CN111226681A

CN111226681A - Method for improving tung tree yield through reasonable allocation of different varieties of tung trees

Info

Publication number: CN111226681A
Application number: CN202010209667.8A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 罗克明; 张烩涓; 秦士飞; 张庆伟
Original assignee: Southwest University
Current assignee: Southwest University
Priority date: 2020-03-23
Filing date: 2020-03-23
Publication date: 2020-06-05

Abstract

A method for increasing the output of tung tree by reasonably allocating different tung tree varieties. The method of the invention is used for planting the grapevine and the rice tung or the millet tung in a mixed way, thereby facilitating the cross pollination. By taking the millettia speciosa variety as a pollen source, the fruit setting rate (+ 4.81%), the single fruit weight (+ 13.34%) and the oil yield (+ 8.56%) of the grapevine can be obviously improved; the fruit setting rate (+ 7.70%), the single fruit weight (+ 27.80%) and the oil yield (+ 14.26%) of the grapevine can be improved by taking the rice tung variety as a pollen source. Therefore, the method can obviously improve the fruit setting rate, the single fruit weight and the oil yield of the tung tree, thereby improving the yield and the quality of the tung tree.

Description

Method for improving tung tree yield through reasonable allocation of different varieties of tung trees

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of tung tree planting, and particularly relates to a method for improving the yield of tung trees by mixed planting of tung trees of different varieties.

Background

The deciduous tree of the genus Aleurites (Vernicia fordii) of the family Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae) is one of four major oil crops in China. The tung oil produced by the seeds has the excellent characteristics of insulation, acid and alkali resistance, corrosion prevention, rust prevention and the like, and has wide application in the aspects of industry, agriculture, fishery, medicine, military and the like.

Despite the increasing demand of tung oil as an important industrial oil and a novel environment-friendly chemical raw material, the problems of insufficient germplasm resources, scarce fine varieties, low yield per unit and laggard high-yield cultivation technology still exist in the prior tung oil planting. In order to accelerate the development of the tung tree industry, key technical researches on the sustainable high-yield cultivation of the tung trees are developed in recent years, and the techniques mainly comprise cuttage and tissue rapid propagation for producing high-quality seedlings, high-grafting crown replacement for transforming low-yield forests, soil and fertilizer management enhancement and the like. In fact, the tung tree is taken as a tree species for homosexuality and cross pollination, has a certain degree of self incompatibility, but the current production species still mainly takes single-variety afforestation, and is difficult to obtain a large amount of high-quality tung tree fruits. Therefore, the reasonable configuration of the tung tree varieties by combining the self-incompatibility characteristic of the tung trees is also the key for realizing the high-yield and high-quality cultivation of the tung trees.

The current variety allocation technology is widely applied to oil tea, cone chestnut, apple and other tree varieties, and the reasonable allocation of varieties realizes the great improvement of the yield or the quality of fruits (Liu Hui Min, Aoshao Fei, Wuyunna 'Xiang forest' series oil tea pollination variety allocation mode research [ J ]. Zhongnan forestry science and technology university proceedings, 2016,36(04): 17-24; Cao Yongqing, Yao Xiaohua, Lin Nu, Dong Hua, Wang Kai good. 'Chang Lin' series oil tea tree variety allocation optimization [ J ]. Zhongnan forestry science and technology university proceedings, 2017,37(09):7-11+ 26; Touris army, Liu Tian, Liu Zheng Huai, selection and allocation of orchard pollination [ J ]. science, 2017(05): 20-21; Sunxi, influence of different pollination varieties of Fulinza on the quality of apple fruits, Yanshi Tai Shuyi university, 2019.), but the technology of reasonably configuring the varieties of the tung oil trees has not been carried out. Based on this, the inventors have worked on the work related to this patent.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to overcome the defects and provide a method for improving the output of tung oil trees by reasonably allocating different varieties of tung oil trees. The method achieves the purpose of harvesting a large number of high-quality tung tree fruits by reasonably configuring different tung tree varieties.

The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:

a method for improving the output of tung oil trees by reasonably allocating different varieties of tung oil trees is characterized in that grapevine and rice tung or millettia is mixed and planted.

Preferably, the mixed planting is that every 9 tung tree seedlings form a 'field' shape layout, 1 rice tung or millettia is used as a field center, 8 grapevines are respectively planted at four vertexes and central points of four edges of the field, and the grapevines are arranged to be planted in the paulownia forest.

Preferably, after planting is finished, artificial pollination or natural pollination is carried out until the flowering phase, wherein the artificial pollination is carried out by taking the grapevine as a female parent and the millet tung/rice tung as a male parent.

Preferably, the row spacing of the plants in the tung tree is 4m multiplied by 4 m.

Preferably, the artificial pollination is completed according to the steps of emasculation, bagging, male flower taking and pollination.

Preferably, the artificial pollination comprises the following specific steps:

(1) in the flowering period of the tung tree, when two thirds of buds are exposed and loose at the top end, removing the male buds in the grapevine inflorescence, then sheathing a kraft paper bag or a sulfuric acid paper bag, tightly sealing the top end of the bag by using a paper clip, embedding cotton at the contact part of the lower end of the bag and the branch, tightly binding by using a thread, and immediately registering the serial number after sheathing the bag;

(2) after the bagging and the isolation are carried out for 1-2 days, when the petals are slightly opened and the stigma oozes bright secretions, pollination is carried out, on the day of pollination, the whole male flower of the corresponding millettia/rice tung is taken in a kraft paper bag in the morning, then, the stamen filament is clamped by tweezers at about 11 am, pollen is scattered on the stigma of the grapevine flower, and a large amount of yellow pollen is required to be clearly seen to be adhered to the stigma, namely, the pollination is finished, and then, the bag opening is sealed; if a plurality of female flowers in one bag do not open simultaneously, pollination can be carried out in a plurality of times, and the bag is removed after the last pollination is completed for one week.

The method of the invention combines the grapevine with the millettia or the rice tung tree for planting, and the fruit setting rate and the single fruit weight of the tung tree are improved by hybridization, thereby further improving the yield and the quality of the tung tree.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is the analysis of flowering characteristics of three varieties in example 1, wherein A is the female flower proportion of the three varieties, B is the number of pollen of each anther of the three varieties, and C is the analysis of pollen viability of the three varieties;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a three-cultivar mixed planting layout in example 2.

Detailed Description

Example 1

In 2013, the millettia speciosa, the grapevine and the rice tung tree seedlings obtained by tissue culture are transplanted to a tung tree test base in the Kaizhou district in Chongqing, management is carried out by adopting a tung tree efficient cultivation technology, and relevant indexes are counted as follows after 6 years of transplantation:

1. the tree traits of the three varieties were analyzed and the results are shown in Table 1. The bodies of the millettia and the grapevine are compact, and the number of fruits produced by a single grapevine plant is the largest. According to the tree body character analysis results of the three varieties, the grapevine is most suitable for mass planting.

TABLE 1 Tremella characteristics of the three species

Duncan multiple comparison analysis, in the table, the letters in the same column labeled with different upper case letters indicate significant difference (P <0.01), and in the table, the letters in the same column labeled with different lower case letters indicate significant difference (P < 0.05). The same applies below.

2. Flowering trait analysis

The ratio of male flowers to female flowers and the pollen viability of the three varieties are analyzed, the results are shown in figure 1, and statistics shows that the ratio of the male flowers to the female flowers of grapevine is highest, the number of the pollen of the single anther of the millettia fordii is largest, and the pollen viability of the millettia fordii is highest. The pollen viability is represented by adopting a pollen in-vitro germination method, and the boric acid mass concentration is 0.1 g.L^-1+ sucrose 100 g.L^-1The most suitable pollen germination liquid germinates for 4 hours, and the germination rates of the three tung tree pollen are respectively as follows: millet tung (42.94%), grapevine (41.55%), rice tung (37.76%). With the increase of the germination time, the germination rate of the pollen is slowed down, and the pollen activity of the millettia and the grapevine is still higher than that of the rice tung. It can be seen from C in FIG. 1 that the vitality of the rice tung pollen isLower, which may be the reason why the rice tung single fruit is large but the yield is low.

3. Analysis of fruit traits

After the fruits are ripe, analyzing the fruit characters, wherein the analysis results are shown in tables 2, 3 and 4, and briefly described, the grape tung fruits have strong fruit bearing property, high fruit branch ratio, the maximum fruit yield of a single plant and the highest yield of the single plant; the average single fruit weight of the rice tung is the largest.

TABLE 2 three kinds of fruit traits

TABLE 3 three kinds of fruit traits

TABLE 4 three kinds of fruit traits

And according to the results, hybridizing the three varieties, and carrying out artificial pollination according to six groups of female male parent of millet tung x male millet tung, female parent of millet tung x male grape tung, female parent of millet tung x male rice tung, female parent of grape tung x male grape tung, female parent of grape tung x male millet tung and female parent of grape tung x male rice tung, wherein the pollination method comprises the steps of male parent removal, bagging, male parent picking, pollination, numbering, bagging, bag picking, fruit setting rate statistics and the like. The specific process is as follows: (1) castration and bagging: in the flowering period of the tung tree (3-4 months), when two thirds of buds are exposed white and the top end is loose, the male buds in the inflorescence of the female parent tree body are removed, then kraft paper bags (25-30 cm long and 18-20cm wide) or sulfuric acid paper bags are sleeved on the buds, the top ends of the bags are tightly sealed by a clip, cotton is embedded at the contact part of the lower ends of the bags and branches, and the bags are tightly bound by threads, so that the situation that the bugs carry pollen into the bags can be avoided, air and water can be conducted, and the numbers can be immediately registered after the bags are sleeved. Bagging is typically selected in the afternoon. After the bag is covered and isolated, pollination can be carried out after 1-2 days when the petals are slightly opened and the stigma oozes bright secretions. Pollination is typically selected in the morning. (2) And (3) cross pollination: as the three varieties of tung oil trees are planted in the same experimental base, the pollen does not need to be transported for a long distance, and the pollen of the male parent can be adopted at any time. And (3) taking the whole male flowers of the corresponding male parents in a kraft paper bag in the morning on the pollination day, and then carrying out a hybridization pollination experiment at about 11 am. When in pollination, the stamen filaments are clamped by tweezers, pollen is scattered on the stigma, a large amount of yellow pollen is required to be clearly seen to be adhered to the stigma, namely, the pollination is finished, and then the bag opening is sealed; several female flowers in one bag are not always opened at the same time, pollination can be carried out for several times, and the female flowers which finish the pollination are marked. (3) Removing the bags after one week, and counting the fruit setting rate. (fruit setting rate = fruit setting number/pollination female flower number × 100%). And after pollination is finished, the fruit is ripe, and the fruit characters are analyzed.

The fruit setting rate statistics show in table 5, and the fruit setting rate of each hybridization combination is obviously higher than that of the selfing combination; the results of the fruit trait analysis are shown in tables 6 to 9, and some of the fruit traits are significantly changed, but some of the fruit traits do not reach significant differences. The results show that the single fruit weight, the fruit shape index, the dry single seed weight and the dry single kernel weight of the tung tree have certain pollen direct effect; as shown in table 9, Duncan multiple comparison analysis shows that the oil content of the kernels is very different, and the result shows that the oil content of the kernels of the tung tree has obvious pollen direct effect; the acid value of the male grape tung and male millet tung is slightly reduced, the iodine value is increased, and the saponification value is slightly reduced. The acid value of the male grape tung and male rice tung is slightly reduced, the iodine value is increased, and the saponification value is slightly increased. The acid value, iodine value and saponification value of the hybrid combination are partially changed, but the whole is not changed too obviously, and the oil quality is not influenced significantly.

According to the results, the hybrid combination of the male and female grape-tung trees obviously improves the fruit setting rate (+ 4.81%), the single fruit weight (+ 13.34%) and the oil yield (+ 8.56%); the hybridization combination of the male and female grape tung trees and the female and male rice tung trees obviously improves the fruit setting rate (+7.70 percent), the single fruit weight (+27.80 percent) and the oil yield (+14.26 percent), and test results show that the reasonable configuration of the grape tung trees, the grape tung trees and the rice tung trees can improve the yield of the oil tung trees.

TABLE 5 fruit set percentage of hybrid combinations

TABLE 6 hybrid combination fruit traits

TABLE 7 hybrid combination fruit traits

TABLE 8 hybrid combination fruit traits

TABLE 9 quality of hybrid fruit tung oil

Note: the acid value is the quantification of the free fatty acids contained in each gram of tung oil, representing the amount of free fatty acids contained in the tung oil, the lower the acid value the better the oil quality. The iodine value refers to the gram of iodine absorbed by each hundred grams of tung oil, the iodine value reflects the degree of unsaturation of unsaturated fatty acid, the high iodine value indicates the high content of unsaturated fatty acid in the grease, and the higher the iodine value, the better the drying performance. The saponification value refers to the number of milligrams of KOH required by 1g of tung oil during saponification, and the saponification value is high when the fatty acid molecules contained in the grease are small; sometimes the saponification value is also used to check the quality of the oil, generally speaking, the saponification value of impure oil is usually lower, and the saponification value of pure oil is usually higher.

Example 2

According to the research results, the hybrid combination of the male parent grape Chinese tung tree and the female parent grape Chinese tung tree can obviously improve the yield of the tung oil, and the specific mixed planting mode is as follows:

(1) land preparation and fertilization: the method selects a place with deep soil layer, moderate moisture condition and better ground standing condition to comprehensively prepare the soil, and takes the organic fertilizer as the base fertilizer.

(2) Tung tree seedlings: the seedlings of the millettia, the grapevine and the rice tung are obtained, and the obtained seedlings are all qualified grafted seedlings taking the aleurites montana as rootstocks (the aleurites montana has stronger resistance to the blight of the aleurites fordii, and the disease is also called tung blast and has great harm).

(3) The plant row spacing is 4m multiplied by 4m, and each 667m²About 40 strains are preferred. The configuration mode adopts a field-shaped lattice configuration, millet tung or rice tung is planted at the center point of the field-shaped lattice, grapevine is planted around the field-shaped lattice, and the grapevine planting points are located at the top point and the center point of four sides of the field-shaped lattice and are arranged to plant the paulownia forests. This arrangement is suitable for timberland and economic forests.

(4) Tending the young forest: loosening soil, weeding and fertilizing are respectively carried out for 1 time in 2-3 months and 7-8 months every year.

(5) Managing forests: when the soil is loosened, weeding and fertilizing are carried out, withered branches, weak branches, pest and disease damage branches, steep long branches and the like need to be pruned, the aged tung trees can be pruned for 1 time, and branches above 2-3 branches on the trunk are all cut off in winter. At the end of 3-4 months every year, when the nursery stock flowers, spits buds and expands leaves, the pesticide is needed to be applied once to prevent pests from eating young ovaries in buds, and the pesticide is applied once again in 6 months.

Claims

1. A method for improving the output of tung oil trees by reasonably allocating different varieties of tung oil trees is characterized in that grapevine and rice tung or millettia is mixed and planted.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixed planting is that every 9 tung tree seedlings form a 'field' layout, 1 rice tung or millet tung is used as the center of the field, and 8 grapevines are respectively planted at the four vertexes and the center of the four sides of the field, and are arranged to be planted in the jatropha curcas forest.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the artificial pollination is performed by using grapevine as a female parent and millettia/rice tung as a male parent or by natural pollination until the flowering stage after the planting is completed.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the row spacing within said tung tree is 4m x 4 m.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein said artificial pollination is performed according to the steps of emasculation, bagging, taking male flowers and pollinating.

6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the artificial pollination comprises the following specific steps:

(1) in the flowering period of the tung tree, when two thirds of buds are exposed and loose at the top end, removing the male buds in the grapevine inflorescence, then sheathing a kraft paper bag or a sulfuric acid paper bag, tightly sealing the top end of the bag by using a paper clip, embedding some cotton at the contact part of the lower end of the bag and the branches, and tightly binding by using threads;

(2) after the bagging is isolated for 1-2 days, when the petals are slightly opened and the stigma oozes bright secretions, pollination is carried out, the whole male flowers of the corresponding millettia/rice tung are taken in kraft paper bags in the morning on the pollination day, then stamen filaments are clamped by tweezers at about 11 am, pollen is scattered on the stigma of the grapevine flowers, a large amount of yellow pollen is required to be clearly seen to be adhered to the stigma, namely, the bag opening is sealed after the pollination is finished, if a plurality of female flowers in one bag are not opened simultaneously, the pollination can be carried out for multiple times, and the bagging can be removed after one week of the last pollination.