. The covering crops of gramineae and the like are planted in the furrows, so that the field space can be fully utilized, and the growth of weeds is avoided. The covering crops such as gramineae planted in the furrow have good absorption and utilization capacity for N in deeper layers of soil due to higher biological yield, and have good protection effect on water resources and ecological environment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of crop planting, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for intercalary rotation of corn and cover crops.
Background
In the northeast of China, the weather is clear all the year round and the rain and heat are in the same season. The dry wind is big in spring, high in temperature and rainy in summer, and is high in weather in autumn, and cold and long in winter. Crops suitable for planting are crops that are ripe once a year, such as corn. Corn is an important grain-feed-economic crop in China and occupies an important position in grain production. The northeast China is the main corn producing area of our country, and the corn planting area is large, so that the corn is an important commercial grain base in our country. Makes an important contribution to guaranteeing the food safety of China. However, due to excessive pursuit of the corn yield, a series of problems of soil quality reduction, non-point source pollution and the like are caused by using a large amount of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and the like in the corn planting process. The solution of the problems is very important for the sustainable development of agriculture in China.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems of reduced soil quality and non-point source pollution caused by the use of a large amount of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides in the corn planting process, and provides a planting method of corn and mulching crops.
A planting method of corns and cover crops is carried out according to the following steps:
firstly, preparing land in spring:
according to the local agricultural production habit, performing spring soil preparation, rotary tillage or deep ploughing when the soil temperature meets the requirement;
secondly, ridging and applying base fertilizer:
after soil preparation, mechanical ridging is carried out, the ridge width is 130cm, the ridge height is 15-25cm, fertilizer is applied, and the fertilizer is applied to the same local production field;
thirdly, sowing corn:
the corn is planted by a machine or manually, the planting density of the corn is the same as that of a local production field, two rows of corn are planted on the ridge, the distance between the two rows of corn is 50cm, the middle position of the two rows of corn is positioned on the center line of the ridge, the distance between each row of corn and the adjacent furrow is 40cm, and therefore a wide-narrow row form of wide rows with the interval of 80cm between the adjacent corn rows is formed;
fourthly, covering crops on the ridges for sowing:
the sowing time of the crops covered on the ridges is that when the corn seedlings are in the 4-leaf stage to the 6-leaf stage, the leguminous cover crops are sown without applying fertilizer, the sowing mode is mechanical sowing or manual sowing, 3 rows of leguminous cover crops are sown on each ridge, one row is sown between two rows of corns, the row of the cover crops is recorded as 'D1', the distances between D1 and two rows of corns are both 25cm, the leguminous cover crops are sown in one row at the positions of 20cm outside the two rows of corns respectively and are respectively recorded as 'D2' and 'D3', the distances between D2 and D3 and furrows on two sides are respectively 20cm, and the distances between the D2 and the D3 and;
fifthly, planting the furrow covering crops:
the planting time of the furrow covering crops is the same as that of the ridge covering crops, the furrow covering crops are not fertilized and can be mechanically or manually sown;
sixth, harvesting the corn:
when the corn is ripe, harvesting the corn and the corn straw, separating the corn straw from the field, and covering crop residues and leaving the crop residues in the field;
seventhly, covering crop residues in the next spring, crushing and turning over the land:
before soil preparation, mechanically crushing the covering crop residues planted in the first year, wherein the crushing length is less than 10cm, uniformly distributing the crushed covering crop residues in the field, and turning the crushed covering crop residues into soil;
eighthly, ridging in the next year:
the ridging position in the second year is different from the ridging position in the first year, the furrow position in the second year is the position for planting D1 mulching crops in the first year, and the furrow position in the second year is the central line position of the ridge surface in the first year;
ninth, field management in the second year:
and (4) in the second year, keeping the field management modes consistent with those in the first year, and completing the planting of the corns and the cover crops, wherein the layout of the plants on the ridges is the same as that in the first year.
The legume cover crop selected at D1 in step four is clover;
the legume cover crop selected at D2 and D3 in step four was a long-downy wild pea.
In the fifth step, the furrow cover crop is a gramineae cover crop, a compositae cover crop, a cruciferae cover crop, a linezolid cover crop or a labiatae cover crop.
The gramineous cover crop is rye, wheat or buckwheat;
the Compositae cover crop is sunflower;
the cruciferous covering crops are radishes or rapes;
the Linaceae cover crop is tassels.
The Labiatae cover crop is Perillae herba or Perilla Frutescens L.
The cover crops are planted in the corn field, so that the corn yield can be ensured, and a series of environmental problems generated in the corn production can be effectively relieved by utilizing the characteristics and advantages of the cover crops. The planting of the mulching crops is beneficial to soil, crops and environment. Firstly, planting a cover crop in a field, and utilizing the cover crop to compete with weeds for ecological niches, so as to inhibit the germination and growth of the weeds, further effectively control the weeds in the field, reduce the application of herbicides, save the cost of the herbicides and enrich the types of field plants; secondly, the leguminous cover plants have good nitrogen fixation capacity, so that the nitrogen fixation capacity can be increased by planting leguminous cover crops, and a nitrogen source is provided for the corn gramineous crops, so that the application of nitrogen fertilizer can be properly reduced, the cost of the nitrogen fertilizer is saved, and the pollution of nitrogen loss to the environment is reduced; thirdly, planting the cover plants, and reducing the pollution of fertilization to soil and water resources by utilizing the absorption capacity of the cover plants to nitrogen and phosphorus in the deep soil; meanwhile, as the covering plants produce certain biomass, the biomass returns to the soil, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil can be effectively improved.
However, in some areas with limited temperature resources, the planting time of the cover crops is limited. For example, corn used for grain harvesting in one-year-old planting areas in China is usually sown in spring due to long growing period of the corn, and in order to reduce the moisture content of corn grains, the corn is usually harvested late, and the temperature after harvesting the corn is low, so that the corn is not beneficial to planting and covering crops in fields. Thus, in these areas, the best way to cover the crop is to intercrop with the crop. However, the number of corn leaves is large, and the built corn canopy has poor canopy density and poor light transmission capability, so that the corn canopy is not beneficial to the growth of covering crops. Therefore, it is desirable to provide an ideal way to plant cover crops in corn fields.
Leguminous cover crops are popular due to the nitrogen fixation capacity, but leguminous cover crops are restricted by continuous cropping, so that the leguminous cover crops can achieve ideal effects during the annual period.
The invention relates to a planting method of corns and cover crops, and provides a planting method of corns and cover crops in a one-year-one-cropping planting area in China, a new cultivation method of staggered time planting of corns and cover crops in the year and rotation between the years.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the invention fully ensures the priority of the main planting crop corn, and does not plant the covering crop at the seedling stage of the corn, thus leading the corn seedling to grow well. Because the growth of the corn seedling stage is slow, if the cover crop is planted too early, the growth of the cover crop can be influenced, so that the planting time of the cover crop is before the corn stalk, the cover crop can grow and develop quickly after the cover crop sprouts out, and the dominant position of the corn growth can be ensured.
2. The covering crops of the invention have rich varieties. And (3) planting a cover crop with lower plant height between narrow rows of corn, so that the suppression of the cover crop on weeds can be ensured. The leguminous cover crops are planted on the ridge sides, and the illumination conditions of the ridge sides are good, so that the leguminous cover crops can obtain good illumination, have good growth and development and generate high biological yield.
3. The covering crops of gramineae and the like are planted in the furrows, so that the field space can be fully utilized, and the growth of weeds is avoided. The covering crops such as gramineae planted in the furrow have good absorption and utilization capacity for N in deeper layers of soil due to higher biological yield, and have good protection effect on water resources and ecological environment.
4. The planting of the corn field covering crops increases the coverage of the soil surface, which is beneficial to preventing the water and soil loss of the field soil.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a field after planting corn and a cover crop of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a field profile of the present invention for the first year;
FIG. 3 is a field profile of the present invention for the second year.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is not limited to the following specific embodiments, but includes any combination of the specific embodiments.
The first embodiment is as follows: in the embodiment, the planting method of the corn and the cover crop is carried out according to the following steps:
firstly, preparing land in spring:
according to the local agricultural production habit, performing spring soil preparation, rotary tillage or deep ploughing when the soil temperature meets the requirement;
secondly, ridging and applying base fertilizer:
after soil preparation, mechanical ridging is carried out, the ridge width is 130cm, the ridge height is 15-25cm, fertilizer is applied, and the fertilizer is applied to the same local production field;
thirdly, sowing corn:
the corn is planted by a machine or manually, the planting density of the corn is the same as that of a local production field, two rows of corn are planted on the ridge, the distance between the two rows of corn is 50cm, the middle position of the two rows of corn is positioned on the center line of the ridge, the distance between each row of corn and the adjacent furrow is 40cm, narrow rows of adjacent corn are formed, and a wide-narrow row form of wide rows of corn with the interval of 80cm is formed between the ridges;
fourthly, covering crops on the ridges for sowing:
the sowing time of the crops covered on the ridges is that when the corn seedlings are in the 4-leaf stage to the 6-leaf stage, the leguminous cover crops are sown without applying fertilizer, the sowing mode is mechanical sowing or manual sowing, 3 rows of leguminous cover crops are sown on each ridge, one row is sown between two rows of corns, the row of the cover crops is recorded as 'D1', the distances between D1 and two rows of corns are both 25cm, the leguminous cover crops are sown in one row at the positions of 20cm outside the two rows of corns respectively and are respectively recorded as 'D2' and 'D3', the distances between D2 and D3 and furrows on two sides are respectively 20cm, and the distances between the D2 and the D3 and;
sixthly, planting the furrow covering crops:
the planting time of the furrow covering crops is the same as that of the ridge covering crops, the furrow covering crops are not fertilized and can be mechanically or manually sown;
sixth, harvesting the corn:
when the corn is ripe, harvesting the corn and the corn straw, separating the corn straw from the field, and covering crop residues and leaving the crop residues in the field;
seventhly, covering crop residues in the next spring, crushing and turning over the land:
before soil preparation, mechanically crushing the covering crop residues planted in the first year, wherein the crushing length is less than 10cm, uniformly distributing the crushed covering crop residues in the field, and turning the crushed covering crop residues into soil;
eighthly, ridging in the next year:
the ridging position in the second year is different from the ridging position in the first year, the furrow position in the second year is the position for planting D1 mulching crops in the first year, and the furrow position in the second year is the central line position of the ridge surface in the first year;
ninth, field management in the second year:
and (4) in the second year, keeping the field management modes consistent with those in the first year, and completing the planting of the corns and the cover crops, wherein the layout of the plants on the ridges is the same as that in the first year.
The second embodiment is as follows: the difference between this embodiment and the specific embodiment is that the legume cover crop (lower plant height) selected in step four, D1, is white clover. The rest is the same as the first embodiment.
The third concrete implementation mode: the difference between this embodiment and the first or second embodiment is that the legume cover crop selected in step four, D2 and D3, is a long-fluffed wild pea. The others are the same as in the first or second embodiment.
The fourth concrete implementation mode: this embodiment differs from one of the first to fourth embodiments in that in step five the furrow cover crop is a gramineous cover crop, a compositae cover crop, a cruciferous cover crop, a linens cover crop, or a labiatae cover crop. The rest is the same as one of the first to fourth embodiments.
The fifth concrete implementation mode: this embodiment is different from the first to fourth embodiment in that the gramineous cover crop is rye, wheat or buckwheat. The rest is the same as one of the first to fourth embodiments.
The sixth specific implementation mode: this embodiment is different from the first to the fourth embodiment in that the feverfew is sunflower. The rest is the same as one of the first to fourth embodiments.
The seventh embodiment: this embodiment differs from one of the first to fourth embodiments in that the crucifer cover crop is radish or rape. The rest is the same as one of the first to fourth embodiments.
The specific implementation mode is eight: this embodiment is different from one of the first to fourth embodiments in that the flaxseed family cover crop is tasselled with spicebush. The rest is the same as one of the first to fourth embodiments.
The specific implementation method nine: this embodiment is different from one of the first to fourth embodiments in that the labiatae cover crop is perilla or perilla frutescens. The rest is the same as one of the first to fourth embodiments.
The following experiments are adopted to verify the effect of the invention:
experiment one:
the method for planting the corn and the cover crops performs production experiments in Changchun city of Jilin province, and the experimental method comprises the following steps:
first, annual intercropping and annual rotation of corn with cover crops achieves good growth of the cover crops while ensuring the corn yield is not reduced. The cover crops D2 and D3 were selected from Hibiscus hirsutus Linnaeus, and the cover crop D1 was selected from Trifolium alba. Rye is selected as the furrow covering crop.
Firstly, preparing land in spring:
according to the local agricultural production habit, performing spring soil preparation, rotary tillage or deep ploughing when the soil temperature meets the requirement;
secondly, ridging and applying base fertilizer:
after soil preparation, mechanical ridging is carried out, the ridge width is 130cm, the ridge height is 20cm, fertilizer is applied, and the fertilizer is applied to the same local production field;
thirdly, sowing corn:
the corn planting density is 6.5 thousands of plants per hectare by adopting machine sowing, the corn planting density is the same as that of a local production field, two rows of corns are sown on ridges, the distance between the two rows of corns is 50cm, the middle position of the two rows of corns is positioned on the central line of the ridges, the distance between each row of corns and the adjacent furrow is 40cm, narrow rows of adjacent corns are formed, and a wide-narrow row form of wide rows with the corn spacing of 80cm is formed between the ridges;
fourthly, covering crops on the ridges for sowing:
the sowing time of covering crops on the ridges is that when the corn seedlings are in a 5-leaf stage, leguminous covering crops are sown without applying fertilizer, the sowing mode is mechanical sowing or manual sowing, 3 rows of leguminous covering crops are sown on each ridge, one row of white clover is sown between two rows of corns, the row of covering crops is recorded as 'D1', and the distances between D1 and the two rows of corns are 25cm respectively; sowing a row of leguminous cover crop long-fluffy wild peas at the position of 20cm outside each two rows of corns, wherein the row of leguminous cover crop long-fluffy wild peas are respectively marked as 'D2' and 'D3', the distances from D2 and D3 to furrows at two sides are respectively 20cm, and the distances from the D2 and the D3 to the corns are also 20 cm;
seventhly, planting the furrow covering crops:
the planting time of the furrow covering crops is the same as that of the ridge covering crops, the furrow covering crops are planted without fertilizing and are sowed manually;
sixth, harvesting the corn:
harvesting corns and corn straws in the middle ten days of October, separating the corn straws from the field, and leaving the covered crop residues in the field;
seventhly, covering crop residues in the next spring, crushing and turning over the land:
before soil preparation, mechanically crushing the covering crop residues planted in the first year, wherein the crushing length is less than 10cm, uniformly distributing the crushed covering crop residues in the field, and turning the crushed covering crop residues into soil;
eighthly, ridging in the next year:
the ridging position in the second year is different from the ridging position in the first year, the furrow position in the second year is the position for planting D1 mulching crops in the first year, and the furrow position in the second year is the central line position of the ridge surface in the first year;
ninth, field management in the second year:
and (4) in the second year, keeping the field management modes consistent with those in the first year, and completing the planting of the corns and the cover crops, wherein the layout of the plants on the ridges is the same as that in the first year.
Claims (9)
1. A planting method of corns and cover crops is characterized in that the planting method of the corns and the cover crops is carried out according to the following steps:
firstly, preparing land in spring:
according to the local agricultural production habit, performing spring soil preparation, rotary tillage or deep ploughing when the soil temperature meets the requirement;
secondly, ridging and applying base fertilizer:
after soil preparation, mechanical ridging is carried out, the ridge width is 130cm, the ridge height is 15-25cm, fertilizer is applied, and the fertilizer is applied to the same local production field;
thirdly, sowing corn:
adopting machine sowing or manual dibbling, wherein the planting density of the corns is the same as that of a local production field, two rows of corns are sowed on the ridges, the distance between the two rows of corns is 50cm, the middle position of the two rows of corns is positioned on the center line of the ridges, and the distance between each row of corns and the adjacent furrow is 40 cm;
fourthly, covering crops on the ridges for sowing:
the sowing time of the crops covered on the ridges is that when the corn seedlings are in the 4-leaf stage to the 6-leaf stage, the leguminous cover crops are sown without applying fertilizer, the sowing mode is mechanical sowing or manual sowing, 3 rows of leguminous cover crops are sown on each ridge, one row is sown between two rows of corns, the row of the cover crops is recorded as 'D1', the distances between D1 and two rows of corns are 25cm respectively, the leguminous cover crops are sown in one row at the positions of 20cm outside the two rows of corns respectively and are recorded as 'D2' and 'D3', and the distances between D2 and D3 and furrows at two sides are 20cm respectively;
fifthly, planting the furrow covering crops:
the planting time of the furrow covering crops is the same as that of the ridge covering crops, the furrow covering crops are not fertilized and can be mechanically or manually sown;
sixth, harvesting the corn:
when the corn is ripe, harvesting the corn and the corn straw, separating the corn straw from the field, and covering crop residues and leaving the crop residues in the field;
seventhly, covering crop residues in the next spring, crushing and turning over the land:
before soil preparation, mechanically crushing the covering crop residues planted in the first year, wherein the crushing length is less than 10cm, uniformly distributing the crushed covering crop residues in the field, and turning the crushed covering crop residues into soil;
eighthly, ridging in the next year:
the ridging position in the second year is different from the ridging position in the first year, the furrow position in the second year is the position for planting D1 mulching crops in the first year, and the furrow position in the second year is the central line position of the ridge surface in the first year;
ninth, field management in the second year:
and (4) in the second year, keeping the field management modes consistent with those in the first year, and completing the planting of the corns and the cover crops, wherein the layout of the plants on the ridges is the same as that in the first year.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the legume cover crop selected at step four as D1 is white clover.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the legume cover crop selected from D2 and D3 in step four is Pisum alvum sieboldii.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein in step five the furrow cover crop is a graminaceous cover crop, a compositae cover crop, a cruciferous cover crop, a linens cover crop, or a labiatae cover crop.
5. A method of growing corn and cover crops as claimed in claim 4, wherein the gramineous cover crop is rye, wheat or buckwheat.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein the Compositae cover crop is Helianthus annuus.
7. The method of growing corn and cover crops as claimed in claim 4, wherein the crucifer cover crop is radish or rape.
8. A method of growing corn and cover crops as claimed in claim 4, wherein the flax cover crop is tassel.
9. The method of claim 4, wherein the Lamiaceae cover crop is Perilla frutescens crispa or Perilla frutescens.
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| CN111567201A (en) * | 2020-06-23 | 2020-08-25 | 中国农业科学院油料作物研究所 | Method for reducing nitrogen fertilizer application of oilseed rape in corn and oilseed rape crop rotation |
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| CN115336515A (en) * | 2022-08-12 | 2022-11-15 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 | Method for cultivating soybean cover crops for northeast slope farmland vegetables |
| CN115349412B (en) * | 2022-09-13 | 2023-06-09 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 | Corn-covered crop fallow-cultivation wheel cultivation method based on straw and covered crop returning in northeast area |
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